Associations of Time Spent on Study and Sleep with Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in Junior High School Students:Report from the Large-Scale Monitoring of Basic Education Data in China

In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and under the pressure of high competitiveness for higher education in China,junior high school students’mental health is facing greater challenges.Understanding the time allocation of study and sleep is necessary for developing effective prevention and treatment programs.Based on a survey of 31,057 junior high school students in 47 junior high schools in Gansu Province,China's Mainland,the study analyzed the associations of time spent on study and sleep with anxiety and depressive symptoms among junior high school students through chi-square test,ANOVA,logistic regression model and threshold regression model.It was found that 18.4%–21.1%of junior high school students had mild and above anxiety and depressive symptoms.Female junior high school students were more likely to have anxiety and depressive symptoms.In addition,time spent on study was significantly and positively associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms and time spent on sleep was significantly and negatively associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms.Late sleepers were more likely to suffer from anxiety and depressive tendencies.Reducing after-school study time appropriately and getting more sleep are beneficial in reducing anxiety and depression,but it is more important to ensure time of sleep.For the reduction of anxiety and depressive symptoms,the maximum time spent on study after school should not exceed 1.92 h,the minimum time spent on sleep at night should be more than 7 h and a 40-min lunch break should be guaranteed at noon.

Differential effects of physical activity and sleep duration on cognitive function in young adults

Purpose: Although exercise and sleep duration habits are associated with cognitive function, their beneficial effects on cognitive function remain unclear. We aimed to examine the effect of sleep duration and daily physical activity on cognitive function, elucidating the neural mechanisms using near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS).Methods: A total of 23 healthy young adults(age 22.0 ± 2.2 years) participated in this study. Exercise amount was assessed using a uniaxial accelerometer. We evaluated total sleep time(TST) and sleep efficiency by actigraphy. Cognitive function was tested using the N-back task, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST), and the Continuous Performance Test—Identical Pairs(CPT-IP), and the cortical oxygenated hemoglobin levels during a word fluency task were measured with NIRS.Results: Exercise amount was significantly correlated with reaction time on 0- and 1-back tasks(r = —0.602, p = 0.002; r = —0.446, p = 0.033,respectively), whereas TST was significantly correlated with % corrects on the 2-back task(r = 0.486, p = 0.019). Multiple regression analysis,including exercise amount, TST, and sleep efficiency, revealed that exercise amount was the most significant factor for reaction time on 0- and 1-back tasks(b = —0.634, p = 0.002; b = —0.454, p = 0.031, respectively), and TST was the most significant factor for % corrects on the 2-back task(b = 0.542, p = 0.014). The parameter measured by WCST and CPT-IP was not significantly correlated with TST or exercise amount. Exercise amount, but not TST, was significantly correlated with the mean area under the NIRS curve in the prefrontal area(r = 0.492, p = 0.017).Conclusion: Exercise amount and TST had differential effects on working memory and cortical activation in the prefrontal area. Daily physical activity and appropriate sleep duration may play an important role in working memory.

Clinical observation of Guipi Decoction Combined with non steroidal drugs on sleep in elderly patients with acute traumatic pain and Qi deficiency constitutionabortion

Objective:To explore the effect of Guipi Decoction Combined with non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on sleep time of elderly patients with traumatic pain and Qi deficiency constitution during hospitalization.Methods:A total of 52 elderly patients hospitalized in the orthopedic(trauma)ward of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University from November 2020 to may 2021 were randomly divided into control group and treatment group.Patients in the control group were treated with loxoprofen sodium tablets immediately after admission,and placebo was added to loxoprofen sodium tablets from the second day of admission;The patients in the treatment group were treated with loxoprofen sodium tablets after admission.Guipi Decoction was added on the basis of loxoprofen sodium tablets from the second day of admission.Before and after admission,all patients used the TCM constitution classification judgment table to evaluate the score of qi deficiency and VAS;From the first day to the fourth day after admission,the bracelet was worn to monitor the sleep time(total sleep time,deep sleep time,light sleep time and awakening times)every night.The patients were scored by VAS after taking drugs every morning.Results:Finally 25 patients in the control group and 24 patients in the treatment group completed the experiment.There was no significant difference in gender,age,fracture location,chronic medical history VAS score and TCM Qi deficiency constitution score,between two groups at admission(P>0.05).At the time of discharge,the score of qi deficiency constitution in the treatment group was 33.724±12.634;The TCM Qi deficiency constitution score of the control group was 42.25±15.912,and there was significant difference between the two groups(P<0.05);and there was significant difference in VAS score between the two groups at discharge(P<0.05).There were significant differences in total sleep time,light sleep time,deep sleep time and night awakening times between the two groups on the second,third and fourth day of admission(P<0.05).Conclusion:1.Guipi Decoction can significantly improve the sleep time of patients with Qi deficiency acute traumatic pain.2.Guipi Decoction can not only improve the constitution of patients with Qi deficiency bias,but also improve the VAS score at discharge.

A simple and sensitive method to assess ischemia occurrence in the setting of focal cerebral ischemia in rat: A comparative study

Objective: Neurological evaluation is commonly applied to identify ischemia in focal cerebral ischemia model though it might not be sensitive. In present study, we hired sleeping time to assess ischemia occurrence. Methods: Permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats under pentobarbital and ketamine anesthesia respectively. Sleeping time was recorded. Neurological evaluation was conducted by modified Bederson’s scoring system at 4 h and histopathological evaluation was performed at 3 d after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Results: Slices of brain stained by TTC, H&E and hoechst 33258 revealed extensive lesion in the two ischemic groups. The sensitivity to identify ischemia by neurological evaluation was 62.5%, but it was 81.3% and 80% respectively when evaluating by sleeping time (pentobarbital: ≥90.7 min, ketamine: ≥36.1 min). The sensitivity to identify ischemia by sleeping time was significantly higher than that by neurological evaluation (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our results suggested that to identify ischemia by sleeping time is a simple and sensitive method in the setting of focal cerebral ischemia in rat.