This study presents a methodology for assessment of the condition of hiking trails(HTs) and their impact zones in the central part of the Low Tatra mountain range, based on comparison of two complex data sets gathered...This study presents a methodology for assessment of the condition of hiking trails(HTs) and their impact zones in the central part of the Low Tatra mountain range, based on comparison of two complex data sets gathered in 33 years apart. The first field investigation was performed in 1980 and 1981, and the second in 2013 and 2014. The main goal was to perform a landscape typology in order to assess the susceptibility of landscape complexes to occurrence of anthropogenic and natural destruction processes and to assess the condition and prospects of HTs and their impacts on the adjacent alpine environment. Landscape complexes were characterised by selected abiotic, biotic and technical parameters of HTs and their impact zones. Due to the high variability of these parameters over the length of the HTs, we had to decide on how to map them. This was done using a square grid with 100 m-sized cells. For each cell with HT, the parameters were assigned the typical value within that cell. In total, 26.3 km of HT were studied, stretching over 266 grid cells. On comparison of the two data sets, it was seen that, 64%(171 grid cells) display a generally positive condition, with 54%(143 grid cells) even exhibiting significant improvement or continuously positive state of their condition. 36%(95 grid cells) were in bad condition, including 3%(9 grid cells) whose state had deteriorated, and 2%(6 grid cells) whose state had significantly deteriorated, in the time between the two assessments.展开更多
The purpose of soil monitoring system in Slovakia is better to protect the soils with regard to sustainable land use. The main objective is the observation of soil properties concerning the main threats to soil： soil...The purpose of soil monitoring system in Slovakia is better to protect the soils with regard to sustainable land use. The main objective is the observation of soil properties concerning the main threats to soil： soil contamination, salinisation and sodification, decline in soil organic matter （SOM）, soil compaction and erosion. Soil monitoring system in Slovakia is consistently running since 1993. Its importance consists of providing the information on changing spatial and temporal variations of soil parameters as well as the evolution of soil quality in topsoil and subsoil. Soil monitoring network in Slovakia is constructed using ecological principles, taking into account all main soil types and subtypes, SOM, climatic regions, emission regions, polluted and non-polluted regions as well as various land use. The results of soil monitoring of 318 sites on agricultural land in Slovakia have been presented. Soil properties are evaluated according to the main threats to soil relating to European Commission recommendation for European soil monitoring performance as follows： soil contamination, soil salinization and sodification, decline in SOM, soil compaction and erosion. The most significant change has been determined in physical properties of soils. The physical degradation was especially manifested in compacted and the eroded soils. About 50% of agricultural land is potentially affected by soil erosion in Slovakia. In addition, decline in SOM and available nutrients indicate the serious facts on evaluation and extension of soil degradation processes during the last period in Slovakia. Obtained measured data and required outputs are reported to Joint Research Centre （JRC） in lspra （Italy） and European Environmental Agency （EEA） in Copenhagen （Denmark）. Finally, soil monitoring system thus becomes a basic tool for protection of soils and sustainable land use as well as for the creation of legislatives not only in Slovakia, but in EU, too.展开更多
The contribution of this paper is threefold. Firstly, it develops a typology of corporate group development in terms of the pattern of corporate group formation in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. It identifies briefl...The contribution of this paper is threefold. Firstly, it develops a typology of corporate group development in terms of the pattern of corporate group formation in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. It identifies briefly three important types of corporate groups--industrial groups （type I groups）, pyramid-like （type II） groups, and financial （type IIl or FIGs） groups. Using original typology for corporate groups, the paper examines development trajectory of some of the biggest FIGs and shows what effects their existence have in the two economies. Finally, some lessons resulting from this corporate group-related type of ownership concentration for other pre-transitive countries are mentioned.展开更多
In the previous time the requirements of environmental safety, suitability and responsibility of buildings have increased. The criteria of sustainability are included in building environmental assessment systems and t...In the previous time the requirements of environmental safety, suitability and responsibility of buildings have increased. The criteria of sustainability are included in building environmental assessment systems and tools used in different countries. The aim of building environmental assessment is a sustainable building design, which demands the cooperation among civil engineers, architects, environmentalists and other experts from different areas of building environmental assessment. The existing systems and tools were the basis of the new system development available in Slovak conditions. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the building environmental assessment system （BEAS） which was developed in Slovakia. Significant models used world wide in relation to environmental assessment of buildings, were compared on the basis of their covered. The summary of sustainable building assessment systems will be presented in this paper. Developing a building environmental assessment system for Slovakia is also introduced in the paper.展开更多
This is a study of German Labor Sport organizations and unions in Slovakia in the time parameters area 1918-1938 German workers living in Slovakia started to found their own union after 1918. They got a strong support...This is a study of German Labor Sport organizations and unions in Slovakia in the time parameters area 1918-1938 German workers living in Slovakia started to found their own union after 1918. They got a strong support from similar organizations of German workers living in Sudety. The coordinating role was played by the German Socio-Democratic party in Slovakia. The major concentration of these unions was in Bratislava and Eastern Slovakia. Concerning their specialized field, they can be divided into tourism-practising, physical and sport ones However, the union activities were strongly influenced by political parties. Activities of every union were regional and therefore a strong mutual isolation existed展开更多
The Western Carpathians are located out of world main natural hazardous zones. Human casualties are related more to snow avalanches in connection with mountain hiking, some individuals yearly by flooding and rarely by...The Western Carpathians are located out of world main natural hazardous zones. Human casualties are related more to snow avalanches in connection with mountain hiking, some individuals yearly by flooding and rarely by forest fires. Economic lost about 0.1 to 0.2 %, exceptionally up to 0.8 % of the gross domestic product (GDP) proportionally to the Carpathian regions of particular countries. Natural disasters are linked, except of the above mentioned events, to infrequent small and medium scale earthquakes, landslides, and erosion. Records of the most harmful natural events are found in archives since the 16th century. Their systematic study and factor analysis started from the end of the 19th century, and protective measures and organization of impact mitigation developed during the 20th century to minimize the risk.展开更多
基金part of the project Green Infrastructure of Slovakia(Grant No.2/0066/15)from the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences
文摘This study presents a methodology for assessment of the condition of hiking trails(HTs) and their impact zones in the central part of the Low Tatra mountain range, based on comparison of two complex data sets gathered in 33 years apart. The first field investigation was performed in 1980 and 1981, and the second in 2013 and 2014. The main goal was to perform a landscape typology in order to assess the susceptibility of landscape complexes to occurrence of anthropogenic and natural destruction processes and to assess the condition and prospects of HTs and their impacts on the adjacent alpine environment. Landscape complexes were characterised by selected abiotic, biotic and technical parameters of HTs and their impact zones. Due to the high variability of these parameters over the length of the HTs, we had to decide on how to map them. This was done using a square grid with 100 m-sized cells. For each cell with HT, the parameters were assigned the typical value within that cell. In total, 26.3 km of HT were studied, stretching over 266 grid cells. On comparison of the two data sets, it was seen that, 64%(171 grid cells) display a generally positive condition, with 54%(143 grid cells) even exhibiting significant improvement or continuously positive state of their condition. 36%(95 grid cells) were in bad condition, including 3%(9 grid cells) whose state had deteriorated, and 2%(6 grid cells) whose state had significantly deteriorated, in the time between the two assessments.
文摘The purpose of soil monitoring system in Slovakia is better to protect the soils with regard to sustainable land use. The main objective is the observation of soil properties concerning the main threats to soil： soil contamination, salinisation and sodification, decline in soil organic matter （SOM）, soil compaction and erosion. Soil monitoring system in Slovakia is consistently running since 1993. Its importance consists of providing the information on changing spatial and temporal variations of soil parameters as well as the evolution of soil quality in topsoil and subsoil. Soil monitoring network in Slovakia is constructed using ecological principles, taking into account all main soil types and subtypes, SOM, climatic regions, emission regions, polluted and non-polluted regions as well as various land use. The results of soil monitoring of 318 sites on agricultural land in Slovakia have been presented. Soil properties are evaluated according to the main threats to soil relating to European Commission recommendation for European soil monitoring performance as follows： soil contamination, soil salinization and sodification, decline in SOM, soil compaction and erosion. The most significant change has been determined in physical properties of soils. The physical degradation was especially manifested in compacted and the eroded soils. About 50% of agricultural land is potentially affected by soil erosion in Slovakia. In addition, decline in SOM and available nutrients indicate the serious facts on evaluation and extension of soil degradation processes during the last period in Slovakia. Obtained measured data and required outputs are reported to Joint Research Centre （JRC） in lspra （Italy） and European Environmental Agency （EEA） in Copenhagen （Denmark）. Finally, soil monitoring system thus becomes a basic tool for protection of soils and sustainable land use as well as for the creation of legislatives not only in Slovakia, but in EU, too.
文摘The contribution of this paper is threefold. Firstly, it develops a typology of corporate group development in terms of the pattern of corporate group formation in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. It identifies briefly three important types of corporate groups--industrial groups （type I groups）, pyramid-like （type II） groups, and financial （type IIl or FIGs） groups. Using original typology for corporate groups, the paper examines development trajectory of some of the biggest FIGs and shows what effects their existence have in the two economies. Finally, some lessons resulting from this corporate group-related type of ownership concentration for other pre-transitive countries are mentioned.
文摘In the previous time the requirements of environmental safety, suitability and responsibility of buildings have increased. The criteria of sustainability are included in building environmental assessment systems and tools used in different countries. The aim of building environmental assessment is a sustainable building design, which demands the cooperation among civil engineers, architects, environmentalists and other experts from different areas of building environmental assessment. The existing systems and tools were the basis of the new system development available in Slovak conditions. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the building environmental assessment system （BEAS） which was developed in Slovakia. Significant models used world wide in relation to environmental assessment of buildings, were compared on the basis of their covered. The summary of sustainable building assessment systems will be presented in this paper. Developing a building environmental assessment system for Slovakia is also introduced in the paper.
文摘This is a study of German Labor Sport organizations and unions in Slovakia in the time parameters area 1918-1938 German workers living in Slovakia started to found their own union after 1918. They got a strong support from similar organizations of German workers living in Sudety. The coordinating role was played by the German Socio-Democratic party in Slovakia. The major concentration of these unions was in Bratislava and Eastern Slovakia. Concerning their specialized field, they can be divided into tourism-practising, physical and sport ones However, the union activities were strongly influenced by political parties. Activities of every union were regional and therefore a strong mutual isolation existed
文摘The Western Carpathians are located out of world main natural hazardous zones. Human casualties are related more to snow avalanches in connection with mountain hiking, some individuals yearly by flooding and rarely by forest fires. Economic lost about 0.1 to 0.2 %, exceptionally up to 0.8 % of the gross domestic product (GDP) proportionally to the Carpathian regions of particular countries. Natural disasters are linked, except of the above mentioned events, to infrequent small and medium scale earthquakes, landslides, and erosion. Records of the most harmful natural events are found in archives since the 16th century. Their systematic study and factor analysis started from the end of the 19th century, and protective measures and organization of impact mitigation developed during the 20th century to minimize the risk.
