Study on the sunny-shady slope effect on the subgrade of a high-speed railway in a seasonal frozen region

The temperature distributions of different parts of a subgrade were analyzed based on the results of three years of moni- toring data from the Harbin-Qiqihaer Passenger Dedicated Line, a high-speed railway, including the slope toes, shoulders, and natural ground. The temperature variation with time and the maximum frozen depths showed that an obvious sun- ny-shady effect exists in the railway subgrade, which spans a seasonal frozen region. Development of frost heave is af- fected by the asymmetric temperature distribution. The temperature field and the maximum frozen depths 50 years after the subgrade was built were simulated with a mathematical model of the unsteady phase transition of the geothermal field.

Railway subgrade thermal-hydro-mechanical behavior and track irregularity under the sunny-shady slopes effect in seasonal frozen regions

The sunny-shady slopes effect is a phenomenon that impacts the temperature distribution of high-speed railway subgrades,resulting in uneven frost heaving deformation on the subgrade surface,which in turn causes static irregularity in the slab track.Based on the hydraulics theory,a thermal-hydro-mechanical(THM)coupled model of frozen soil is established and verified.We explore the process and characteristics of the temperature field and deformation of soil during the freezing process of high-speed railway subgrades and analyze the track irregularity variation law of China Railway Track SystemⅢslab tracks under uneven frost heaving deformation.The results show that,because the left and right slopes of high-speed railway subgrade are exposed to different amounts of solar radiation,which is the key factor causing uneven frost heaving of subgrade.Different strike angles cause changes in temperature of the subgrade’s upper part and the frost heaving amount on the surface,leading to differences in the deformation of the slab track structure:Increased strike angle weakens the rail level irregularity of the down line and marginally increases the rail level irregularity of the up line,and these become consistent in north-south directions.Therefore,when selecting railway lines in seasonal frozen areas,the west-east direction should be avoided to prevent the extremes in sunny-shady slopes effect on subgrades.

Effects of vertical seismic acceleration on 3D slope stability

The conventional pseudo-static approach often neglects the effect of the vertical＇ seismic acceleration on the stability of a slope, but some analyses under plane-strain （2D） conditions show a significant effect on the slope stability. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the vertical acceleration on the safety of three-dimensional （3D） slopes. In the strict framework of limit analysis, a 3D kinematically admissible rotational failure mechanism is adopted here for 3D homogeneous slopes in frictional/cohesive soils. A set of stability charts is presented in a wide range of parameters for 3D slopes under combined horizontal and vertical seismic loading conditions. Accounting for the effects of the vertical seismic acceleration, the difference in safety factors for 3D slopes can exceed 10%, which will significantly overestimate the safety of the 3D slopes.

Upper Bound Solution of Soil Slope Stability under Coupling Effect of Rainfall and Earthquake

Based on the limit analysis upper bound method,a new model of soil slope collapse has been proposed which consists of two rigid block zones and a plastic shear zone.Soil slope was induced failure by coupling effect of rainfall and earthquake,and these blocks were also incorporated horizontal earthquake force and vertical gravitate.The velocities and forces were analyzed in three blocks,and the expression of velocity discontinuities was obtained by the principle of incompressibility.The external force work for the blocks,the internal energy of the plastic shear zone and the velocity discontinuous were solved.The present stability ratios are compared to the prevenient research,which shows the superiority of the mechanism and rationality of the analysis.The critical height of the soil slope can provide theoretical basis for slope support and design.

A Modified Form of Mild-Slope Equation with Weakly Nonlinear Effect

Nonlinear effect is of importance to waves propagating from deep water to shallow water. The non-linearity of waves is widely discussed due to its high precision in application. But there are still some problems in dealing with the nonlinear waves in practice. In this paper, a modified form of mild-slope equation with weakly nonlinear effect is derived by use of the nonlinear dispersion relation and the steady mild-slope equation containing energy dissipation. The modified form of mild-slope equation is convenient to solve nonlinear effect of waves. The model is tested against the laboratory measurement for the case of a submerged elliptical shoal on a slope beach given by Berkhoff et al. The present numerical results are also compared with those obtained through linear wave theory. Better agreement is obtained as the modified mild-slope equation is employed. And the modified mild-slope equation can reasonably simulate the weakly nonlinear effect of wave propagation from deep water to coast.

地震放大作用下裂缝边坡稳定性极限分析及影响规律研究

大量试验数据和震后调查表明,地震加速度沿坡高具有显著放大效应并导致产生坡顶裂缝。为探究放大效应对边坡稳定性和坡顶裂缝的影响,基于极限分析上限法和拟静力法,建立考虑放大效应的裂缝边坡稳定性分析方法,得到地震放大作用对边坡稳定性和裂缝开展情况的影响规律。计算结果表明:裂缝边坡安全系数随地震放大系数增加而降低,陡坡和缓坡在考虑地震放大效应后安全系数均下降约10%,坡顶裂缝随地震放大系数增大逐渐远离坡肩,但裂缝深度会减小,其中当坡底地震加速度较大时放大效应对裂缝位置和深度影响显著。根据地震裂缝边坡安全系数的上限解c/γHtanφ与边坡参数F/tanφ值呈现幂函数的特征,通过拟合获得了安全系数计算表达式,可在实际工程中快速评估地震放大效应对裂缝边坡安全系数的影响。

三维土工网边坡防护水土保持能力研究

路基边坡防护工程可减轻降雨对坡面土体的侵蚀作用,为深入研究坡面防护材料水土保持能力的定量表征方法,通过室内人工降雨边坡侵蚀模型试验,分析不同降雨强度和不同三维土工网防护下路基边坡的降雨侵蚀规律,提出三维土工网水土保持能力的试验测定方法及相关系数计算公式。研究结果表明:三维土工网防护边坡泥沙流失干质量明显小于相同条件下不设防边坡泥沙流失干质量,土工网防护在减少边坡侵蚀量的同时,有利于边坡侵蚀进程的快速稳定,但土工网的水土保持能力随雨强增大急剧下降。泥沙流失速度随着降雨的持续而逐渐减小,后期趋于收敛稳定,侵蚀历程采用指数函数拟合具有较好的相关性。建议设防边坡的试验降雨时间不少于70 min,不设防的边坡试验降雨时间不小于100 min。水土保持能力系数随雨强的增大呈对数函数关系减小,雨强超过100 mm/h时水土保持能力系数实测值与对数函数拟合值差异较大,建议在测定材料水土保持能力系数时雨强取20~100 mm/h,可取50 mm/h作为标准试验雨强。泡面类三维土工网水土保持能力显著优于普通三维土工网,而双泡面的三维土工网优于单泡面三维土工网。试验条件下凹凸泡面三维土工网的水土保持能力系数主要分布在1.71~3.03,建议50 mm/h雨强三维土工网水土保持能力系数不应小于1.5。

露天边坡体爆破振动特性研究

针对洪山露天边坡体爆破振动响应问题,结合引入高程差H的二元回归爆破振动速度衰减模型,开展了实测爆破振速峰值(PPV)分析和爆破振速衰减规律预测,分析了露天边坡体爆破振动特性。结果表明:在振速峰值方面,自由面数量越多,PPV越小,其中,单自由面条件下的PPV远大于双自由面和三自由面条件下的PPV;|H|相同时,正高程条件下的PPV大于负高程下的PPV;露天边坡体存在明显的爆破振动高程放大效应,放大系数随|H|的增大先增大后减小,随水平爆源距的增大而减小。在振速衰减规律方面,高程差对切向方向的速度影响较大,高程效应明显;自由面数量越多,爆破振动速度衰减曲面越平缓;引入高程差的二元回归爆破振速衰减模型比传统一元萨氏回归模型更能有效预测爆破振速衰减规律,相对平均误差为12.3%~15.4%,其中单自由面矢量和的相对平均误差仅为9.5%。

齐大山铁矿东帮边坡空间形态优化

针对齐大山铁矿东帮边坡空间形态优化问题,在分析边坡工程地质条件的基础上,将极限平衡法与数值模拟法相结合,评价原设计到界边坡稳定性,优化设计到界边坡的形态参数,探讨追踪距离对边坡三维稳定性的影响规律。研究结果表明:采用逐水平优化方法设计的到界边坡角为46°,每阶段的边坡二维稳定性系数均满足安全储备系数要求;边坡的三维稳定性系数与追踪距离呈负相关指数函数关系,当追踪距离为50 m时,齐大山铁矿东帮到界边坡角可设计为48°,整体边坡角提高了2°,经济效益显著。

Simulation study of the void space gas effect on slope instability triggered by an earthquake

This study aims at exploring the void space gas effect of earthquake-triggered slope instability and providing a new method for studying the formation mechanism of earthquake-triggered landslides. We analysed the basic characteristics, kinematic characteristics, initiation mechanisms and physical mechanical parameters of the Daguangbao landslide, generalized a landslide prototype, and established a geological model and performed simulation tests. Based on the seismic wave propagation theory of rock-soil mass, rock fracture mechanics and the effective stress principle, we found that the void space gas effect is due to the occurrence of excess void space gas pressure when the dynamic response of seismic loads impacts the void space gas in weak intercalated layers of the slope. The excess void space gas pressure generated by the vibration(earthquake) damages the rock mass around the void space with a certain regularity. The model test results show that the effective shear strength of the rock mass can be reduced by 4.4% to 21.6% due to the void space gas effect.

正高程差下边坡爆破对X70钢管振速的影响

为了探究正高程差边坡爆炸施工对邻近埋地管道振速的影响,基于商用有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA采用数值模拟方法研究了炸药量相同(30 kg),正高程差不同(2.1、2.6、3.1、3.6、4.1、4.6和5.1 m)时,边坡爆破振动对既有X70管道振速的影响,并与平面地形结果作对比分析。研究表明:相较于平面地形,在水平距离不变的条件下,管道Y方向上会出现振速放大现象,且随着高程增大,振速加快衰减。管道振速放大系数随着高程差的增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势。当高程差为3.1 m时,管道迎爆面测点的振速放大系数最大,为1.998;当高程差为3.6 m时,管道背爆面测点的放大系数最大,为1.622。爆炸地震波在不同的介质界面发生折射和反射所形成的叠加效应以及在坡脚发生绕射,是产生高程放大效应的主要原因。

长大纵坡公路隧道火灾人员疏散的合理通风风速研究

为探明交通拥堵状态发生火灾情况下,纵向通风风速对长大纵坡公路隧道人员疏散环境的影响,从而明确满足火灾工况人员疏散的合理风速,采用数值模拟对不同通风风速、不同纵坡坡度条件下,隧道内拱顶位置和人眼特征高度位置的烟气分布特性及变化规律进行研究和分析。结果表明:1)随着通风风速的增加,在火源上游,不同坡度隧道内特征高度的最高温度均逐渐下降;在火源下游,上坡隧道内特征高度的最高温度先下降后升高,而下坡隧道内特征高度的最高温度先升高后下降;2)满足人员疏散的风速随隧道坡度的增大而有所减小,火灾规模为30 MW时,坡度为-2%、-1%的隧道人员疏散合理风速分别为2.5 m/s和2.0 m/s,坡度为1%的隧道人员疏散合理风速为1.0 m/s~1.5 m/s,坡度为2%的隧道人员疏散合理风速为0.5 m/s~1.5 m/s。

宁夏黄土区典型坡面表层土壤有机碳含量的空间变化特征及尺度效应

【目的】定量认识土壤有机碳(SOC)含量在坡面上的空间异质性及尺度效应,探索“由点及面”估算坡面平均SOC含量的精确便捷途径,为细致刻画坡面土壤资源状况、全面理解生态系统碳循环、制定土壤高质量管理方案提供科学基础。【方法】在宁夏半干旱黄土丘陵区,选择3个相邻的由退耕还林工程形成的典型坡面,从坡顶向坡脚设置连续样点,调查各样点的土地利用、植被特征、立地条件及表层(0^20 cm)SOC含量,分析其坡向差异、坡位变化;以“离坡顶的水平距离或相对距离”为自变量,以表层SOC含量的顺坡滑动平均值为因变量,定量描述坡面尺度效应;再以坡面上任一样点表层SOC含量与坡面平均值的比值为因变量,实现由“点”到“面”的尺度上推。【结果】研究区表层SOC含量存在明显的坡向差异、坡位变化、尺度效应。表层SOC含量的坡面平均值在南坡(7.60 g·kg^(-1))最高,东坡(6.42 g·kg^(-1))次之,西坡(5.65 g·kg^(-1))最低,其坡位间变幅在东坡(15.95 g·kg^(-1))最大,其次为西坡(11.34 g·kg^(-1)),最小为南坡(9.72 g·kg^(-1)),说明东坡的坡面效应最强,其次为西坡,南坡最弱。东坡、西坡、南坡表层SOC含量的坡位变化大致相同,均由坡顶向下逐渐减小,至离坡顶水平距离200、150、280 m(相对距离0.73、0.45、0.76)后趋于稳定,主要与坡面“上部为自然状态的坡地+林草植被+恢复年限长、下部为人工梯田+林农植被+扰动频繁”的空间格局有关。在东坡、西坡、南坡上,距坡顶水平距离每增加100 m,SOC含量的滑动平均值分别变化-3.40、-2.50、-1.51 g·kg^(-1);距坡顶相对距离每增加0.1,SOC含量的滑动平均值分别变化-0.96、-0.75、-0.55 g·kg^(-1)。构建3个坡向不同坡位样点表层SOC含量与坡面平均值的比值随离坡顶水平距离或相对距离增加而变化的数量关系(R^(2)>0.7,P<0.001),籍此可由坡面上任一样点表层SOC含量精确便捷地估算坡面平均值。将所有位点数据融合得出,离坡顶相对距离0.4的位点表层SOC含量最接近坡面平均值。【结论】半干旱黄土丘陵区坡面表层SOC含量沿坡从上至下基本呈先减小后稳定的变化,与土地利用类型、植被类型、恢复年限的坡面分布格局有关。以顺坡(相对)水平坡长增加为尺度变量可较好地定量刻画表层SOC含量的坡面变化特征及尺度效应,藉此可实现坡面表层SOC含量平均值的精确便捷推算。

降雨入渗作用下基底倾角对内排土场边坡变形的影响

为了研究降雨条件下基底倾角对排土场边坡稳定性的影响,根据朔州市某露天煤矿的实际情况,利用FLAC3D软件对排土场边坡进行同等雨强条件下不同基底倾角的数值模拟。结果表明:在降雨初期,排土场边坡表层的饱和度先快速增长并趋于非饱和的稳定值;随着降雨入渗至弱层和基岩交界处时,雨水在重力作用下向坡脚处堆积并导致坡脚处发生剪切破坏;随着基底倾角的增加,各监测点达到饱和或稳定状态出现明显的时间滞后效应,且位移量和应变增量的变化与基底倾角呈正相关关系。

砂土边坡桩间水平土拱机理与演变规律离散元分析

抗滑桩等非连续支挡结构在边坡工程中依靠土拱效应安全经济地发挥支护功能。鉴于不同类型砂土的力学性质差异较大,为揭示密砂与松砂土质边坡抗滑桩桩间水平土拱机理与演变规律,采用离散元方法(DEM)模拟支挡砂土水平土拱的成拱过程。在传统力链分析的基础上,提出通过筛选高应力颗粒来研究土拱的形成过程,进一步从细观角度对不同工况土拱效应进行分析,以揭示“应力拱”和“位移拱”的演化过程。研究表明:密砂和松砂中的水平土拱的动态演变过程均表现为3个演化阶段,分别对应于密砂和松砂的剪切性状,即应变软化和应变硬化现象,揭示了砂土边坡桩间土拱效应的演变规律。此外,讨论了宏-微观DEM模拟参数对土拱形成过程与土拱效应性能的影响,结果表明拱跨对于荷载传递效率的影响最大。

波浪作用下高速列车-轨道-桥梁系统耦合振动研究

为研究波浪作用对高速铁路跨海桥梁车-轨-桥系统耦合振动的影响,基于线性波浪理论和Morison方程模拟波浪荷载,采用分布力模式输入既有车-轨-桥系统耦合振动分析程序,提出波浪作用下的车-轨-桥系统耦合振动分析方法。以某高速铁路跨海斜拉桥为背景,研究波坡面效应、波浪重现期、车速对车-轨-桥系统动力响应的影响,并评估不同重现期波浪作用下过桥列车的走行性。结果表明:波坡面效应会使作用于不同单桩的波浪荷载初始相位不同,从而导致作用于群桩基础的波浪荷载合力不同;随着波浪重现期的增大,车-轨-桥系统的横向动力响应均增大,而竖向动力响应几乎不变;考虑波浪作用后,列车的行车安全性指标均随车速的增大而增大,波浪荷载会显著降低桥上列车的乘坐舒适性并增加桥上列车的脱轨风险。常遇波浪(10年重现期)和极端波浪(100年重现期)作用下列车的安全车速阈值分别为325 km/h和275 km/h。

砂土边坡的速凝高聚物微型抗滑桩加固效果研究

针对常规混凝土凝固较慢、工期长、施工复杂等缺陷,提出速凝高聚物微型抗滑桩加固边坡的新思路,开展高聚物微型抗滑桩加固砂土边坡的模型试验与数值模拟研究。结果表明,在数值模拟中,将Mohr-Coulomb强度参数转换为Drucker-Prager强度参数时,应力洛德角取0能够更准确地反映边坡岩土体的强度特征;模拟得到的各边坡工况的位移、变形发展过程和破坏特征都与试验结果较为吻合,在一定程度上验证了数值模拟的准确性;在施加了5级水平推力(1 500 N)后,单排高聚物微型抗滑桩加固后的坡脚、坡中和坡顶的实测位移分别比加固前减小了33.4%、33.3%和33.3%,而双排桩加固后的坡脚、坡中和坡顶的实测位移分别比加固前减小了55.9%、53.4%和43.4%。加固前的坡面呈现波浪状的变形特征,加固后的坡体变形显著改善。在水平推力达到1 800 N时,单排桩工况中的桩体断裂,而当水平推力达到2 400 N时,双排桩工况中的后排桩首先发生断裂。研究结果验证了速凝高聚物微型抗滑桩在边坡加固中具有一定有效性和可行性。

高心墙堆石坝接触黏土与岸坡接触特性的离心模型研究

为了提高砾石土心墙与岸坡之间的变形协调性,高心墙堆石坝通常在心墙与岸坡之间设置高塑性黏土,统称为接触黏土,接触黏土的变形特性对高心墙的应力变形性状和心墙的安全性有重大影响。开展了4组接触黏土与岸坡接触面的局部离心模型试验,通过调整施加的上覆荷载大小来探讨原型坝体不同高程处的接触面剪切位移发展规律。基于理论分析,提出了一个计算接触黏土与岸坡接触面离心模型试验中边界效应影响范围的解析表达式,以确定接触面离心试验中试验模型的相似比尺。试验结果表明:在原型坝体的不同高程处,接触黏土与岸坡之间均会产生一定的剪切位移,但不会出现分离现象;接触黏土和砾质心墙土变形主要以竖向下沉为主,并且接触黏土与砾质心墙土之间的沉降等值线变化较为连续,未出现陡变情况,这说明接触黏土起到了很好地协调变形的作用,因此在进行高心墙堆石坝的结构安全性分析过程中应考虑接触黏土与岸坡的接触效应。

基于外部气相沉积的S+C+L波段低色散斜率大有效面积非零色散位移光纤的设计与制备

针对现有光纤无法满足宽带光密集波分复用系统传输和S+C+L波段粗波分复用的要求,设计了一种具有中心凹陷的三角形芯+环形的折射率剖面,利用外部气相沉积工艺制备了一种非零色散位移光纤,并通过调整第一芯层的相对折射率和第二芯层与第一芯层的半径比,探究了其对光纤衰减、色散斜率和有效面积等参数的影响。研究发现,当第一芯层的相对折射率逐渐增大且第二芯层与第一芯层半径比逐渐减小时,零色散波长和有效面积逐渐减小。当第一芯层的相对折射率在0.52%~0.53%,芯层半径比在2.6~2.7时,光纤的有效面积接近70μm^(2),零色散波长在1420 nm附近,在1550 nm波段的色散系数大于8 ps·nm^(-1)·km^(-1),色散斜率为0.059 ps·nm^(-2)·km^(-1),可以较好地抑制传输过程中光非线性效应,满足长途干线网与城域网的使用要求。

考虑植被力学水力作用的洪泽湖堤防加固效果分析

为研究植被力学水力作用的机理,引入根系吸水分布函数描述不同根系构型的吸水特性,建立了一个用于边坡稳定计算的植被力学水力加固模型,并结合试验结果验证了模型的合理性和有效性。考虑不同根系构型的力学水力作用,对洪泽湖堤防岸坡的典型断面进行加固效果分析,结果表明:根系吸水显著提高了土体基质吸力,其影响范围大约为2.5倍根系深度;在根系吸水的初始阶段,不同根系构型所产生的差异较小,但随着时间逐渐增加,不同根系构型的差异逐渐增大;植被力学水力作用可以显著提高堤防岸坡的稳定性,24 h降雨后,根系加固下的安全系数约为裸土岸坡的1.4倍。