Photoacoustic treatment mitigates cognitive dysfunction in a model of sleep-wake rhythm disturbance

Sleep-wake rhythm disturbances,which are characterized by abnormal sleep timing or duration,are associated with cognitive dysfunction.Photoacoustic treatments including light and sound stimulation have been found to be effective in modulating sleep patterns and improving cognitive behavior in abnormal sleep-wake pattern experiments.In this study,we examined whether light and sound interventions could reduce sleep-wake pattern disturbances and memory deficits in a sleep rhythm disturbance model.We established a model of sleep rhythm disturbance in C57 BL/6 J mice via a sleep deprivation method involving manual cage tapping,cage jostling,and nest disturbance.We used a Mini Mitter radio transmitter device to monitor motor activity in the mice and fear conditioning tests to assess cognitive function.Our results indicated that an intervention in which the mice were exposed to blue light(40-Hz flickering frequency)for 1 hour during their subjective daytime significantly improved the 24-hour-acrophase shift and reduced the degree of memory deficit induced by sleep deprivation.However,interventions in which the mice were exposed to a 40-Hz blue light at offset time or subjective night time points,as well as 2 Hz-blue light at 3 intervention time points(subjective day time,subjective night time,and offset time points),had no positive effects on circadian rhythm shift or memory deficits.Additionally,a 2000-Hz sound intervention during subjective day time attenuated the24-hour-acrophase shift and memory decline,while 440-Hz and 4000-Hz sounds had no effect on circadian rhythms.Overall,these results demonstrate that photoacoustic treatment effectively corrected abnormal sleep-wake patterns and cognitive dysfunction associated with sleep-deprivation-induced disturbances in sleep-wake rhythm.All animal experiments were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to the Medical College of Nanjing University,China(approval No.20171102)on November20,2017.

Genetically engineered systems revealed the roles of basal ganglia in sleep-wake regulation

The basal ganglia(BG) act as a cohesive functional unit that regulates motor function,habit formation,and reward/addictive behaviors. However,it is still not well understood how the BG maintains wakefulness and suppresses sleep to achieve al these fundamental functions until genetical y engineered systems developed these years. Significant research efforts have recently been directed at developing genetic-molecular tools to achieve reversible and cell-type specific in vivo silencing or activation of neurons in behaving animals. Optogenetic tools can be used both to specifically activate or inhibit neurons of interest and identify functional synaptic connectivity between specific neuronal populations,both in vivo and in brain slices. Another recently developed system by Roth and colleagues permits the selective and ″remote″ manipulation(activation and silencing) of neuronal activity via all 3 major GPCR signaling pathways(G_i,G_s and G_q). These so-called ″ designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs″(DREADD) involve mutant GPCRs that do not respond to their endogenous ligands but are responsive to otherwise inert biological compounds. Recently,we demonstrated the essential roles and the neural pathways of the neurons expressing adenosine A_(2A) receptors or dopamine D_1 receptors in the BG for sleep-wake regulation using the genetically engineered systems including optogenetics and DREADD. We proposed a plausible model in which the caudate-putamen and the nucleus accumbens integrates behavioral processes with sleep/wakefulness through adenosine and dopamine receptors.

SLEEP-MAD模式护理策略在结直肠癌病人术后护理中的应用

目的:探讨SLEEP-MAD模式护理策略在结直肠癌病人术后护理中的应用价值。方法:2022年5月—2023年5月选取医院收治的86例结直肠癌病人为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将病人分为观察组、对照组各43例,对照组行常规护理,观察组实施SLEEP-MAD模式护理策略,干预前后采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、视觉模拟疼痛评分表(VAS)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)、癌因性疲乏评分及欧洲癌症研究与治疗组织生命质量量表(EORTC QLQ-C30)评价病人的不良情绪、疼痛感、癌因性疲乏、睡眠质量及生活质量。结果:干预后观察组病人HAMA、HAMD、VAS、PSQI及癌因性疲乏评分低于对照组(P<0.05);干预后观察组病人EORTC QLQ-C30评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:SLEEP-MAD模式护理策略可有效减轻结直肠癌病人焦虑及抑郁情绪,减轻病人术后疼痛感及癌因性疲乏,改善病人睡眠质量及生活质量。

Intrinsic relationship of vorticity between modes A and B in the wake of a bluff body

The intrinsic physical relationship of vorticity between modes A and B in the three-dimensional wake transition is investigated.Direct numerical simulations for the flow past a square-section cylinder are carried out at Reynolds numbers of 180 and 250,associated with modes A and B,respectively.Based on the analysis of spacial distributions of vorticity in the near wake,characteristics of the vertical vorticity in modes A and B are identified.Moreover,the relationship of three vorticity components with specific signs is summarized into two sign laws,as intrinsic physical relationships between two instability modes.By the theory of vortex-induced vortex,such two sign laws confirm that there are two and only two kinds of vortex-shedding patterns in the near wake,just corresponding to modes A and B.In brief,along the free stream direction,mode A can be described by the parallel shedding vertical vortices with the same sign,while mode B is described by the parallel shedding streamwise vortices with the same sign.Finally,it is found out that the|-type vortex is a basic kind of vortex structure in both modes A and B.

Sleep quality improved following a single session of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in older women:Results from a pilot study

Background： Poor sleep quality is associated with adverse effects on health outcomes. It is not clear whether exercise can improve sleep quality and whether intensity of exercise affects any of the effects. Methods： Fifteen healthy, non-obese （body mass index = 24.4 ± 2.1 kg/m^2, mean 4- SD）, sedentary （〈20 min of exercise on no more than 3 times/week） older women （66.1 ± 3.9 years） volunteered for the study. Peak oxygen consumption （VO2peak） was evaluated using a graded exercise test on a treadmill with a metabolic cart. Following a 7-day baseline period, each participant completed two exercise sessions （separated by 1 week） with equal caloric expenditure, but at different intensities （60% and 45% VO2peak, sequence randomized） between 9：00 and 11：00 am. A wrist ActiGraph monitor was used to assess sleep at baseline and two nights following each exercise session. Results： The average duration of the exercise was 54 and 72 rain, respectively at 60% （moderate-intensity） and 45% VO2peak （light-intensity）. Wake time after sleep onset was significantly shorter （p = 0.016）, the number of awakenings was less （p = 0.046）, and total activity counts were lower （p = 0.05） after the moderate-intensity exercise compared to baseline no-exercise condition. Conclusion： Our data showed that a single moderate-intensity aerobic exercise session improved sleep quality in older women.

DNS in evolution of vorticity and sign relationship in wake transition of a circular cylinder:(pure)mode A

In the present paper,the spatio-temporal evolution of vorticity in the first wake instability,i.e.,(pure)mode A,is investigated in order to understand the wake vortex dynamics and sign relationships among vorticity components.Direct numerical simulation(DNS)for the flow past a circular cylinder is performed,typically at a Reynolds number of 200,in the three-dimensional(3-D)wake transition.According to characteristics of time histories of fluid forces,three different stages are identified as the computational transition,the initial stage and fully developed wake.In the second initial stage,the original two-dimensional spanwise vortices become obviously three-dimensional associated with the streamwise or vertical vorticity intensified up to about 0.1.As a matter of fact,these additional vorticities,caused by the intrinsic 3-D instability,are already generated firstly on cylinder surfaces early in the computational transition,indicating that the three-dimensionality appeared early near the cylinder.The evolution of additional components of vorticity with features the same as mode A shows that(pure)mode A can be already formed in the late computational transition.Through careful analysis of the vorticity field on the front surface,in the shear layers and near wake at typical times,two sign laws are obtained.They illustrate intrinsic relationships among three vorticity components,irrelevant to the wavelength or Fourier mode and Reynolds number in(pure)mode A.Most importantly,the origin of streamwise vortices is found and explained by a new physical mechanism based on the theory of vortex-induced vortex.As a result,the whole process of formation and shedding vortices with these vorticities is firstly and completely illustrated.Other characteristics are presented in detail.

Dynamical mode decomposition of Gurney flap wake flow

The present work uses dynamic mode decomposition(DMD) to analyze wake flow of NACA0015 airfoil with Gurney flap.The physics of DMD is first introduced.Then the PIV-measured wake flow velocity field is decomposed into dynamical modes.The vortex shedding pattern behind the trailing edge and its high-order harmonics have been captured with abundant information such as frequency,wavelength and convection speed.It is observed that high-order dynamic modes convect faster than low-order modes;moreover the wavelength of the dynamic modes scales with the corresponding frequency in power law.

Modifi cation of sleep architecture in an animal model of experimental cirrhosis

AIM： To analyze the polygraphic sleep patterns during cirrhosis progression in a rat model by repeated CCh administration. METHODS： Male Wistar rats received three weekly injections of CCl4 for 11 wk, and were analyzed before and during the induction of cirrhosis. Rats were im- planted with electrodes to record their sleep patterns. Polygraph recordings were made weekly over 11 wk for 8 h, during the light period. After a basal recording, rats received three weekly injections of CCl4. Histological confirmation of cirrhosis was performed after 11 wk. RESULTS： The results showed a progressive decrease in total wake time that reached statistical significance from the second week of treatment. In addition, there was an increase in total time of slow wave sleep （SWS）Ⅱ and rapid eye movement sleep （REM sleep） in most of the 11 wk. SWS I showed no significant variations. During the final weeks, a significant increase in REM sleep frequency was also observed. Histological analyses of the livers showed unequivocal signs of cirrhosis. CONCLUSION： These data suggest that hepatic failure produced by CCh administration is capable of modifying the sleep pattern even after only a few doses.

Dynamic detection of wake-sleep transition with reaction time-magnitude

BACKGROUND： According to observable behaviors, sleep and wakefulness are two fundamentally different behavioral states. Although electroencephalogram （EEG） is traditionally used to define sleep stage, it is difficult to detect or to quantify microarousals or disruptions during sleep. In addition initial sleep cannot be defined. It is thought that the wake-sleep transition cannot be defined by EEG patterns. OBJECTIVE： To observe the behavioral response magnitude during wake-sleep transition by EEG monitoring and to define the wake-sleep transition. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A behavioral and neural network study was performed at the Key Lab of Human Being Development and Mental Health of Central China Normal University, and Lab of Brain and Cognitive Science of South Central University for Nationalities, China in July 2007. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 30 healthy volunteers, of equal gender and aged （19.7 ± 1.1 ） years, were recruited from the Central China Normal University, China for this study. None of the subjects had undergone EEG recording prior to this study or received any medication for sleep disturbances. METHODS： A novel adaptive approach was applied to detect wake-sleep transition, which avoided stimulus-induced waking. To test the difference between wake state and wake-sleep transition, the amount of self-information and mutual-information were effective parameters to analyze wake-sleep transition. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The following parameters were measured： morphological changes in reaction time-magnitude, as well as correlation between phase changes and sleep, and wake and wake-sleep transition. RESULTS： There were three typical phases in morphological changes of reaction time-magnitude. With regard to the behavioral definition and criterion for sleep, the phase morphological characteristics displayed good correlation with behavioral states, such as sleep, wakefulness, and sleep onset. Entropy as an indicator of brain cognitive processes was introduced to test for differences between the wakefulness and sleep onset phase. Results indicated a cognitive declined transitional period different between sleep and wake. After staggered cognitive changes during the wake-sleep transition, the brain underwent marked alterations and transitioned into sleep quickly with no bi-directional EEG changes. CONCLUSION： Wake-sleep transition exists as an independent stage.

Logarithmic Growth Algorithm of Sleep Mode of Broadband Mobile Access Terminal

The sleep mode which works upon low arrival traffic is introduced in IEEE802.16e standard to reduce the power consumption of the mobile access terminal. Due to the rapid growth in the sleep interval in the exponential growth algorithm prescribed in IEEE802.16e, the power saving efficiency of the mobile access terminal is limited and the average delay time of receiving data frames is prolonged when the arrival rate of data frames is low. To obtain lower power consumption and shorter average delay time, the l...

Significant change of sensitivity index d' in sensory processing of human brain during wake-sleep transition

The sensor area in the brain remains active during the wake-sleep transition. However, the behavioral mechanisms of sensor sensitivity involved in the transition from a state of wakefulness to a sleep state remain poorly understood. To detect sensitivity index （d） changes during the wake-sleep transition, the present study recorded response times of wakefulness versus wake-sleep transition in 14 healthy undergraduate volunteers. During wake-sleep transition testing, morphological changes in the time courses of behavior response revealed 2 typical phases （stages A and B）. In stage A, subject behavior responses exhibited temporal fluctuations, and all subjects displayed a high accuracy rate. In stage B, subjects did not exhibit behavioral responses. The sensitivity index d＇ during the wake-sleep transition （stage A） was significantly weaker than during wakefulness. Results demonstrated that at the behavioral level, sensation capacity for transfer information from the external world into the internal system significantly decreased during the transition to sleep.

The influence of heterogeneity on the analysis of sleep-wake architecture in the single-prolonged stress rats

Objective: To observe the influence of heterogeneity on sleep-wake architecture in single-prolonged stress(SPS) animal model. Methods: SPS rats were subdivided into low responders(LR) and high responders(HR) based on their freezing responses to a novel environment. Sleeping time(ST), awakening numbers(AN), brief awakening numbers(b AN) and frequency distribution of sleep bouts were used as observing indicators, single factor variance analysis combined with Dunnett t test were used to compare the differences between control, exposure, LR and HR groups. Results: We found sleeping time was increased only in HR group. Moreover, awakening numbers and brief awakening number increased in exposure group and HR group during the light phase, but not in LR group. The number of sleep bouts for the ranges of 40-80 s increased obviously in HR group, but not in exposure and LR group. In addition, there were significant correlation between sleep-related parameters and freezing in HR group, but not in LR group. Conclusion: Heterogeneity existed in SPS model in view of different sleep-wake architectures of SPS rats. Rats in HR group exactly mimicked the freezing response and sleep disorders of PTSD. So HR rats were more appropriate to be used as PTSD-like models, especially when studying sleep disorder in PTSD.

Astrocytic calcium waves:unveiling their roles in sleep and arousal modulation

Neuron-astrocyte interactions are vital for the brain’s connectome.Understanding astrocyte activities is crucial for comprehending the complex neural network,particularly the population-level functions of neurons in different cortical states and associated behaviors in mammals.Studies on animal sleep and wakefulness have revealed distinct cortical synchrony patterns between neurons.Astrocytes,outnumbering neurons by nearly fivefold,support and regulate neuronal and synaptic function.Recent research on astrocyte activation during cortical state transitions has emphasized the influence of norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter and calcium waves as key components of ion channel signaling.This summary focuses on a few recent studies investigating astrocyte-neuron interactions in mouse models during sleep,wakefulness,and arousal levels,exploring the involvement of noradrenaline signaling,ion channels,and glutamatergic signaling in different cortical states.These findings highlight the significant impact of astrocytes on large-scale neuronal networks,influencing brain activity and responsiveness.Targeting astrocytic signaling pathways shows promise for treating sleep disorders and arousal dysregulation.More research is needed to understand astrocytic calcium signaling in different brain regions and its implications for dysregulated brain states,requiring future human studies to comprehensively investigate neuron-astrocyte interactions and pave the way for therapeutic interventions in sleep-and arousal-related disorders.

Assessment of scale interactions associated with wake meandering using bispectral analysis methodologies

Large atmospheric boundary layer fluctuations and smaller turbine-scale vorticity dynamics are separately hypothesized to initiate the wind turbine wake meandering phenomenon,a coherent,dynamic,turbine-scale oscillation of the far wake.Triadic interactions,the mechanism of energy transfers between scales,manifest as triples of wavenumbers or frequencies and can be characterized through bispectral analyses.The bispectrum,which correlates the two frequencies to their sum,is calculated by two recently developed multi-dimensional modal decomposition methods:scale-specific energy transfer method and bispectral mode decomposition.Large-eddy simulation of a utility-scale wind turbine in an atmospheric boundary layer with a broad range of large length-scales is used to acquire instantaneous velocity snapshots.The bispectrum from both methods identifies prominent upwind and wake meandering interactions that create a broad range of energy scales including the wake meandering scale.The coherent kinetic energy associated with the interactions shows strong correlation between upwind scales and wake meandering.

观察重症肺炎伴睡眠障碍患者SLEEP-MAD模式干预对睡眠质量的影响

目的:研究重症肺炎睡眠障碍患者实施SLEEP-MAD模式干预的效果。方法:选取2022年1月至2022年12月福建医科大学附属泉州市第一医院收治的重症监护室(ICU)重症肺炎伴睡眠障碍患者40例作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组20例。观察组实施SLEEP-MAD模式干预,对照组实施常规护理。采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)比较2组患者干预前后睡眠质量的变化,采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)比较2组患者干预前后焦虑、抑郁的变化情况,并比较2组患者的失眠发生率及护理满意度。结果:干预后,观察组PSQI评分、HAMA评分、HAMD评分显著低于对照组,观察组满意度显著高于对照组,观察组失眠发生率显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:给予ICU重症肺炎睡眠障碍患者SLEEP-MAD模式干预,实施效果相对较好,患者满意度较高,失眠发生率显著降低,患者的负性情绪得到改善,睡眠质量随之提高,值得临床推广应用。

Application of time–frequency entropy from wake oscillation to gas–liquid flow pattern identification

Gas–liquid two-phase flow abounds in industrial processes and facilities. Identification of its flow pattern plays an essential role in the field of multiphase flow measurement. A bluff body was introduced in this study to recognize gas–liquid flow patterns by inducing fluid oscillation that enlarged differences between each flow pattern. Experiments with air–water mixtures were carried out in horizontal pipelines at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. Differential pressure signals from the bluff-body wake were obtained in bubble, bubble/plug transitional, plug, slug, and annular flows. Utilizing the adaptive ensemble empirical mode decomposition method and the Hilbert transform, the time–frequency entropy S of the differential pressure signals was obtained. By combining S and other flow parameters, such as the volumetric void fraction β, the dryness x, the ratio of density φ and the modified fluid coefficient ψ, a new flow pattern map was constructed which adopted S（1–x）φ and （1–β）ψ as the vertical and horizontal coordinates, respectively. The overall rate of classification of the map was verified to be 92.9% by the experimental data. It provides an effective and simple solution to the gas–liquid flow pattern identification problems.

Physical mechanism for origin of streamwise vortices in mode A of a square-section cylinder

In the present paper, physical mechanism responsible for origin of streamwise vortices in mode A appeared in the threedimensional (3-D) wake transition of a square-section cylinder is investigated. Direct numerical simulations at a Reynolds number of 180 firstly show that such streamwise vorticity is not originated from lateral surfaces. Then through the analysis of local flow field in the immediate neighborhood of rear surface, based on the theory of vortex-induced vortex, a new physical mechanism is identified. At first, the vertical vorticity on rear surface is generated by the intrinsic three-dimensional instability with the same instability wavelength of mode A. Then the streamwise vorticity at a specific sign is induced by such vertical vorticity, convected and concentrated in the shear layers. Finally, streamwise vortices are formed and shed with alternatively shedding spanwise vortices in the near wake. Moreover, the effect of induced spanwise vorticity on original two-dimensional (2-D) spanwise vorticity is also presented in detail.

Lights at night:does photobiomodulation improve sleep?

Sleep is a critical part of our daily routine.It impacts every organ and system of our body,from the brain to the heart and from cellular metabolism to immune function.A consistent daily schedule of quality of sleep makes a world of difference to our health and well-being.Despite its importance,so many individuals have trouble sleeping well.Poor quality sleep has such a detrimental impact on many aspects of our lives;it affects our thinking,learning,memory,and movements.Further,and most poignantly,poor quality sleep over time increases the risk of developing a serious medical condition,including neurodegenerative disease.In this review,we focus on a potentially new non-pharmacological treatment that improves the quality of sleep.This treatment,called photobiomodulation,involves the application of very specific wavelengths of light to body tissues.In animal models,these wavelengths,when applied at night,have been reported to stimulate the removal of fluid and toxic waste-products from the brain;that is,they improve the brain’s inbuilt house-keeping function.We suggest that transcranial nocturnal photobiomodulation,by improving brain function at night,will help improve the health and well-being of many individuals,by enhancing the quality of their sleep.

SLEEP-MAD模式护理策略在肝癌TACE介入治疗患者中的应用效果

目的:探讨SLEEP-MAD模式护理策略在肝癌肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)介入治疗患者中的应用效果。方法:选择2019年9月1日~2020年9月30日就诊的TACE介入治疗的肝癌患者200例,按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各100例;对照组采用常规模式护理,观察组在对照组基础上采用SLEEP-MAD模式护理。比较两组癌因性疲乏程度,负性情绪[采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)],睡眠质量[采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)],生活质量[采用癌症患者生活质量测定量表(QLQ-C30)]和护理满意度。结果:干预后,观察组癌因性疲乏程度评分低于对照组(P<0.01);干预后,两组SAS、SDS、PSQI评分均低于干预前(P<0.05),且观察组低于对照组(P<0.05);干预后,两组QLQ-C30各维度评分均高于干预前(P<0.05),且观察组高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组护理满意度评分高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:对接受TACE介入治疗的肝癌患者应用SLEEP-MAD模式护理策略干预,可减轻患者癌因性疲乏程度,缓解焦虑、抑郁情绪,改善睡眠质量,提高生活质量和满意度。

SLEEP-MAD干预模式对ICU患者睡眠质量的影响

目的探讨SLEEP-MAD干预模式对ICU患者睡眠质量和负性情绪的影响。方法将2020年1月-12月ICU收治的58例重症患者设为对照组,将2021年1月-12月ICU收治的60例重症患者设为观察组。在实施重症专科护理基础上,对照组给予常规睡眠管理,观察组采用SLEEP-MAD干预模式实施睡眠管理,比较2组失眠严重程度、睡眠质量及负性情绪。结果干预后观察组失眠严重程度轻于对照组(Z=-3.585,P<0.001),睡眠质量优于对照组(t=7.431,P<0.001),焦虑及抑郁评分均低于对照组(t=16.765,P<0.001;t=16.245,P<0.001)。结论将SLEEP-MAD干预模式应用于ICU睡眠障碍患者中,可有效改善患者的睡眠质量,减轻其负性情绪,从而减轻患者的失眠严重程度。