A novel rapid cooling assembly design in a high-pressure cubic press apparatus

In traditional high-pressure–temperature assembly design, priority has been given to temperature insulation and retention at high pressures.This limits the efficiency of cooling of samples at the end of experiments, with a negative impact on many studies in high-pressure Earth andplanetary science. Inefficient cooling of experiments containing molten phases at high temperature leads to the formation of quench textures,which makes it impossible to quantify key compositional parameters of the original molten phase, such as their volatile contents. Here,we present a new low-cost experimental assembly for rapid cooling in a six-anvil cubic press. This assembly not only retains high heatingefficiency and thermal insulation, but also enables a very high cooling rate (∼600 ℃/s from 1900 ℃ to the glass transition temperature).Without using expensive materials or external modification of the press, the cooling rate in an assembly (∼600 ℃/s) with cube lengths of38.5 mm is about ten times faster than that in the traditional assembly (∼60 ℃/s). Experiments yielding inhomogeneous quenched melttextures when the traditional assembly is used are shown to yield homogeneous silicate glass without quench textures when the rapid coolingassembly is used.

Analysis of strength characteristics of loess before and after freezing using a hollow cylinder torsional shear apparatus

This paper aims to comprehensively analyze the influence of the principal stress angle rotation and intermediate principal stress on loess's strength and deformation characteristics. A hollow cylinder torsional shear apparatus was utilized to conduct tests on remolded samples under both normal and frozen conditions to investigate the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of loess under complex stress conditions. The results indicate significant differences in the internal changes of soil particles, unfrozen water, and relative positions in soil samples under normal and frozen conditions, leading to noticeable variations in strength and strain development.In frozen state, loess experiences primarily compressive failure with a slow growth of cracks, while at normal temperature, it predominantly exhibits shear failure. With the increase in the principal stress angle, the deformation patterns of the soil samples under different conditions become essentially consistent, gradually transitioning from compression to extension, accompanied by a reduction in axial strength. The gradual increase in the principal stress axis angle(α) reduces the strength of the generalized shear stress and shear strain curves.Under an increasing α, frozen soil exhibits strain-hardening characteristics, with the maximum shear strength occurring at α = 45°. The intermediate principal stress coefficient(b) also significantly impacts the strength of frozen soil, with an increasing b resulting in a gradual decrease in generalized shear stress strength. This study provides a reference for comprehensively exploring the mechanical properties of soil under traffic load and a reliable theoretical basis for the design and maintenance of roadbeds.

An extraordinary multielement apparatus of conodont Nicoraella from the Middle Triassic Luoping Biota,southwest China

Conodont animal is an extinct group of marine animals.The conodont elements and their hard skeletal remains are originally from the head region of this kind of animal,and they are considered to be functioned as“teeth”.The“multielement apparatus”can also be called the“(conodont)apparatus”,“multimembrate(skeletal)apparatus”.

A rigid true triaxial apparatus for analyses of deformation and failure features of deep weak rock under excavation stress paths

The squeezing scenario in deep weak rock tunnels can hinder underground construction.However,due to the limitations of test technologies at hand,the real excavation stress path cannot be mimicked in the laboratory.Thus,the large deformation mechanism of deep weak rocks still remains unclear.For this,a true triaxial apparatus(TTA)to investigate the mechanical responses of deep weak rock under excavation stress paths in field and reveal the squeezing mechanism of deep tunnels is assembled and developed at Northeastern University,China.The apparatus can perform instantaneous unloading in s3 direction based on electromagnetism technology.In addition,uniform loading and deformation measurements can be carried out based on the proposed linked interlocking clamp and antifriction device,even if the sample has a strong dilatation deformation performance.Next,a bore trepanning is designed to capture noiseless acoustic emission(AE)signals for deep weak rock at a low threshold.Finally,two tests were are conducted using this instrument to preliminarily understand the failure and deformation features of deep weak rock based on fractured marble.The results show that the complete stressestrain curves of fractured marble have the characteristics of low strengths and large deformations,and the larger deformation and the more serious failure occur when the fractured marble enters the post-peak state after excavation.The results show that the developed apparatus is likely to be applicable for deep weak rock engineering.

从《黄帝内经》“九针之宜,各有所为”思想浅论罐具在拔罐中的作用

罐具是拔罐的载体,发展到当代罐具种类丰富,使用不同罐具拔罐所产生的刺激量不同,发挥的治疗效应亦有差异。临床上应当根据不同的病证选择不同的罐具,但对罐具性能功用的论述尚不成熟。《黄帝内经》中记载用于针灸临床的多种针具被称为九针,从九针的长短形状规格论述了不同针具在刺激层次与刺激量上的差异,提出不同针具治疗效果、适应病证有所不同的“九针之宜,各有所为”理论。在此思想的启发下,讨论罐具的大小规格材质等方面对拔罐作用效应的影响,提出罐具的形质不同,产生的刺激层次、刺激量、治疗效应不同,适应病证的种类亦不同,即“罐具不同,各有所施”,以期为临床上罐具的选择提供参考。

Small but big leaps towards neuroglycomics:exploring N-glycome in the brain to advance the understanding of brain development and function

Glycosylation is a process that involves the addition of sugar moieties or glycans to different types of molecules,including proteins,lipids,and nucleic acids.Among these,protein glycosylation is one of the most prevalent forms of post-translational modification,playing a crucial role in biological complexity.With more than ten monosaccharides identified within mammalian brain cells and more than 1×1012 possible combinations,the heterogeneity of glycosylation is extensive(Conroy et al.,2021).The diversity of glycans and the complexity of their structures allow for a wide range of protein functions.N-glycans are one of the most abundant forms of glycans and are involved in various cellular functions.N-glycans can be added to proteins at specific sequons,Asn-X-Ser/Thr,and are classified into three main types in mature glycoproteins:high mannose,complex,and hybrid.High mannose N-glycans consist of 5-9 mannose residues linked to a chitobiose core and undergo processing into complex or hybrid forms in the Golgi apparatus(Varki et al.,2017).Complex N-glycans are more diverse and contain various branched structures such as antennae with fucose,galactose,and sialic acid residues.Hybrid N-glycans contain one or more complex branches in conjunction with an oligomannose branch(Fisher and Ungar,2016).Understanding the specific functions of these different types of N-glycans in protein regulation,folding,and function is an active area of research in the life sciences,including glycobiology.

A rotary-shear low to high-velocity friction apparatus in Beijing to study rock friction at plate to seismic slip rates

This paper reviews 19 apparatuses having highvelocity capabilities,describes a rotary-shear low to highvelocity friction apparatus installed at Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,and reports results from velocity-jump tests on Pingxi fault gouge to illustrate technical problems in conducting velocity-stepping tests at high velocities.The apparatus is capable of producing plate to seismic velocities（44 mm/a to 2.1 m/s for specimens of 40 mm in diameter）,using a 22 kW servomotor with a gear/belt system having three velocity ranges.A speed range can be changed by 103 or 106by using five electromagnetic clutches without stopping the motor.Two cam clutches allow fivefold velocity steps,and the motor speed can be increased from zero to 1,500 rpm in 0.1-0.2 s by changing the controlling voltage.A unique feature of the apparatus is a large specimen chamber where different specimen assemblies can be installed easily.In addition to a standard specimen assembly for friction experiments,two pressure vessels were made for pore pressures to 70 MPa;one at room temperature and the other at temperatures to 500 °C.Velocity step tests are needed to see if the framework of rate-and-state friction is applicable or not at high velocities.We report results from velocity jump tests from 1.4 mm/s to 1.4 m/s on yellowish gouge from a Pingxi fault zone,located at the northeastern part of the Longmenshan fault system that caused the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.An instantaneous increase in friction followed by dramatic slip weakening was observed for the yellowish gouge with smooth sliding surfaces of host rock,but no instantaneous response was recognized for the same gouge with roughened sliding surfaces.Instantaneous and transient frictional properties upon velocity steps cannot be separated easily at high velocities,and technical improvements for velocity step tests are suggested.

Recent advances of high-pressure generation in a multianvil apparatus using sintered diamond anvils

The tried and tested multianvil apparatus has been widely used for high-pressure and hightemperature experimental studies in Earth science. As a result, many important results have been obtained for a better understanding of the components, structure and evolution of the Earth. Due to the strength limi- tation of materials, the attainable multianvil pressure is generally limited to about 30 GPa （corresponding to about 900 km of the depth in the Earth） when tungsten carbide cubes are adopted as second-stage anvils. Compared with tungsten carbide, the sintered diamond is a much harder material. The sintered diamond cubes were introduced as second-stage anvils in a 6--8 type multianvil apparatus in the 1980s, which largely enhanced the capacity of pressure generation in a large volume press. With the development of material synthesis and processing techniques, a large sintered diamond cube （14 ram） is now available. Recently, maximum attainable pressures reaching higher than 90 GPa （corresponding to about 2700 km of the depth in the Earth） have been generated at room temperature by adopting 14-mm sintered diamond anvils. Using this technique, a few researches have been carried out by the quenched method or combined with synchrotron radiation in situ observation. In this paper we review the properties of sintered diamond and the evolu- tion of pressure generation using sintered diamond anvils. As-yet unsolved problems and perspectives for uses in Earth Science are also discussed.

Effects of Acetylsalicylic Acid and Calcium Chloride on Photosynthetic Apparatus and Reactive Oxygen-Scavenging Enzymes in Chrysanthemum Under Low Temperature Stress with Low Light

The effects of acetylsalicylic acid （ASA）, CaCl2, and ASA ＋ CaCl2 on the photosynthetic apparatus and antioxidant enzyme activities were investigated in chrysanthemum Jinba （a cut flower cultivar） under low temperature stress with low light （TL stress） （16/12℃, day/night, PFD 100 μmol m^-2 s-1）. The results showed that under TL stress, the net photosynthesis rate （Pn）, carboxylation efficiency （CE）, apparent quantum yield （AQY）, maximal photochemical efficiency （Fv/Fm） of PSII, quantum yield of PSII electron transport （ФPSII）, and photochemical quenching （qP） of the chrysanthemum leaves in all treatments were significantly decreased, but the decreases were alleviated by ASA, CaCl2, and ASA ＋ CaCl2 treatments compared with the controls. The alleviating effect of ASA ＋ CaCI2 was better than either ASA or CaCl2 single treatment. Moreover, the ASA ＋ CaCl2 treatment highly improved the chlorophyll content, relatively improved the number and size of chloroplast and starch grain in the leaves of chrysanthemum plants compared with ASA and CaCl2 treatments. It was indicated that ASA and/or CaCI2 could regulate the photosynthetic functions in the leaves of chrysanthemum plants to enhance the resistance against TL stress. On the other hand, reduction in relative conductance rate implied that ASA and/ or CaCl2 could protect from membrane injury in leaves of chrysanthemum plants. The activities of SOD, POD, and CAT in the treated leaves of chrysanthemum were increased as compared with the controls. It was suggested that ASA and/or CaCl2 had positive regulation effects on the defence enzyme activities in chrysanthemum leaves which could protect the photosynthetic apparatus to a certain degree under the TL stress. In brief, the treatment of ASA together with CaCl2 was better for chrysanthemum plants to adapt TL stress than single ASA or CaCl2 treatments.

Morphology of platelet Golgi apparatus and their significance after acute cerebral infarction

Blood samples were harvested from the antecubital vein of 20 fasting patients with acute cerebral infarction at 1, 7 and 15 days after onset to prepare blood platelet suspension. Fasting antecubital vein blood was collected from an additional 20 normal adults as controls. Under transmission elec- tron microscope, platelet Golgi tubules and vesicles became significantly thickened, enlarged, and irregular after acute cerebral infarction. Alpha granules in platelets significantly reduced in number, especially 1 day after cerebral infarction. Under immunoelectron microscopy, a few alpha granules aggregated around Golgi tubules and vesicles after infarction. These results suggested that platelet Golgi apparatus displayed significant morphological changes, which were possibly associated with enhanced synthetic and secretory functions of activated platelets after acute cerebral infarction. This study used Golgi apparatus blocking agent Brefeldin A to block Golgi apparatus in an aim to study the effects of Golgi apparatus on CD40L expression on the surface of activated platelets. Flow cytometry revealed that CD40L expression on activated platelet surfaces decreased significantly when Golgi apparatus was blocked, which indicated that Golgi apparatus participated in the syn- thesis and transport of CD40L to the platelet surface.

The sampling apparatus of volatile organic compounds for wood composites

Terpenes, aldehydes, ketones, benzene, and toluene are the important volatileorganic compounds (VOCs) emitted from wood composites. A sampling apparatus of VOCs for woodcomposites was designed and manufactured by Northeast Forestry University in China. Theconcentration of VOCs derived from wood based materials, such as flooring, panel wall, finishing,and furniture can be sampled in a small stainless steel chambers. A protocol is also developed inthis study to sample and measure the new and representative specimens. Preliminary research showedthat the properties of the equipment have good stability. The sort and the amount of differentcomponents can be detected from it. The apparatus is practicable.

SIMULATION TEST APPARATUS FOR MARINE CORROSION

This paper describes the setup and working mechanism of a simulation test apparatus for marine corrosion. Experimental results showed the apparatus can basically reflect the corrosion behavior of steel in various marine environments, and is simple, convenient, and reliable for testing steel used for marine engineering.

A data complementary method for thunderstorm point charge localization based on atmospheric electric field apparatus array group

Data loss or distortion causes adverse effects on the accuracy and stability of the thunderstorm point charge localization.To solve this problem,we propose a data complementary method based on the atmospheric electric field apparatus array group.The electric field component measurement model of the atmospheric electric field apparatus is established,and the orientation parameters of the thunderstorm point charge are defined.Based on the mirror method,the thunderstorm point charge coordinates are obtained by using the potential distribution formulas.To test the validity of the basic algorithm,the electric field component measurement error and the localization accuracy are studied.Besides the azimuth angle and the elevation angle,the localization parameters also include the distance from the apparatus to the thunderstorm cloud.Based on a primary electric field apparatus,we establish the array group of apparatuses.Based on this,the data measured by each apparatus is complementarily processed to regain the thunderstorm point charge position.The results show that,compared with the radar map data,this method can accurately reflect the location of the thunderstorm point charge,and has a better localization effect.Additionally,several observation results during thunderstorm weather have been presented.

A Breakthrough in Pressure Generation by a Kawai-Type Multi-Anvil Apparatus with Tungsten Carbide Anvils

Expansion of the pressure range of Kawai-type multi-anvil presses (KMAPs) with tungsten carbide (WC) anvils is called for, especially in the field of Earth science. However, no significant progress in pressure generation has been made for 40 years. Our recent studies have expanded the pressure generation of a KMAP with WC anvils to 65 GPa, which is the world record for high-pressure generation in this device and is more than 2.5 times higher than conventional pressure generation. We have also successfully generated pressures of about 50 GPa at high temperatures. This work reviews our recently developed technology for high-pressure generation. High-pressure generation at room temperature and at high temperature was attained by integration of the following techniques:① a precisely aligned guideblock system,② a high degree of hardness of the second-stage anvils,③ tapering of the second-stage anvil faces,④ a high-pressure cell consisting of materials with a high bulk modulus, and ⑤ high thermal insulation of the furnace. Our high-pressure technology will facilitate investigation of the phase stability and physical properties of materials under the conditions of the upper part of the lower mantle, and will permit the synthesis and characterization of novel materials.

Numerical simulation and experimental verification of a novel double-layered split die for high-pressure apparatus used for synthesizing superhard materials

Based on the principles of massive support and lateral support, a novel double-layered split die(DLSD) for high-pressure apparatus was designed to achieve a higher pressure-bearing capacity and larger sample cavity. The stress distributions of the DLSDs with different numbers of divided blocks were investigated by the finite element method and compared with the stress distributions of the conventional belt-type die(BTD). The results show that the cylinders and first-layer supporting rings of the DLSDs have dramatically smaller stresses than those of the BTD. In addition, increasing the number of divided blocks from 4 to 10 gradually increases the stress of the cylinder but has minimal influence on the stress of the supporting rings. The pressure-bearing capacities of the DLSDs with different numbers of divided blocks, especially with fewer blocks, are all remarkably higher than the pressure-bearing capacity of the BTD. The contrast experiments were also carried out to verify the simulated results. It is concluded that the pressure-bearing capacities of the DLSDs with 4 and 8 divided blocks are 1.58 and 1.45 times greater than that of the BTD. This work is rewarding for the commercial synthesis of high-quality, large-sized superhard materials using a double-layered split high-pressure die.

Effects of active and passive training apparatus combined with rehabilitation training on lower limb function of stroke patients during recovery period

Stroke patients always spontaneously do some learning and training of motor functions; however, learning and training are not prompt and right, while patients do not have enough activity amounts. Active and passive motor training apparatus is aimed directly at lower limb training so as to stimulate nerve function through stimulating muscular movement. Based on motor mileage, motor time, various power supplies and velocity of active and passive training apparatus, we can understand the training condition and adjust training program. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effects of grade-III rehabilitation training combining with active and passive training apparatus on lower limb function, muscle strength and activity of daily living （ADL） in stroke patients during recovery period. DESIGN： Contrast observation. SETTING： Department of Rehabilitation, Jilin Academic Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 80 patients with stroke-induced hemiplegia after stabilizing vital signs for 2 weeks were selected from Department of Rehabilitation, Jilin Academic Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January to June 2007. There were 47 males and 33 females, and their ages ranged from 41 to 75 years. All patients met the diagnostic criteria of the Fourth National Cerebrovascular Disease Academic Meeting in 1995 and were diagnosed as cerebral hemorrhage or cerebral infarction through CT or MRI examinations in clinic. Patients and their parents provided the confirmed consent. Based on therapeutic orders of hospitalization, patients were randomly divided into treatment group and control group with 40 patients in each group. METHODS： Patients in the control group received physical therapy and occupational therapy combining with rehabilitative treatment based on grade-III rehabilitative treatment program, which was set by the National Cerebrovascular Disease Topic Group. In addition, patients in the treatment group were trained with active and passive motor training apparatus based on therapeutic procedures in the control group. The active and passive motor training apparatus was designed as the therapeutic style of nervous system; otherwise, the treatment was performed once a day, 30 minutes once and 6 times per week. Four weeks were regarded as a course. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Before treatment, at 2 weeks after treatment and after the first course, bare-handed muscle strength examination was used to check muscle strength and muscular tension; in addition, simple Fugl-Meyer assessment （FMA） and diagnostic criteria which were set by the Fourth National Cerebrovascular Disease Academic Meeting were used to evaluate motor function of limbs and total ADL. RESULTS： All 80 stroke patients were involved in the final analysis. ① Muscle strength of lower limbs was improved in both treatment group and control group. After the first course, muscle strength in the treatment group was obviously superior to that in the control group （ x^2=6.64, P 〈 0.05）. ② After the first course, Fugl-Meyer scores in the treatment group were higher than those in the control group, and there was significant difference （t =2.82, P 〈 0.05）. ③ Muscular tension of lower limbs was not changed in both treatment group and control group after treatment （P 〉 0.05）. ④ After the first course, ADL in the treatment group was superior to that in the control group （P 〈 0.05）. Among patients in the treatment group, 24 cases （60%） had obvious progress, 16 （40%） had progress, and 0 （0%） did not have any changes. On the other hand, among patients in the control group, 13 cases （32.5%） had obvious progress, 26 （65%） had progress, and 1 （2.5%） did not have any changes. CONCLUSION： Rehabilitation training combining with active and passive motor training apparatus can promote the recovery of lower limb disorder, increase muscle strength, control spasm, improve ADL and cause satisfactorily clinical effects in stroke patients during recovery period.

Experimental investigation on hard rock fragmentation of inserted tooth cutter using a newly designed indentation testing apparatus

This investigation aims to explore the effects of stress conditions and rock cutting rates on hard rock fragmentation through indentation tests on a newly designed triaxial testing apparatus.This apparatus was designed to realize a triaxial loading and indentation test of cylindrical specimens using inserted tooth cutter.The boreability and crushing efficiency of granite rock was investigated by analyzing the change rules of the thrusting force,penetration depth,characteristics of chippings and failure patterns.Several quantitative indexes were used to evaluate rock boreability in this investigation.The granite rock samples all had a chiselled pit and a crushed rock core.Under initial stress conditions,only flat-shape chippings were stripped from the rock surface when the thrusting force reached 20 kN.The rock cutting special energy had a close correlation with the initial stress conditions and inserted tooth shape.Moreover,a thrusting force prediction model was proposed in this paper.The contribution of this study is that for the first time the influence mechanism of the initial triaxial stress conditions on rock fragmentation is investigated using an inserted tooth and the newly designed testing apparatus.This study has a crucial importance for practical underground hard rock crushing in geoengineering.

HT-7 Multipoint Nd Laser Thomson Scattering Apparatus

A compact, low cost, multipoint Thomson scattering diagnostic system for HT-7 superconducting tokamak has been in operation since 1999. Its capability of measuring electron temperatures is in the range of 200 eV to 2 keV at a density of a few times IO12 cm-3, with a spatial resolution of 2.4 cm for 5 spatial points and a temporal resolution of 1 ms-1 s for 8 time points. The main components of the diagnostic system include a 20-25 J Nd: glass laser with 35 ns pulse width (8 pulses per burst), a KDP frequency-doubling unit, spherical mirrors of multipass input optical system, a wide-angle collection objective, a bandpass glass filter for reducing the stray light to zero a f/2.5 polychromator, a fiberglass collimator, a photomultiplier's box with electronic preamplifier, high gain and high signal/noise ratio, CAMAC data acquisition and so on. The multipass optical system has been successful at increasing the quantity of scattered photons by passing the probing laser beam 10 times through the plasma under investigation. The HT7 Thomson scattering diagnostic has provided successfully the information on two-dimensional electron temperature in the plasma of HT-7 tokamak with LHCD and IBW.

A novel specimen preparation method for TJ-1 lunar soil simulant in hollow cylinder apparatus

Conventional methods for hollow cylinder apparatus （HCA） specimen preparation are not applicable for T J-1 lunar soil simulant due to its wide particle size distribution. A novel method to prepare uniform T J-1 specimen for HCA tests is put forward. The method is a combination of the multi-layering dry-rodding method and a new under-compaction criterion in the multi-layer with under-compaction method （UCM）. In the novel method, the specimen is prepared with 5 layers by dry-rodding and the UCM is used to determine the height after each layer is compacted. The density uniformity of specimen is evaluated by the freezing method to find out the best under-compaction criterion. Two HCA specimens with the same target density are prepared by the novel method and examined in the tests of pure rotation of the principal stresses. Their conformable mechanical behaviors ascertain the effectiveness of the method to produce uniform and reproducible HCA specimens. Four groups of HCA tests are carried out to investigate the anisotropic and non-coaxial behaviors of TJ-I lunar soil simulant. The results indicate that the principal stress direction, the deviator stress ratio, the stress level and the coefficient of the intermediate principal stress significantly influence the strength and deformation properties of T J-1 lunar soil simulant.

Endoscopic surgery for inverted papilloma with carcinoma change of lacrimal drainage apparatus and nasal cavity

Dear Sir,Iam Dr.Yin-Hung Chang from the Department of Otolaryngology,Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital,the Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation.I would like to present a case of inverted papilloma with carcinoma change of lacrimal drainage apparatus and nasal cavity that had been successfully treated by endoscopic surgery.Lacrimal drainage apparatus tumors are rare but important