Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Verification on Flow Field of Piezoelectric Pump with Unsymmetrical Slopes Element

Regular valveless piezoelectric pumps have rectifying elements outside their chambers to produce net flow. These rectifying elements outside the chamber will increase the overall volume of the pump and prevent its minimization. Valveless piezoelectric pump with unsymmetrical slopes elements（USE）, proposed in this paper, differs from other valveless pumps in that it is easy to be minimized by developing the chamber bottom as such a rectifying element. In this research, the working principle of the proposed pump was analyzed first. Numerical models were thereby established and numerical simulation was conducted to the chamber flow field with the method of time-dependent velocity. The effects of the USEs on the flow field in the chamber were shown clearly in simulation. And the particular feature of flow field in the chamber was discovered. It behaves a complex flow field, in which strong turbulent occurs companying a lot of vortexes in different directions and different sizes. This feature is just opposite to what regular piezoelectric pumps expect： a moderate flow field. The turbulent flow could be used to have different liquids stirred and well mixed in the chamber to produce homogeneous solution, emulsion or turbid liquid. Meanwhile, numerical simulation also presents the effect of the angles difference of the two slopes upon the flow field, and upon the flow rate of the pump, which fits to the theoretical analysis. Experiments with the proposed pump were also conducted to verify the numerical results. In these experiments, six USEs with different slope angles were used for efficiency tests, which proved the validity and reliability of the numerical analysis. The data obtained from numerical analysis agree well with that from the experiments. The errors ranged from 4.4% to 14.8% with their weighted average error being 9.7%.

Probabilistic stability analyses of undrained slopes by 3D random fields and finite element methods

A long slope consisting of spatially random soils is a common geographical feature. This paper examined the necessity of three-dimensional(3 D) analysis when dealing with slope with full randomness in soil properties. Although 3 D random finite element analysis can well reflect the spatial variability of soil properties, it is often time-consuming for probabilistic stability analysis. For this reason, we also examined the least advantageous(or most pessimistic) cross-section of the studied slope. The concept of"most pessimistic" refers to the minimal cross-sectional average of undrained shear strength. The selection of the most pessimistic section is achievable by simulating the undrained shear strength as a 3 D random field. Random finite element analysis results suggest that two-dimensional(2 D) plane strain analysis based the most pessimistic cross-section generally provides a more conservative result than the corresponding full 3 D analysis. The level of conservativeness is around 15% on average. This result may have engineering implications for slope design where computationally tractable 2 D analyses based on the procedure proposed in this study could ensure conservative results.

Numerical study on the characteristics of flow field and wave propagation near submerged breakwater on slope

In this study, characteristics of flow field and wave propagation near submerged breakwater on a sloping bed are investigated with numerical model. The governing equations of the vertical two-dimensional model are Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equations. The Reynolds stress terms are closed by a nonlinear k - ε turbulence transportation model. The free surface is traced through the PILC-VOF method. The proposed numerical model is verified with experimental results. The numerical result shows that the wave profile may become more asymmetrical when wave propagates over breakwater. When wave crest propagates over breakwater, the anticlockwise vortex may generate. On the contrary, when wave hollow propagates over breakwater, the clockwise vortex may generate. Meanwhile, the influenced zone of vortex created by wave crest is larger than that created by wave hollow. All the maximum values of the turbulent kinetic energy, turbulent dissipation and eddy viscosity occur on the top of breakwater. Both the turbulent dissipation and eddy viscosity increase as the turbulent kinetic energy increases. Wave energy may rapidly decrease near the breakwater because turbulent dissipation increases and energy in lower harmonics is transferred into higher harmonics.

A generalized multi-field coupling approach and its application to stability and deformation control of a high slope

Human activities, such as blasting excavation, bolting, grouting and impounding of reservoirs, will lead to disturbances to rock masses and variations in their structural features and material properties. These engineering disturbances are important factors that would alter the natural evolutionary processes or change the multi-field interactions in the rock masses from their initial equilibrium states. The concept of generalized multi-field couplings was proposed by placing particular emphasis on the role of engineering disturbances in traditional multi-field couplings in rock masses. A mathematical model was then developed, in which the effects of engineering disturbances on the coupling-processes were described with changes in boundary conditions and evolutions in thermo-hydro-mechanical （THM） properties of the rocks. A parameter, d, which is similar to damage variables but has a broader physical meaning, was conceptually introduced to represent the degree of engineering disturbances and the couplings among the material properties. The effects of blasting excavation, bolting and grouting in rock engineering were illustrated with various field observations or theoretical results, on which the degree of disturbances and the variations in elastic moduli and permeabilities were particularly focused. The influences of excavation and groundwater drainage on the seepage flow and stability of the slopes were demonstrated with numerical simulations. The proposed approach was further employed to investigate the coupled hydro-mechanical responses of a high rock slope to excavation, bolting and impounding of the reservoir in the dam left abutment of Jinping I hydropower station. The impacts of engineering disturbances on the deformation and stability of the slope during construction and operation were demonstrated.

A Study of Soil Nutrients in the Terrace Field Changed from Mountain Slope in Three Gorges Reservoir Region

In order to accurately grasp the soil fertility in Three Gorges Reservoir Region after changing mountain slope into terrace field,we take Wushan County for example,and use the spatio-temporal substitution method to analyze the soil nutrient status and trend about the terrace field changed from mountain slope under different length of implementation.The results show that the soil fertility is generally low in the study area,and according to the soil nutrient grading standards in the second national land survey,the average content of total nitrogen,available potassium,organic matter and available phosphorus reaches Standard III,Standard III,Standard IV and Standard V,respectively,and the spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients is small.Compared to the sloping land,the terrace field changed from mountain slope has increasing soil nutrients on the whole with the length of farming.The mean of various indicators about soil nutrients in the terrace field changed from mountain slope for 2 years is lower than in the sloping land,and there is the biggest difference in soil fertility,while the mean of various indicators about soil nutrients in the terrace field changed from mountain slope for 14 years shows a linear upward trend,and the difference in soil fertility decreases.

Energy Spectrum of Linear Internal Wave Field in the Vicinity of Continental Slope

The purpose of the research was to investigate two-dimensional modeling of efficiency of mixing, resulting from the reflection of a linear internal wave field (IWF) off a continental slope. Efficiency of deep ocean mixing was associated with the energy balance of the radiating IWF into an interior of the ocean in the vicinity of a sloping bottom topography. Since waves are generated not only at the fundamental frequency but also at all of its harmonics ωn = nω less than buoyancy frequency N and greater than Coriolis frequency f, our analysis includes, in general, an infinite number of discrete internal wave modes n satisfying the dispersion relationship for internal waves. However, since we are interested only in the radiating part of the field, the mode numbers are limited. Due to multiple singularities of order two caused by resonance in the vicinity of critical slope, the energy is visualized in Lδ -norm with δ > 2. Research results include the visualization of the effects of the continental slope and the Earth’s rotation on resulting energy in the vicinity of the slope.

考虑冠梁的桩锚支护边坡试验与数值模拟

以兰州港务区桩锚支护边坡实例为依托,通过无线自动化监测与有限元软件数值模拟相结合的方式,研究桩锚支护在未设冠梁(填土过程)阶段和设置冠梁(运营期间)阶段的支护结构内力与边坡稳定性的变化规律.结果表明:在未设冠梁阶段,随着填土高度的增加,桩身弯矩、锚杆轴力和边坡位移逐渐增大;冠梁设置后,可有效地减小桩身弯矩和锚杆轴力并且对桩顶附近土体有较强的约束作用,对边坡顶部位移的约束效果最为显著,边坡位移的影响从坡顶至坡底逐渐减小,也明显地提高了边坡的稳定性;随着运营期内支护结构与边坡土体应力的相互调整,两者的内力与位移趋于平稳变化.该试验可为西北黄土地区桩锚支护边坡的设计、施工和监测分析提供有益的参考.

土与强风化岩双元边坡圆弧-平面破坏模式与支护设计方法

为了探究土与强风化岩边坡中强风化岩不破坏的临界坡率及稳定性判断方法,基于济南地层,得出适用于数值模拟的土层参数,并利用强度折减法求出边坡的临界坡率,为施工提供参考。针对强风化岩不破坏的边坡,运用改进的瑞典条分法求出边坡安全系数解析解,并利用滑移线场法求出滑移线,为安全系数解析解的应用提供依据。结果表明,岩层厚度超过边坡高度1/2或坡率大于1:0.5时,强风化岩一定破坏;解析解得出的安全系数偏小,有利于工程安全;针对土与强风化岩边坡,文中结果可确定边坡破坏区域,设计支护方案。

Origin and migration model of natural gas in L gas field, eastern slope of Yinggehai Sag, China

Based on the chemical and stable carbon isotopic composition of natural gas and light hydrocarbons, along with regional geological data, the genetic type, origin and migration of natural gases in the L lithologic gas field, the eastern slope of Yinggehai Sag were investigated. The results show that these gases have a considerable variation in chemical composition, with 33.6%–91.5% hydrocarbon, 0.5%-62.2% CO2, and dryness coefficients ranging from 0.94 to 0.99. The alkane gases are characterized by δ13C1 values of -40.71‰--27.40‰,δ13C2 values of –27.27‰– –20.26‰, and the isoparaffin contents accounting for 55%–73% of the total C5–C7 light hydrocarbons. These data indicate that the natural gases belong to the coal-type gas and are mainly derived from the Miocene terrigenous organic-rich source rocks. When the CO2 contents are greater than 10%, the δ13CCO2 values are –9.04‰ to – 0.95‰ and the associated helium has a 3He/4He value of 7.78×10^–8, suggesting that the CO2 here is crustal origin and inorganic and mainly sourced from the thermal decomposition of calcareous mudstone and carbonate in deep strata. The gas migrated in three ways, i.e., migration of gas from the Miocene source rock to the reservoirs nearby;vertical migration of highly mature gas from deeper Meishan and Sanya Formations source rock through concealed faults;and lateral migration along permeable sandbodies. The relatively large pressure difference between the “source” and “reservoir” is the key driving force for the vertical and lateral migration of gas. Short-distance migration and effective “source - reservoir” match control the gas distribution.

某钼(铜)多金属矿排土场边坡稳定性分析

为了研究排土场边坡稳定性,以西藏天仁矿业有限公司邦铺矿区钼(铜)多金属矿排土场为研究对象。通过工程地质条件调研,并考虑自然工况、降雨工况、地震工况三种工况,最后采用极限平衡分析法中的简化Bishop法、Spencer法与Morgenstern-Prince法对该矿排土场边坡稳定性进行分析。结果表明:排土场1-1’剖面在自然工况、降雨工况及地震工况下以极限平衡法计算所得到的安全系数均大于规范值,据此排土场边坡处于稳定状态。研究结果对该矿其他排土场边坡稳定性分析提供一定的参考依据。

低弗劳德数条件下尾坎坡度对消力池内流场结构的影响

低水头、大流量条件下泄洪,易形成低弗劳德数水流,对下游河床和边坡造成冲刷风险。基于某水利枢纽工程,采用数值模拟的方法,应用RNG k-ε数值模型,研究了不同尾坎坡度体型下消力池内低弗劳德数水跃的流场特征。研究结果表明:低弗劳德数来流条件下,消力池内形成的淹没式水跃沿水流方向可分为核心区、发展区和回流区;核心区在水深方向上按流速特性又分为射流内层、射流外层、旋滚内层和旋滚外层;不同尾坎坡度的消力池中,均遵循时均压强沿程增大、临底流速自收缩断面后沿程减小的规律;尾坎坡度变陡会使得水跃的旋滚起始断面向上游移动,旋滚终止断面向下游移动,从而使得旋滚长度增大;当尾坎坡度为1∶3时,尾坎斜坡段临底流速梯度为0,当尾坎坡度小于1∶3时,尾坎斜坡段临底流速梯度为负,当坡度大于1∶3时,流速梯度为正,其原因是尾坎坡度变陡使得尾坎对水体的阻力在平行于尾坎坡面方向的分量减小,从而使得流速梯度逐渐增大。研究成果可为类似工程中消力池的设计选型提供参考。

基于DNDC模型的红壤旱坡花生地N_(2)O排放模拟研究

为探究DNDC模型在红壤旱坡地N_(2)O排放模拟的适用性,以赣北红壤旱坡花生地为研究对象,设置常规耕作和轻简化免耕2种处理,连续3年(2019—2021年)采用静态箱-气相色谱法开展N_(2)O排放的田间原位观测试验,研究不同耕作处理下N_(2)O排放特征及DNDC模型模拟效果。结果表明:DNDC模型对不同耕作处理下0~10 cm土壤温度(相关系数r为0.86~0.87)和作物产量(r为0.90)的模拟效果较好。该模型能较好地模拟花生季因施肥和降雨引起的N_(2)O排放波动变化,也能较好地模拟常规耕作下土壤N_(2)O排放峰,但会在一定程度上低估轻简化免耕的N_(2)O排放峰和排放总量,且模型对16 mm以下的降雨响应较小。土壤pH值、施肥量对红壤旱坡花生地N_(2)O排放的影响最大,降雨量、土壤有机碳含量和粘粒含量也是影响N_(2)O排放的重要因子。模型模拟2019年不同施肥量下N_(2)O排放总量与花生产量发现,氮肥施用量不能低于76.54 kg/hm^(2),也不宜超过106.78 kg/hm^(2)。研究结果可为红壤坡耕地作物种植优化、农业温室气体减排等提供理论依据。

库水位升降对桥区岸坡稳定性的影响分析

为研究水位升降对桥区岸坡稳定性的影响,以西南地区某桥区岸坡为研究对象,基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论,采用geostudio软件系统分析了桥区岸坡在水位升降过程中渗流场、位移场与稳定性的变化规律,并探讨了桥基水平位移的变化规律。结果表明,在水位升降时,岸坡渗流场具有明显的滞后效应。初蓄水与高水位工况下,坡面监测点的水平位移在正常蓄水位以下先增大后减小,在正常蓄水位以上逐渐增大;水位骤降工况下,坡面监测点的水平位移迅速增大。初蓄水与水位骤降工况下,桥基水平位移迅速增加;高水位工况下,桥基水平位移在坡内浸润线以上时持续增加,在坡内浸润线以下时逐渐减小。较陡的桥区岸坡水平位移较大,应采取相应的加固措施。桥区岸坡的稳定性系数在水位骤降时迅速减小,且在水位骤降约21.32 m后桥区岸坡的稳定性已不满足工程要求。

Effect of Soil Erosion on Productivity of Sloping Field in a Micro-plot Experiment

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the effects of soil erosion on the productivity of sloping field. [Method] Through removing of and covering with topsoil in a micro-plot experiment, the effect of soil erosion on productivity of sloping field was studied. [Result] The results showed that there was extremely significantly posi- tive correlation between the thicknesses of covered topsoil with either the yield of maize seeds or the yield of maize stalks, which indicated that the yields of maize seeds and maize stalks decreased extremely significantly with the increase of the amount of surface soil loss caused by erosion on the sloping field. The yields of maize seeds and maize stalks decreased by 29.62% and 24.46% respectively in the treatment with removal of a 15 cm thick layer of mature topsoil in the plow layer; the yields of maize seeds and maize stalks decreased by 17.31% and 20.14% re- spectively in the treatment with removal of a 10 cm thick layer of mature topsoil in the plow layer; the yields of maize seeds and maize stalks decreased by 12.69% and 11.51% respectively in the treatment with removal of a 5 cm thick layer of ma- ture topsoil in the plow layer; the yields of maize seeds and maize stalks increased by 10.00% and 9.35% respectively in the treatment with covering with a 5 cm thick layer of mature topsoil in the plow layer; the yields of maize seeds and maize stalks increased by 15.77% and 16.19% respectively in the treatment with covering with a 10 cm thick layer of mature topsoil in the plow layer; the yields of maize seeds and maize stalks increased by 17.69% and 25.18% respectively in the treat- ment with covering with a 15 cm thick layer of mature topsoil in the plow layer. [Conclusion] This study provides a basis for assessing the effect of soil erosion on sloping field.

考虑消落带岩体劣化影响的典型危岩岸坡稳定性研究

三峡库区周期性水位升降引起的消落带岩体劣化对典型危岩岸坡稳定性具有重大影响。基于野外调研及地勘资料,采用通用离散单元法程序(universal distinct element code,简称UDEC)研究了消落带劣化区形态对近水平层状高陡危岩岸坡的稳定性影响。研究表明:目前三峡库区巫山段的近水平层状危岩岸坡消落带岩体劣化严重,在不同消落带劣化区存在紧密层状、松散碎裂状、溶蚀凹腔状、含挤压碎裂带等典型消落带劣化区形态;含有第1种消落带劣化区形态的危岩岸坡稳定性较好,危岩体位移较小,失稳模式为滑移破坏;含有第2种消落带劣化区形态的危岩岸坡危岩体先向坡内偏移,其后随着消落带岩体支撑强度弱化向坡外倾倒破坏;含有第3种消落带劣化区形态的危岩岸坡危岩体向坡外位移较大,失稳模式为倾倒破坏;含有第4种消落带劣化区形态的危岩岸坡稳定性主要受挤压破碎带的力学性质控制,易产生沿破碎带切割面的旋转滑移破坏;通过对以上4种劣化区形态的危岩岸坡增加防治加固措施,危岩体的变形位移得到了不同程度的有效控制。

基于结构面粗糙度随机场表征的抗剪强度变异性

岩体结构面抗剪强度参数具有变异性是客观事实,而受限于室内外直剪试验成本而导致抗剪强度变异性指标获取困难是目前制约岩质边坡可靠度评价发展的主要原因之一。鉴于此,提出了一种利用少量实测结构面粗糙度曲线样本和岩块物理力学参数,结合JRC-JCS(joint roughness coefficient-joint compressive strength)剪切强度模型、随机场理论和非侵入式离散元数值试验,获取结构面抗剪强度参数变异性指标的方法。将此方法应用于某隧道进口段岩质边坡可靠度评价中,研究发现:(1)该岩质边坡主控结构面粗糙度纵坐标方差为0.012 5 cm2,相关距离为0.75 cm,生成的随机粗糙度曲线与实测样本相似;(2)结构面黏聚力和内摩擦角均值分别为0.427 MPa和54.9°,标准差分别为0.229 MPa和4.47°,变异系数分别为53.63%和8.14%;(3)此边坡稳定性系数服从正态分布,失稳概率为2.8%,可靠度为1.52。

钛石膏渣场排渗加固技术的研究与应用

钛石膏渣场是钛白粉硫酸法生产工艺的副产物,其土体具有高含水量、大孔隙比、高压缩性、低强度、低透水性、遇水膨胀、失水收缩等工程特性,易受雨水渗入影响,导致渣场边坡稳定性降低。提出了一种钛石膏渣场排渗加固的方法,采用碎石桩加固挤密压实和水平、垂直联合排渗的技术方案,增加渣场整体透水性,加快边坡内部滞水排出;方法同时提高土体密实性,增加渣场土体之间的有效应力,达到降低边坡浸润线,提高渣场整体稳定性。以某钛石膏渣场为例,介绍了该方法的具体实施方案,分析了该方法的优点和效果,为类似工程提供了技术参考。

土质边坡数值模型稳定性的求解精度研究

为尽可能提高土质边坡模型在数值模拟求解过程中的精度,在前人研究的基础上引申了3个影响边坡模型稳定性精度的主要问题,一是模型边界尺寸应该如何确定,二是初始应力场的求解方法应该如何选择,三是边坡模型的网格划分应遵循什么原则可以满足模型的计算精度。基于此,以多个学者研究的典型边坡案例为研究对象,采用FLAC3D对以上3个问题进行了分析并解决。首先,讨论了目前模型边界尺寸确定存在的问题,引入数值模型的复合位移作为判据之一与边坡稳定系数共同确定新的模型边界尺寸原则,在前人基础成果上对边界尺寸原则进行了局部优化,精简了计算模型,并通过实例验证其正确性;其次,讨论了目前初始应力场搭建存在的问题,通过模型稳定系数云图、塑性区应变增量、坡顶位移综合分析弹性求解与弹塑性求解初始应力场的区别,确定了不同的适用情况;最后,分析了目前网格尺寸划分存在的问题,建立不同高度不同网格密度的边坡模型,确定了一种较为合理的网格划分原则。以上3种情况均采用大量边坡模型进行了准确性验证,并采用极限平衡法中的Corps of Engieers#1法及Bishop法作为校核,结果显示,边坡模型计算结果与极限平衡法计算结果极为接近,并且复合位移、最大剪应变增量等判据均满足应力应变分布规律,在一定程度上提高了土质边坡模型在数值模拟求解过程中的精度,具有普遍适用性。

双小行星系统表面动力学环境分析

双小行星系统在太阳系中普遍存在,具有独特的探测价值,揭示其表面动力学环境是实现表面巡游探测的关键。相比于单小行星,双星系统成员间的摄动作用对表面动力学环境存在影响,需要加以专门的分析和研究。以近地双小行星系统(66391)Moshup为例,主、次星均采用多面体引力场模型,通过推导质点在主、次星表面附近的动力学方程,计算出主、次星的表面等效重力和表面坡度,以及表面各点处的最小和最大起飞速度,分析分布规律和成因,特别关注次星对高速旋转主星的周期性潮汐力的影响。在此研究结果的基础上,针对主星和次星分析适合探测器着陆和表面巡游的区域。结果表明:由于旋转离心力的影响,主、次星表面的等效重力分布有随纬度减小而降低的趋势,而坡度主要与局部地形相关,主星的北极高纬度区域和次星南北纬80°以上的区域坡度小,且等效重力较大,适合作为探测器的着陆点或开展表面巡游;次星潮汐力对主星表面重力存在周期性影响;主星表面大部分区域的最小起飞速度小于0.3 m/s,次星表面大部分区域的最小起飞速度在0.10~0.25 m/s之间。由于自转影响,主、次星的最小起飞速度方向几乎全部朝东。

隧道路面横坡对流淌火燃烧蔓延规律影响的实验研究

为探究地面横坡对隧道流淌火燃烧蔓延规律和温度场分布特征的影响,搭建缩尺寸隧道模型开展研究。研究结果表明:当泄漏速率较小时,有横坡的隧道流淌火的燃烧扩散可分为4个阶段,分别为燃烧横向扩散阶段、回缩阶段、燃烧稳定阶段以及熄灭阶段;当泄漏速率较小时,流淌火仅存在横向扩散阶段,而当泄漏速率较大时,在燃料横向扩散阶段之后会形成贴壁纵向扩散,进而形成隧道内的“T型火”。通过理论分析建立相应的流淌火横向扩散距离以及纵向扩散距离的理论预测模型。此外,当泄漏速率较小时,隧道顶棚高温区域在隧道中心。当形成“T型火”时,火焰贴壁一侧的温度明显高于隧道中心线温度。研究结果可为隧道流淌火火灾的探测设计提供理论支撑。