Effect of Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers on the Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency of Hot Pepper in Qiu-bei

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of slow and controlled release fertilizers（SCRF）on the yield of qiubei hot pepper,its nutrient use efficiency and environment.[Method] Using Qiubei hot pepper（Capsicum frutescens L.）as the experimental material,we studied the fertilization effect and environment-protecting effect of SCRF.[Result] The result showed that SCRF could improve the agronomic characteristics of hot pepper.Compared to singly applied common fertilizers,SCRF increased economic yield by 20.90% and economic benefit by 13 234.35 Yuan/hm2,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 47.93%.In comparison with common straight fertilizers at same NPK proportion and rate,SCRF increased economic yield by 5.26% and economic benefit by 5 554.80 Yuan/hm2,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 9.91%.Under the reduced use of SCRF by 20%,SCRF increased economic yield by 12.38% and economic benefit by 9595.20 Yuan/hm2 compared with singly applied common fertilizers,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 65.95%.SCRF improved nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium use efficiencies by 12.42-17.53,3.35-5.24 and 5.37-14.02 percents respectively.[Conclusion] As the result of much reduced N and P application rates,SCRF would significantly economize fertilizer resources and minimize the pollution caused by the loss of fertilizer nutrients,which is of practical importance for environment protection.

Effects of slow or controlled release fertilizer types and fertilization modes on yield and quality of rice

There is limited information about the influence of slow or controlled release fertilizer（S/CRF） on rice yield and quality. In this study, japonica rice cultivar Nanjing 9108 was used to study the effects of three different S/CRFs（polymer-coated urea（PCU）, sulfur-coated urea（SCU）, and urea formaldehyde（UF）） and two fertilization modes（both S/CRF and common urea（CU） as basal fertilizer, S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer） on rice yield and quality. CU only was applied separately as control（CK）. Results showed that, rice grain yield, chalky kernel rate, chalky area, overall chalkiness, and the content of gliadin, glutenin, and protein, all showed the trends of UF〉PCU〉SCU within the same fertilization mode, and showed the trends of S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer〉both S/CRF and CU as basal fertilizer within the same type of S/CRF. In contrast, the contents of amylose, amylopectin, and starch, as well as taste value, and peak and hot viscosity showed trends of SCU〉PCU〉UF, and the trends of both S/CRF and CU as basal fertilizer〉S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer. Among S/CRF treatments and fertilization modes, taste values of cooked rice were positively correlated with amylose, amylopectin, and starch contents, as well as gel consistency, peak viscosity, hot viscosity, and cool viscosity, while negatively correlated with globulin, gliadin, glutenin, and protein contents. The types of S/CRF and fertilization modes are important for improving rice yield and quality. Compared to CK, higher yield and similar quality of rice was achieved with UF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer, and similar yield with improved appearance and eating and cooking quality of rice was achieved with either both UF and CU as basal fertilizer, or PCU as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer.

Release Characteristics of Different N Forms in an Uncoated Slow/Controlled Release Compound Fertilizer

This study examined the release characteristics of different N forms in an uncoated slow/controlled-release compound fertilizer （UCRF） and the N uptake and N-use efficiency by rice plants. Water dissolution, soil leaching, and pot experiments were employed. The dynamics of N release from the UCRF could be quantitatively described by three equations： the first-order kinetics equation [N1=N0 （1-e^-kt）], Elovich equation （N1=a ＋ blnt）, and parabola equation （N1=a ＋ bt^0.5）, with the best fitting by the first-order kinetics equation for different N （r= 0.9569^＊＊-0.9999^＊＊）. The release potentials （No values estimated by the first-order kinetics equation） of different N in the UCRF decreased in the order of total N 〉 DON 〉 urea-N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 NO3^-N in water, and total N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 DON 〉 urea-N 〉 NO3^--N in soil, respectively, being in accordance with cumulative amounts of N release. The constants of N release rate （k values and b values） for different N forms were in decreasing order of total N 〉 DON 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 NO3^--N in water, whereas the k values were urea- N 〉DON 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 total N 〉 NO3^--N, and the b values were total N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 DON 〉 NO3^--N 〉 urea-N in soil. Compared with a common compound fertilizer, the N-use efficiency, N-agronomy efficiency, and N-physiological efficiency of the UCRF were increased by 11.4%, 8.32 kg kg^-1, and 5.17 kg kg^-1, respectively. The ratios of different N to total N in the UCRF showed significant correlation with N uptake by rice plants. The findings showed that the first-order kinetics equation [Nt=N0 （l-e^kt）] could be used to describe the release characteristics of different N forms in the fertilizer. The UCRF containing different N forms was more effective in facilitating N uptake by rice compared with the common compound fertilizer containing single urea-N form.

Synthesis and Performance of Polyurethane Coated Urea as Slow/controlled Release Fertilizer

Polyurethane coated urea slow/controlled release fertilizer was prepared based on urea granules, isocyanate, polyols and paraffin. Isocyanate reacted with polyols to synthesize the polyurethane skin layer on urea granules surface. Paraffin serves as a lubricant during syntheses of polyurethane skin layers. The structure and nutrient release characteristics of the polyurethane skin layers were investigated by FTIR, SEM and TG. Urea nitrogen slow-release behavior of the polyurethane coated urea was tested. The experimental results indicated that compact and dense polyurethane skin layers with a thickness of 10-15 lam were formed on urea surface, the urea nitrogen slow-release time can reach 40-50 days. Paraffin proves to play a key role in inhibiting water to penetrate into urea, but excessive addition would decrease the polyurethane crosslinking density.

Quantitative Evaluation on the Comprehensive Benefit of Controlled-Release Fertilizer in Typically Middle-Low Yield Rice Field

Quantitative evaluation and analysis was made to the soil nutrients,rice yield,rice and fertilizer utilization rate,and economic and ecological benefits of the slow controlled release fertilizer in typical rice fields with middle-low yield by comparing the one-time application and split applications of slow-or controlledrelease fertilizer（ CRF） with farmers fertilizer practice as the control,with the aim to explore the effect of CRF. Results showed that compared with the control,the application of CRF could meet balance nutrients required for rice growth,and the effective panicles and seed-setting rate were higher in the treatment groups of FVOL,SVOL,LADVOLwhich applied CRF. As for soil nutrients,soil pH maintained balance in FVOL,FCAI,SVOL,LADVOL. In addition,differences in soil nutrient reduction amount reached the extremely significant level between FVOLand SXNK.SVOLwhich applied CRF provided reasonable regulation of N,P and K release rate,which showed advantages over blending fertilization and farmers fertilizer practice. Comprehensive analysis found that the application of CRF could make rice tillering growth and decline leveled off,which effectively improved the quality of rice population,and it also had higher input-output ratio than that of the control and good economic benefits. In general,CRF suits to be used widely on rice crop in the regions with medium-low yield.

Study on the Rapid Method to Predict Longevity of Controlled Release Fertilizer Coated by Water Soluble Resin

The study discussed the rapid method to test and predict the longevity of controlled release fertilizers （CRFs） coated by water soluble resin by using the short-term leaching under higher temperature. Pure water dissolving incubation and higher temperature leaching were used to study the patterns of the nutrient release of the CRFs. The correlation analysis between the days at 25℃ and the hours at 80℃ of Trincote 1 and Trincote 2 for the same cumulative release rates were conducted. Patterns of cumulative nutrient release curve followed one factor quadratic regression equation at each given temperatures, and each of relative coefficient was bigger than 0.995. As the temperature increased, nutrients release of the CRFs increased. The longevity of resin coated CRFs were predicted by use of both the cumulative nutrients release equation at 80℃ and the regression equation of release time needed for the same cumulative release rates between 25 and 80℃. There were only 0.3-6.9% relative errors between the tested longevity and predicted one. In conclusion, the longevity of resin coated CRFs could be predicted more quickly and precisely by use of the higher temperature short-term leaching method than that of the traditional differential release rate. The longevity of resin coated CRF could be rapidly and precisely predicted in a few hours by application of the higher temperature shortterm leaching method.

Application of Lignin and Its Derivatives as Slow/Controlled Release Materials in Agricultural Fields

Lignin is the main by-product of pulp and papermaking and is not effectively utilized. Conversion of industrial lignins into value-added materials is beneficial for the effective utilization of resources as well as for environmental protection. Because of their adsorptivity, slow-release property,biocompatibility, and biodegradability, lignin and its derivatives find potential applications as eco-friendly slow/controlled release materials in agricultural fields. This report reviews the recent research advances in lignin-based slow/controlled release fertilizers and pesticides.

Migration and Transformation of Coated Controlled Release Nitrogen in Soil under Co-situs Application Mode

By using field trials, the migration and transformation of coated controlled release nitrogen （YZS80） in soil under the co-situs application mode were studied. The results indicated that YZS80 nitrogen dissolved out in average speed of about 0.4%/d and 32% totally in 80 d compared with common compound fertUizer. For YZS80, in the vertical downward direction of application points, urea nitrogen content increased significantly （P 〈0.05） in the 45 -80 d and the 30 -60 cm soil layers; nitrate nitrogen content was little change range and in moderate （10 -100 mg/kg） in 0 -80 d and 10 -60 cm soil layers, but increased significantly （ P 〈0.05） 45 -80 d compared to 0 -45 d; ammonium nitrogen content was significant lower （P〈0.05） before 45 d in 10 -30 cm soil layers, but significant higher（P〈0.05） after 45 d in 10 -60 cm soil layers; NO3^- -N/NH4^＋ -N meets gradually the needs of the crop with the extension of time. Under the co-situs application mode, the possibility of burning root and salt injury and loss dsk of nitrate leaching is a significant reduction.

Effects of Different Slow-release Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Ratooning Rice

The effect of slow-release fertilizer application on reducing the fertilization times of ratooning rice was explored by carrying out plot experiments using different slow-release fertilizer formulas.The results showed that compared with conventional fertilization of farmers(TCK),there were no significant differences in plant heights of the first rice crop and ratoon rice crop and the number of tillers was slightly increased,by applying different ratios and types of slow-release fertilizers,indicating that reducing fertilization times did not affect rice growth.Compared with the TCK,the yields of treatments T1,T2,T3 and T4 of slow-release fertilizers increased to a certain extent.The yield of the first rice crop increased by 14.7%,16.7%,23.5% and 17.5%,respectively,the yields of the ratoon rice crop increased by 6.3%,5.8%,7.4% and 8.1%,respectively,and the yields of the two rice crops increased between 10.8% and 16.1%,indicating that reasonable combined application of slow-release nitrogen and fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer could meet the nutrient requirements of ratooning rice at different growth stages,and the application of slow-release fertilizers could reduce the fertilization times of ratooning rice.Based on the combination of rice yield and slow-release fertilizer cost in the first rice crop and ratoon rice crop,the T 3 formula was preferred,that is,urea-formaldehyde slow-release nitrogen fertilizer was used as the base and tillering fertilizer,and polyurethane-coated slow-release nitrogen fertilizer was used as the panicle-sprouting fertilizer.

缓控释肥硅基膜材的制备与表征

以钙镁磷肥、硅丙树脂为主要原料,加入甲基硅酸钠作粘结剂,制备了缓控释肥硅基膜材,并采用撒粉离心包衣、底喷式流化床工艺制备了密封型硅钙镁磷肥、粘结型硅钙镁磷肥、改性硅丙树脂3种包膜尿素,通过静水试验研究了此3种包膜尿素的释放特征。结果表明,3种包膜尿素的释放周期分别为60、79、96 d,在水中均能保持完整球形,耐水性较好。通过扫描电镜、红外光谱、X-射线衍射法对膜材形貌特征和结构进行表征,发现钙镁磷肥和硅丙树脂为成膜材料;甲基硅酸钠作为密封剂和防水剂参与了成膜反应,有效增加了膜材的塑性和韧性,此复合材料可用作缓控释肥的胶结剂和包膜剂。

温度敏感型缓/控释肥料的温度响应特征、养分释放性能与温敏机理研究进展

温度是影响缓/控释肥料养分释放特性的重要因素,开发温度敏感型缓/控释肥料可以使肥料养分释放与作物养分需求更加匹配,从而提高肥料利用效率,促进农业可持续发展。本文综述了聚酰胺类、聚醚类、聚酯类、多糖类以及温敏聚氨酯等常见的温敏聚合物材料的来源、类型和机理,详细阐述了聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM)、聚N-乙烯基己内酰胺(PNVCL)、环氧乙烷/环氧丙烷嵌段共聚物(EO/PO)、甲基纤维素和温敏聚氨酯等常见温敏聚合物材料用作温敏缓/控释肥料包膜材料的国内外研究进展,并评估了其在温敏缓/控释肥料中应用的可行性与优缺点。根据温敏特性,将温敏缓/控释肥料分为低临界溶解温度(LCST)响应型和结晶转变温度(Tm)/玻璃化转变温度(Tg)响应型两大类,并详细总结了这两种类型的制备方法、特征、养分释放性能以及分子作用机制。最后,指出温敏型缓/控释肥料的研发尚处于初级阶段,未来应深入开展天然高分子温敏材料的基础研究和创新,筛选绿色可生物降解温敏聚氨酯材料,研发作物和区域专用型温敏缓/控释肥料。

袋控缓释铁肥提高梨树铁素利用率

为探究袋控缓释铁肥改善梨树缺铁黄化的效果,采用硫酸亚铁与柠檬酸混合包装,并在肥料袋中添加生根诱导调节剂6-BA,设袋控缓释铁肥(HF)、撒施铁肥(SF)和不施铁肥(CK)3个处理,分析了其对梨树细根生长状况、叶片SPAD值以及叶片活性铁含量的影响。结果表明,HF梨树根系的细根最长、根体积和根表面积最大,其中在根长和根体积指标上显著高于SF和CK(P<0.05);HF和SF两处理在生长季内细根数量显著高于CK(P<0.05);HF肥效缓慢且稳定,持续维持一定的根系生物量,延长了梨树根系的褐变时间,其中HF褐变时间最长,为54 d,其次是SF,为43 d,CK为25 d,各处理间差异显著(P<0.05);HF显著提高了根系活力(P<0.05)。HF叶片SPAD值在7月和8月显著高于SF与CK(P<0.05)。8月各处理间梨树叶片活性铁含量差异显著(P<0.05),以HF的活性铁含量最高,为27.36 mg/kg。袋控缓释铁肥有效提高了梨树铁素利用率。

不同缓/控释肥对玉米产量·经济效益及肥料利用率的影响

[目的]探究冀南平原玉米种植的缓/控释肥的应用效果。[方法]以邯玉398为材料,选取3种常见的玉米缓/控释复合肥进行田间试验,分析了不同类型缓/控释肥对玉米产量、经济效益及肥料利用率的影响。[结果]施用硫包衣缓/控释复合肥的玉米产量、利润及农学利用效率较常规复合肥分别降低1.95%、3.27%、8.27%~31.21%;施用树脂包衣缓/控释复合肥的玉米产量提高0.65%,但利润、总养分量、磷、钾偏生产力和总养分量农学利用效率分别降低了1.45%、22.59%、49.67%、49.67%、20.09%;施用脲甲醛缓/控释复合肥的玉米产量、利润及总养分量偏生产力和农学利用效率较常规复合肥分别提高5.98%、5.50%、5.99%、25.22%,且产量、利润显著提高。[结论]综合分析,脲甲醛缓/控释复合肥可作为冀南平原玉米种植中的优先推荐。

缓控释肥处理下油橄榄土壤微生物多样性特征分析

为了探究油橄榄健康施肥和实现土壤可持续化经营管理提供理论和实践依据,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对不同缓释肥处理下的油橄榄种植地0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层土壤微生物多样性及群落特征进行研究。结果显示:(1)细菌OUT隶属于35门111纲268目485科1087属;真菌OUT隶属14门42纲95目230科431属。(2)变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门、厚壁菌门、绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门为优势细菌门,子囊菌门、担子菌门和被包霉门为优势真菌门;假单胞菌属、67-14、索利红杆菌属、Subgroup_6和红色杆菌属为优势细菌属,镰刀菌属、无茎真菌属、瓶毛壳属、小囊菌属和葡孢霉属为优势真菌属。(3)施肥处理能明显促进土壤中0~20 cm土层的真菌和0~10 cm土层的细菌生长,而抑制10~20 cm细菌生长。(4)细菌和真菌群落分布与土层相关性较小;各个处理下土壤细菌群落结构差异不明显,而真菌则存在明显差异。研究表明,施用缓控释肥能够有效增加土壤中微生物多样性,尤其是混合施肥效果更明显,6 kg半焦肥+8颗力浮丸的组合可作为生产实践中的优选参考方案。

吉林省复混肥料“产—销—用”现状调研与产业发展建议

采用抽样调查方法,2021—2022年对吉林省复混肥企业、不同地区的乡/镇肥料经销商和玉米种植户开展问卷调查,分别收到有效问卷20、85和255份,分析了“产—销—用”环节的产品类型、养分含量及群体特征,为区域化肥产业发展、农田减肥增效提供参考。结果表明,40年来吉林省农业生产中复混肥投入量持续增加,目前肥料复合化率达70%,远超全国平均水平。总体上,吉林省复混肥企业的复合肥、掺混肥产品占比平均分别为46.1%和53.9%,具有缓/控释功能产品占比平均为51.6%。不同规模企业的产品类型差异明显,大中型企业以复合肥为主(占比分别为75.4%和58.9%),小型企业以掺混肥为主(占比85.5%),大、中、小型企业生产缓/控释肥的平均比例分别为21.7%、50.6%和74.8%。乡/镇肥料经销商销售的复混肥品牌大多在3~4个(占比55%),吉林省内肥料企业产品平均占比46.7%。复合肥、掺混肥平均销售比例分别为47.9%和52.1%,缓/控释肥平均销售比例为37.4%。玉米种植户采用一次性施肥方式的平均比例达76%,复合肥、掺混肥平均施用比例分别为43.6%和56.4%,缓/控释肥平均施用比例为42.7%。相比西部地区,中东部地区掺混肥、缓/控释肥的销售与使用比例明显更高。总养分含量45%~50%、含氮量≥25%的复混肥是吉林省生产、销售及施用的主要产品,小型企业的高氮肥产品占比更高,中东部地区总养分含量≥50%、含氮量≥25%的肥料售用比例也明显高于西部地区。肥料经销商和玉米种植户年龄主体分别为40~50和50~60岁,受教育程度分别以高中和初中学历为主,部分有较高学历的中青年经销商(38.8%)和农户(19.6%)认为控释肥材料可能存在环境污染风险。不同地区农户选购肥料首要的考虑因素均为肥料价格(占比24.9%),而后为肥料效果、肥料品牌和经销商宣传等。可见,目前掺混肥及高浓度、高含氮量肥料成为吉林省复混肥“产—销—用”主流产品,缓/控释产品比例大幅增加,建议未来从肥料立法、产品创新、优化营销和强化服务等方面进一步推进肥料行业转型、促进农业绿色发展。

一次性施肥对不同生态区夏玉米产量和氮肥效率的影响

为研究一次性施用缓(控)释肥对黄淮夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率和经济效益的影响,于2021年在河南省6个试验点开展一次性施用控释尿素或缓释尿素配施普通尿素的田间试验。共设置9个处理:不施氮肥(CK),单施普通尿素(U1),农民习惯施肥(U2),控释尿素与普通尿素配施(CRU)包括3∶7(CRU1)、5∶5(CRU2)、7∶3(CRU3)3种比例,缓释尿素与普通尿素配施(LCU)包括3∶7(LCU1)、5∶5(LCU2)和7∶3(LCU3)3种比例。研究控释尿素或缓释尿素配施普通尿素对夏玉米产量、氮素利用和经济效益的影响。结果表明,施氮处理较不施氮增产11.6%~49.1%,平均产量表现为CRU>LCU>U(U1、U2),CRU和LCU平均产量较U分别提高23.3%和9.7%,其中CRU2产量最高,为9444.0 kg·hm^(-2),较其他施氮处理提高8.0%~33.6%,LCU2产量次之。CRU和LCU干物质积累量、穗粒数、千粒重较U均显著提高。CRU2氮肥表观利用率最高,为36.9%,LCU2次之,为33.2%。与U相比,CRU和LCU 0-40 cm NO_(3)^(-)-N含量较高,深层土壤(40-100 cm)NO_(3)^(-)-N含量明显降低,分别平均增收2186和995元·hm^(-2)。夏玉米产量可持续性指数与产量高低、变异系数均相关,CRU2和LCU2产量较稳定,可持续性较好。综合产量、氮素利用和经济效益,推荐控释尿素与普通尿素5∶5配施的施肥模式在黄淮夏玉米生产上一次性施用。研究结果可为夏玉米轻简化生产和氮肥高产高效提供依据。

聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖膜制备及其包膜尿素特性

为解决传统肥料养分利用率低,以及一般聚合物包膜肥料的膜材料难以降解、养分释放速率不可控等问题,该研究以聚乙烯醇(PVA)为膜基材,通过与壳聚糖(CS)共混、使用戊二醛(GA)交联、添加纳米SiO_(2)3种不同的方式,制备了3种膜:PVA/CS膜、PVA/CS/GA膜、PVA/CS/GA/纳米SiO_(2)膜,此外,制备了纯PVA膜作为对比。对4种膜进行了吸水率(Q)、生物降解性(De)、养分渗透系数(Ps)等表征,结果表明:CS的添加提升了膜的生物降解率,GA交联可以延缓膜在土壤中的生物降解速率,而纳米SiO_(2)的添加对膜的生物降解性影响不大,总体来说4种膜都显示出良好的生物降解性(77 d内的生物降解率在30%~60%);相比于PVA膜,PVA/CS、PVA/CS/GA和PVA/CS/GA/纳米SiO_(2)膜的吸水率分别降低43.00%、68.79%和82.73%;相比于PVA/CS膜,PVA/CS/GA和PVA/CS/GA/纳米SiO_(2)膜的养分渗透系数分别降低48.51%和57.59%,说明CS的添加、GA的交联和纳米SiO_(2)的添加都增强了PVA膜的疏水性。将4种膜液通过转鼓包衣机包覆在尿素颗粒表面制得了4种包膜尿素(PCU)颗粒(PCU-PVA、PCU-PVA/CS、PCUPVA/CS/GA和PCU-PVA/CS/GA/纳米SiO_(2)),分别使用土埋法测定和数学模型拟合了氮素释放行为,结果显示4种PCU的氮释放量达到90%时所需的时间分别为5、11、23、28 d;氮素释放行为符合一级动力学模型,释放速率常数(k)依次减小,分别为0.3654、0.2333、0.1127、0.0926,且与膜的养分渗透系数(Ps)呈线性关系,相关系数(R2)为0.9991。该研究提供了系列生物降解性能良好、养分释放速率可控的聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖膜材料,并成功地应用于包膜尿素颗粒的制备,更方便和有效地指导PCU的施用。

基于CiteSpace的国内新型肥料研究现状及热点分析

新型肥料的研制是为了解决传统肥料利用率低下、污染环境等问题,施用新型肥料是目前提高农作物产量的有效措施。采用文献计量学方法,对新型肥料相关文献进行分析。利用CitespaceVI文献计量软件,对CNKI数据库中新型肥料研究领域相关文献进行检索,对中文学术期刊论文和高水平期刊论文分别从发文量、发文时间、发文机构、研究内容等角度进行可视化分析。CNKI数据库中关于新型肥料的文章最早发表在1958年,随后出现缓慢上升趋势,在2010—2020年之间发文量急剧增多;农业农林类高校及科研单位以其专业优势成为我国新型肥料研究领域中发文机构的领军群体;该领域还未形成稳定的作者群体;新型肥料的研究所涉及的领域较广,涵盖了化工、生态等多学科期刊;目前新型肥料研究重点集中在产量、缓释肥料等领域。该文的统计分析结果客观地反应了国内新型肥料的研究现状及发展趋势,可为该领域的研究人员提供信息参考。

不同缓(控)释肥对水稻化肥减量增效和土壤肥力及酶活性的影响

本研究旨在评估不同缓(控)释肥在水稻栽培中的化肥减量增效效果及对土壤肥力和酶活性的影响。通过设立4个不同的施肥处理:常规施肥、有机缓释肥、掺混肥料和永笑缓释肥,对各小区水稻产量及土壤化学性质测定,并结合土壤酶活性等指标进行了综合分析。经过2年的连续试验,结果显示,在养分投入减少15%的条件下,施用缓(控)释肥能够实现成本节约和效率提升,其中以永笑缓释肥的效果最为显著。水稻籽粒中的氮、磷、钾含量与各处理中相应肥料的投入量呈正相关。4种处理实施后,土壤有机质和碱解氮含量均有所增加,且3种缓(控)释肥处理的增加幅度超过了常规施肥处理。然而,土壤有效磷和速效钾的含量有所下降。值得注意的是,与常规施肥相比,施用缓(控)释肥后的土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性均有明显提高,这表明缓(控)释肥的使用有助于提升土壤酶活性,从而改善土壤的生物学特性。

缓释掺混肥和控失肥在玉米上的示范应用效果

为明确缓释掺混肥和控失肥的增产效果,总结了中盐安徽红四方肥业股份有限公司生产的缓释掺混肥(N-P2O5-K2O分别为26-11-12、23-14-13)和控失肥(N-P2O5-K2O为26-10-12)在13个农场开展的玉米大田示范试验情况。结果表明:与常规施肥处理相比,施用两种缓释掺混肥处理的玉米穗长分别增加0.2~2.4 cm和0.1~2.5 cm,行粒数分别增加1~4粒和0~3粒,平均增产率分别为3.9%和3.8%;与常规施肥处理相比,施用控失肥处理的玉米穗长增加0.1~1.8 cm,行粒数增加1~8粒,平均增产率为5.6%。