Comparative research on three types of coaxial slow wave structures

This paper studies three types of coaxial slow wave structures （SWSs）： （1） with ripples on both the inner and outer conductors; （2） with ripples on the outer conductor and smooth on the inner one; and （3） with ripples on the inner conductor and smooth on the outer one. The frequencies, coupling impedances, time growth rates and beam-wave interaction efficiencies of the three types of coaxial SWSs are obtained by theoretical analysis. Moreover, the relativistic Ccrenkov generators （RCGs） with the three types of coaxial SWSs are simulated with a fully electromagnetic particle- in-cell code, and the results verify the theoretical analysis. It is proved that the RCG with double-rippled coaxial SWS has the highest conversion efficiency and the shortest starting time.

Variational analysis of the disc-loaded waveguide slow-wave structures

The variational method is applied to calculate the dispersion characteristics of disc-loaded waveguide slow-wave structures. The parameters describing the waveguide discontinuities in disc-loaded waveguide are calculated by the variational method. Then the dispersion characteristics of slow-wave structures are obtained using lossless microwave quadrupole theory. Good agreement was observed between results of the Variational method and those of field matching method and high frequency structure simulator. In the case of broad band, results of the variational method are better than those of field matching method.

A novel multi-pin rectangular waveguide slow-wave structure based backward wave amplifier at 340 GHz

A backward wave amplifier（BWA） in a terahertz regime with a novel slow-wave structure（SWS） composed of multi parallel grating pins inside a rectangular waveguide is analyzed. The multi-pin rectangular waveguide SWS possesses good performance and is compatible with micro-fabrication technologies. The dispersion and interaction impedance of the multipin SWS are presented. The stopbands of the modes cling together in a Brillouim zone. The SWS has a high interaction impedance that is suitable for the interaction of multi cylindrical beams. The design, which is based on three parallel pins supporting the wave–beam interaction with four cylindrical beams, is verified by three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. A BWA with the central frequency at 340 GHz is demonstrated, and the output power is more than 100 mW.A tuning frequency range of 15 GHz（333–348 GHz） is obtained with a gain of more than 20 dB.

A novel slotted helix slow-wave structure for high power Ka-band traveling-wave tubes

A novel slotted helix slow-wave structure （SWS） is proposed to develop a high power, wide-bandwidth, and high reliability millimeter-wave traveling-wave tube （TWT）. This novel structure, which has higher heat capacity than a conven- tional helix SWS, evolves from conventional helix SWS with three parallel rows of rectangular slots made in the outside of the helix tape. In this paper, the electromagnetic characteristics and the beam-wave interaction of this novel structure operating in the Ka-band are investigated. From our calculations, when the designed beam voltage and beam current are set to be 18.45 kV and 0.2 A, respectively, this novel circuit can produce over 700-W average output power in a frequency range from 27.5 GHz to 32.5 GHz, and the corresponding conversion efficiency values vary from 19% to 21.3%, and the maximum output power is 787 W at 30 GHz.

Research of sine waveguide slow-wave structure for a 220-GHz backward wave oscillator

A watt-class backward wave oscillator is proposed, using the concise sine waveguide slow-wave structure combined with a pencil electron beam to operate at 220 GHz. Firstly, the dispersion curve of the sine waveguide is calculated, then, the oscillation frequency and operating voltage of the device are predicted and the circuit transmission loss is calculated. Finally, the particle-in-cell simulation method is used to forecast its radiation performance. The results show that this novel backward wave oscillator can produce over 1-W continuous wave power output in a frequency range from 210 GHz to 230 GHz. Therefore, it will be considered as a very promising high-power millimeter-wave to terahertz-wave radiation source.

Dispersion characteristics of a slow wave structure with a modified photonic band gap

This paper studies the dispersion characteristics of a modified photonic band-gap slow-wave structure with an open boundary by simulation and experiment. A mode launcher with a wheel radiator and a coupling probe is presented to excite a pure TM01-like mode. The cold test and simulation results show that the TM01-like mode is effectively excited and no parasitic modes appear. The dispersion characteristics obtained from the cold test are in good agreement with the calculated results.

THE COUPLING IMPEDANCE OF VANE-LOADED TAPE HELIX SLOW-WAVE STRUCTURE

Based on the actual vane-loaded tape helix slow wave structure, a new theoretical analytic model for calculating coupling impedance is proposed by Chen Qingyou, et al.(1999)with calculated values of dispersion in good agreement with measured ones. In this paper, it is continued to use this model to calculate the coupling impedance of such a structure, and analyze the effects of the propagation power within vane gaps and the helix gap on the coupling impedance.As a result, the theoretical values are found to be in good agreement with the measured ones,with the maximum difference less than ±18%.

A Comparative Study of Dispersion Characteristics Determination of a Trapezoidally Corrugated Slow Wave Structure Using Different Techniques

The linear dispersion relation of a trapezoidally corrugated slow wave structure （TCSWS） is analyzed and presented. The size parameters of the TCSWS are chosen in such a way that they operate in the x-band frequency range. The dispersion relation is solved by utilizing the Rayleigh-Fourier method by expressing the radial function in terms of the Fourier series. A highly accurate synthetic technique is also applied to determine the complete dispersion characteristics from experimentally measured resonances （cold test）. Periodic structures resonate at specific frequencies when the terminals are shorted numerical calculation, synthetic technique and cold appropriately. The dispersion characteristics obtained from test are compared, and an excellent agreement is achieved.

Three-dimensional simulation of a Ka-band relativistic Cherenkov source with metal photonic-band-gap structures

This paper presents a three-dimensional particle-in-cell （PIC） simulation of a Ka-band relativistic Cherenkov source with a slow wave structure （SWS） consisting of metal photonic band gap （PBG） structures. In the simulation, a perfect match layer boundary is employed to absorb passing band modes supported by the PBG lattice with an artificial metal boundary. The simulated axial field distributions in the cross section and surface of the SWS demonstrate that the device operates in the vicinity of the π point of a TM01-1ike mode. The Fourier transformation spectra of the axial fields as functions of time and space show that only a single frequency appears at 36.27 GHz, which is in good agreement with that of the intersection of the dispersion curve with the slow space charge wave generated on the beam. The simulation results demonstrate that the SWS has good mode selectivity.

Investigation of a wideband folded double-ridged waveguide slow-wave system

The folded double-ridged waveguide structure is presented and its properties used for wide-band traveling-wave tube are investigated. Expressions of dispersion characteristics, normalized phase velocity and interaction impedance of this structure are derived and numerically calculated. The calculated results using our theory agree well with those obtained by using the 3D electromagnetic simulation software HFSS. Influences of the ridge-loaded area and broad-wall dimensions on the high frequency characteristics of the novel slow-wave structure are discussed. It is shown that the folded double-ridged waveguide structure has a much wider relative passband than the folded waveguide slow-wave structure and a relative passband of 67% could be obtained, indicating that this structure can operate in broad-band frequency ranges of beam-wave interaction. The small signal gain property is investigated for ensuring the improvement of bandwidth. Meanwhile, with comparable dispersion characteristics, the transverse section dimension of this novel structure is much smaller than that of conventional one, which indicates an available way to reduce the weight of traveling-wave tube.

Small-signal analysis of a rectangular helix structure traveling-wave-tube

This paper investigates the properties of traveling wave-beam interaction in a rectangular helix traveling-wave-tube （TWT） for a solid sheet electron beam. The ＂hot＂ dispersion equation is obtained by means of the self-consistent field theory. The small signal analysis,which includes the effects of the beam parameters and slow-wave structure （SWS） parameters,is carried out by theoretical computation. The numerical results show that the bandwidth and the small-signal gain of the rectangular helix TWT increase as the beam current increases;and the beam voltage not obviously influences the small signal gain. Among different rectangular helix structures,the small-signal gain increases as the width of the rectangular helix SWS increases,however,the bandwidth decreases whether structure parameters a and L or ψ and L are fixed or not.In addition,a comparison of the small-signal gain of this structure with a conventional round helix is made.The presented analysis will be useful for the design of the TWT with a rectangular helix circuit.

Frequency Tunability and Slow-Wave Characteristics of a High-Efficiency Ridged MILO

A high-efficiency ridged magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator (RMILO) is proposed and investigated theoretically and numerically in this paper. In the RMILO, ridge-disk vanes are introduced to enhance the power efficiency. Theoretical investigation shows that the ridge-disk can enhance the coupling impedance of the slow-wave structure (SWS), and so enhance the power efficiency. Moreover, the ridge has a weak influence on frequency, so, it influences little on the tunability of the MILO. In simulation, when the applied voltage is increased to 807 kV, the RMILO can get the 3 dB tunable frequency range with 7.6 - 13.9 GHz and the 3 dB tuning bandwidth with 58.6% which has an increase of 27.6% compared with the conventional MILO. So, the tuning performance of the RMILO is more superior. Besides, the RMILO gets the maximum output power of 7.1 GW, the corresponding power efficiency is 22.6% and the frequency is 1.400 GHz. Furthermore, when the applied voltage is increased to 807 kV, high-power microwave with a power of 13.5 GW, frequency of 1.400 GHz, and ef?ciency of 24.5% is generated, which has an increase of 20.2% compared with the conventional MILO. The simulation results con?rm the ones predicted by theoretical analysis.

基于DRIE的太赫兹行波管硅基低损耗慢波结构工艺技术研究

行波管慢波结构的制造通常采用计算机数字化控制精密机械加工技术。随着工作频率的提升,对慢波结构特征尺寸精度的要求达到微纳米级,导致加工难度大、周期长,成本高昂,一定程度上限制了技术的快速发展。硅基MEMS加工工艺具备优秀的三维形貌可控性,尺寸控制精度高,批次一致性较好。本文针对太赫兹行波管功率源对双槽深折叠波导慢波结构的设计要求,开发了基于硅基底材料的三维集成工艺制造技术。采用光刻胶掩蔽结合介质掩蔽工艺方法,聚焦优化深反应离子刻蚀(Deep reactive ion etching,DRIE)中刻蚀钝化平衡参数,完成了电镀金和金金键合的完整工艺流程开发,实现了工作频率达0.65 THz、单位长度插入损耗低至1.6 dB/mm的高性能硅基太赫兹慢波结构150 mm晶圆级工艺制备,为太赫兹行波管的技术突破和应用发展建立了技术基础。

耳型折叠波导慢波结构W波段行波管

毫米波行波管具有大功率、宽频带、高增益等特点,广泛用于雷达、高速通信、电子对抗等现代军事装备中。为提高折叠波导耦合阻抗并考虑工程应用性,提出一种耳型折叠波导新型慢波结构。与常规矩形波导相比,工作频带内耦合阻抗提高30%以上,损耗降低10%。研制的耳型折叠波导W波段行波管,在工作电压21.9 kV,电流210 mA,占空比为5%时,10.8 GHz带宽内输出功率大于192 W,峰值功率达278 W,电子效率和增益分别达到6.3%和44.6 dB,行波管工作稳定。

太赫兹真空器件中超深金属慢波结构的微加工技术

太赫兹真空电子器件物理结构尺寸变化随着波长的减小而减小,对微小结构的尺寸精度与表面粗糙度要求也大大增加。随着器件频率进入到太赫兹频段,慢波结构的深度达到几十微米或者百微米量级,加工的难点主要有:材料为金属,结构超深,表面粗糙度要求达到几十纳米量级,微电铸后金属含氧量极小,结构密度大不漏气,经得起后续近千摄氏度的高温处理工艺等。文章介绍了太赫兹频段下器件慢波结构的加工方式,着重讨论利用深反应离子刻蚀(DRIE)技术和紫外−光刻、电铸(UV-LIGA)技术加工超深金属慢波结构的技术和和特点,并介绍了本实验室利用UV-LIGA加工折叠波导的研究进展。

一种束半径可调的环形强流电子束产生技术及应用

束半径可调的强流环形电子束在跨波段跳频高功率微波产生器件中有重要应用。提出了一种改变外加引导磁场位形从而改变环形强流电子束半径的技术。该技术的核心部件由环形阴极、阳极、电子束转移通道、电子束传输通道和三段螺线管组成。当三段螺线管的通流的电流大小不一样时,该螺线管系统就能产生不同位形的磁场。在粒子模拟中,当三段螺线管的通流电流大小分别为1025 A、107 A、107 A和300 A、300 A、0 A时,螺线管产生两种不同位形的磁场,实现电子束半径的改变。从单粒子运动理论出发,本文推导出电子束在梯度磁场引导下的运动轨迹表达式,解释了电子束半径在梯度磁场下变化的原理,还研究了梯度磁场的斜率和极差对电子束轨迹的影响。在跨波段器件仿真中,X波段输出功率为1.6 GW,频率为8.2 GHz,效率为40%;Ku波段输出功率为1.5 GW,频率为14.4 GHz,效率为38%。

基于T形四周期谐振慢波结构的X波段高功率微波产生技术的理论与仿真

优化设计了T形四周期谐振慢波结构,并进行了高频理论分析.利用镜像法将T形波导单元进行脊波导化等效设计,并通过等效电路分析了等效脊波导的高频特性,由此进行T形波导的谐振频率与结构解析理论分析.在此基础上构造了T形四周期谐振慢波结构,对该结构进行色散特性分析,确定谐振模式和频率,得到了模式同步电压范围.最后基于提出的T形周期谐振慢波结构进行对应的相对论扩展互作用辐射源的仿真验证.通过三维粒子仿真模拟分析及优化设计,在448 kV注电压、400 A注电流和0.4 T的均匀轴向磁场条件下,得到了频率为9.8 GHz、平均输出功率71.4 MW的高功率微波,对应电子效率为39.8%.本文提出的以T形波导为单元的新型谐振慢波结构有效地利用较少周期实现高效率、高功率微波产生,为高功率微波科学提供了有效的高频结构的紧凑化方案.

慢波结构等效介电常数提取方法研究

针对天线和微波器件设计中小型化问题,论文研究了电容增强型慢波结构降低电磁波相速,达到小型化技术。通过加载周期性金属盲孔构成的慢波结构,可以大幅度提高微带贴片天线和微波腔体的等效介电常数。研究表明,对于相同结构和尺寸的慢波结构,上述两种方法所获得的等效介电常数提升是一致的。论文针对应用需求,设计了一种电容增强型慢波结构,其慢波效果十分明显,对应的等效介电常数可提高约50%,理论上对应的天线及微波器件电路尺寸可缩减30%以上。论文的仿真与实验测试结果支持了以上结论,且仿真结果和实测结果吻合度较高。

基于新型超宽带慢波微带传输线的设计

效率高、体积小、质量轻的微波无源器件是5G频段移动通信覆盖的必备设备。文中在研究传统微带型曲折线慢波结构和开路枝节加载基础上,提出基于超宽带慢波微带传输线的设计并进行研究,利用电磁场仿真软件HFSS对该慢波微带传输线进行模拟仿真,仿真结果表明,超宽带慢波结构与普通微带线相比,频带宽,尺寸小,损耗低,成本低,满足5G通信系统的需求。最后通过对加载了所提出的新型慢波微带传输线的小型化U型移相器的实验数据分析表明,该新型慢波微带传输线在基站天线系统中有着广阔的市场应用前景。