Microseismic monitoring and forecasting of dynamic disasters in underground hydropower projects in southwest China:A review

The underground hydropower projects in Southwest China is characterized by large excavation sizes,high geostresses,complicated geological conditions and multiple construction processes.Various disasters such as collapses,large deformations,rockbursts are frequently encountered,resulting in serious casualties and huge economic losses.This review mainly presents some representative results on microseismic(MS)monitoring and forecasting for disasters in hydropower underground engineering.First,a set of new denoising,spectral analysis,and location methods were developed for better identification and location of MS signals.Then,the tempo-spatial characteristics of MS events were analyzed to understand the relationship between field construction and damages of surrounding rocks.Combined with field construction,geological data,numerical simulation and parametric analysis of MS sources,the focal mechanism of MS events was revealed.A damage constitutive model considering MS fracturing size was put forward and feedback analysis considering the MS damage of underground surrounding rocks was conducted.Next,an MS multi-parameter based risk assessment and early warning method for dynamic disasters were proposed.The technology for control of the damage and deformation of underground surrounding rocks was proposed for underground caverns.Finally,two typical underground powerhouses were selected as case studies.These achievements can provide significant references for prevention and control of dynamic disasters for underground engineering with similar complicated geological conditions.

Earthquake Science and Technology as Well as Preparedness and Reduction of Earthquake Disaster in China

This paper systematically presents the state-of-the-art of preparedness and reduction of earthquake disasters in China. It contains abundant information on the goal, policy, working links, administrative organizations, and main scientific and technological approaches for earthquake disaster reduction in this country. The focus is placed on "taking science and technology as the foundation" and "management based on legal system."

Remote Sensing Technology and Applications for Earthquake Disasters

Disaster warning,disaster estimation and relief depend more and more on the application of space remote sensing technologies,such as those used for optic-camera,hyperspectrum,infrared,SAR,seismo-electromagnet and gravitation measurement.On May 12,2008,a magnitude of 8.

Imbalance Between Scientific Technology and Human Rights and Measures to Rectify the Imbalance——Taking Geological Disasters as an Example

I. Increase in Human Activity and Occurrence of Geological Disasters ＂A geological disaster is a natural disaster that happens in a geo- logical environment. It is a geological effect （phenomenon） caused or in- fluenced by Nature and （or） human factors that leads to losses to human life, property and the environment.TM Based on their cause, geological disasters can be divided into natural geological and artificial geological disasters. Natural geological disas- ters include those caused by natural effects. These include typhoons, rain- fall, melting snow and earthquakes,

United Nations International Conference on Space-based Technologies for Disaster Management Held in Beijing

The United Nations International Conference on Space-based Technologies for Disaster Management, "Risk Assessment in the Context of Global Climate Change", was held in Beijing during November 7-9, 2012. The conference was co-organized by the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and the Ministry of Civil affairs (MCA) of the People's Republic of China, in collaboration with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of PRC, China National Space Administration (CNSA),

Risk Regionalization of Low-temperature Disasters for Flue-cured Tobacco Planting in Qujing Area Based on GIS

There is a prominent,complex and diverse three-dimensional climate and a variety of meteorological disasters in Qujing area. The risk zoning of low-temperature disasters for flue-cured tobacco planting in Qujing area was studied to provide reference for drawing on advantages and avoiding disadvantages in flue-cured tobacco planting,disaster reduction,and disaster relief services. According to the production practice of fluecured tobacco and local climate analysis,it was determined that flue-cured tobacco in Qujing area was very vulnerable to low temperature during the seedling stage（ from early February to middle April） and in the mature period（ from early July to early September）. Based on the quantitative analysis and evaluation of risk of disaster-causing factors,sensitivity of disaster-breeding environment,vulnerability of carriers,and disaster prevention and reduction capability,a risk assessment model of meteorological disasters was established to precisely evaluate and zone the risk of low-temperature disasters for flue-cured tobacco planting in allusion to the seedling and mature stage in Qujing area by using GIS technology. The risk of lowtemperature disasters for flue-cured tobacco planting during the two periods was divided into four grades,namely low,medium,high and very high risk.

融媒体背景下防震减灾新型科普模式探索与研究

随着互联网技术的提升,我国科普信息传播模式也随之发生改变。资源通融、内容兼融、宣传互融、利益共融的新型融媒体时代为防震减灾科普模式的发展提供了机遇,也提出了新的挑战。在互联网、大数据、云计算、人工智能等大环境下,大众对于地震科学普及的要求越来越高,防震减灾的科普工作日益受到重视。本文探讨了新媒体发挥各自的优势,加强公众的需求分析,利用信息技术促进地震科普传播的必然趋势,提高大众对防震减灾的认知,能够充分了解地震,具备避震和震后自救的能力,最大限度地减少地震造成的损失。通过不断更新的传播媒介,探索与研究防震减灾新型科普宣传模式。

跨境数据流动限制对自然灾害经济损失的影响

进入数字化时代,跨境数据交互共享已成为自然灾害治理的核心影响因素。利用2004—2019年世界主要经济体的跨境数据流动限制数据和自然灾害损失数据进行实证分析,结果表明跨境数据流动限制程度与自然灾害经济损失之间存在显著正相关性。进一步研究表明,跨境数据流动限制是通过阻碍信息技术交流共享这一机制来影响自然灾害经济损失的。此外,跨境数据流动限制对自然灾害经济损失的影响存在一定异质性,在灾害类型层面,气象灾害与地球物理灾害中的经济损失受跨境数据流动限制的影响更为显著且强烈;在经济体类型层面,相较于发展中经济体,发达经济体中跨境数据流动限制对自然灾害损失的影响更小。研究结果拓展了跨境数据流动理论在灾害经济领域的运用,为各国在自然灾害防治领域建立更加开放和高效的信息共享机制提供一个参考。

基于CDIO的工科类学生创新能力培养探索与实践

在行业智能化建设及创新人才需求的背景下,开展了基于CDIO的学生创新能力培养探索与实践研究。首先,从发展趋势的角度,分析了人才培养现状和未来需求转变;其次,确定创新人才培养的定位,构建了基于CDIO的创新人才培养模式与体系;最后,从实践探索、科创驱动等方面初步探索了工科类学生创新能力培养模式。经过多年的教学实施与验证,该模式在一定程度提升了工科类学生的创新能力,符合新时期工科类人才培养要求。

黑龙江省洪涝灾害应急管理研究与优化路径

在全球气候变暖背景下,黑龙江省所面临的极端自然灾害趋强趋重趋频,也呈现出风险隐患日益突出、应急管理基础薄弱、防控难度不断加大等特点。本文围绕黑龙江省“8·3”特大暴雨灾害的应急管理展开研究,运用具体案例的实证分析的方法,对此次特大暴雨的灾情概况进行了汇总,并从应急管理的全过程出发,对此次灾害进行了问题剖析。通过分析,明确指出了当前黑龙江省存在着城市韧性不足、灾害应急准备欠佳、城市应急响应效率低下和灾后恢复措施不足等问题,提出了在自然灾害情况下完善基础设施、提升预警能力、加大数字技术应用和灾后重建等方面的优化路径。

复杂岩溶地层地铁车站深基坑涌水灾害的声呐探测及综合治理

[目的]在佛山地区,复杂岩溶地层具有特殊性,其钙质粉砂岩地层及其破碎带极易引发地铁车站基坑涌水灾害。因而有必要采用声呐技术进行探测,并通过综合治理解决涌水问题。[方法]以佛山地铁3号线中山公园站为研究对象,从涌水险情出发,介绍了该站声呐探测方案,并基于探测结果分析了该站深基坑地下水的渗漏特性,判定了渗漏点的空间分布及其涌水灾害类型。结合基坑底部超前钻勘察成果及基坑内涌点分布特征,提出了坑外后退式双液注浆止水帷幕+坑内咬合旋喷桩基坑渗漏联合封堵方案。着重阐述了方案中后退式双液注浆、双管旋喷咬合桩以及MJS(全方位高压喷射)桩等技术的施工要点。对采用综合治理前后的代表性测孔处地下水渗流速度进行对比,以验证治理效果。[结果及结论]声呐探测技术能精准探查岩溶地层深基坑渗漏点的具体位置及其渗流场相关参量。采用后退式双液注浆、双管旋喷咬合桩及MJS桩相结合的联合封堵方案可有效解决复杂岩溶地段深基坑开挖大面积涌水渗漏技术难题。

气候变暖下基于绿色技术进步的社会最优资源配置研究

全球变暖导致自然灾害频发,绿色技术水平影响社会最优资源配置。首先建立考虑绿色技术水平、碳减排、气候灾害等的动态模型,利用动态优化理论推导出价值函数满足的哈密尔顿-雅克比-贝尔曼(HJB)方程。通过数值模拟找到了在已有的资本累积和资源约束下使得代表性家庭预期效用最大化的最优资源配置策略,并且得出结论:绿色技术的进步虽然对投资和公司价值有负面影响,也使得经济增长增速减缓,但是它降低了碳减排成本和减灾成本,同时刺激了消费,使社会总消费增加。

煤矿地质灾害防治技术研究

在煤矿生产过程中,经常发生地压失稳、瓦斯爆炸、煤与瓦斯突出等灾害,直接影响到煤矿的安全生产。因此,煤矿地质灾害防治技术的研究,对于提高煤矿生产效率和安全性具有重要意义。首先分析了煤矿地质灾害的类型和特点,接着阐述了引起灾害的因素,最后探讨了煤矿地质灾害的监测技术、预防技术和治理技术,为煤矿企业的安全生产和发展提供了一定的参考。

我国不同类别煤层顶板水害致灾机理与防控路径

我国是世界上成煤和赋存条件最复杂的国家,煤层顶板水文地质条件的多样性和复杂性,采动覆岩裂隙场与渗流场耦合的相互性和时变性以及煤层顶板突水的独特性和危害性,造成顶板水害是我国尤其是西部煤矿区的主要矿井灾害之一。为了更好地认识顶板水害和推广现有技术和探索新技术防控此类矿井灾害,在全面分析近年来我国煤层顶板水害事故规律与顶板充水含水层的赋存条件、突水模式、动力特征、力学行为等基础上,系统划分了顶板水害的类型、特征、主要类别的致灾机理及梳理了现有顶板水害的防治技术,并展望了未来顶板水害防治领域的发展方向。研究发现:①顶板水害主体架构包括巨厚基岩含水层涌(淋)水、薄基岩弱胶结层水-砂耦合溃涌、离层空间蓄水储能突水、天窗补给型突水、围岩烧变增透致突等5种类别,集中分布于秦岭—淮河沿线以北地区,陕、蒙、宁是顶板水害主要聚集地。②采动诱发巨厚基岩含水层下覆岩原生裂隙互馈-贯通发育“Z”型离层空间,导致采场出现大面积涌(淋)水现象;基于复合关键层破断力学条件,阐明了薄基岩弱胶结层水-砂耦合溃涌致灾的动力源;构建了离层失稳突水临界判别准则,将离层突水划分为静载扰动、“动+静”载复合扰动、复合煤层开采重复扰动3种模式;红土隔水层缺失及红土薄弱区采动劣化损伤是产生天窗越流补给的主要根源;围岩烧变增透,孔隙度增大,接受临近水源补水后形成新的含水结构体,在采动诱发下烧变岩水涌入采场发生水害事故。③梳理了当前煤层顶板水害“探-放-治”三位一体的解危防控技术体系,提出了井上下共轭联动、钻-采(掘)高位协同地质勘探系统,以防治水“三区”划分为导向的地质保障工作,“煤-水-生态”多目标齐抓共管的绿色开采和防治水理念,以及数智化、透明化矿山水文地质灾害信息维护系统等未来发展方向。

Exploring innovative techniques for damage control during natural disasters

The study critically examines the principles,mechanisms,and effectiveness of different damage control tech-niques in dealing with natural disasters,emphasizing their pivotal role in minimizing casualties and economic losses.Each of these damage control techniques is mapped based on their applications and relevance in the key areas of natural disaster management.By utilizing various real-world instances,the present study shows that the effective implementation of various innovative techniques is shaping the space of natural disaster management in a global context.The integration of different innovative techniques into the existing natural disaster management system has improved the survival rate,economic performance,and sustainable development.The study finds that innovative disaster financing models,clear strategies,and creating awareness among communities can improve the overall efficiency of innovative techniques that are currently used for damage control during natural disaster events.Despite the substantial advantages of these creative strategies,the study acknowledges challenges such as financial constraints,unclear policy goals,and community adaptation requirements.The study also indicates that in the future,automatic damage restoration,quick prototyping,and additive engineering will play a vital role in controlling damage from catastrophic events,while it acknowledges limitations in temporal scope,generaliz-ability,andfinancial constraints.

液体浸没条件下锂离子电池新型热灾害的研究进展与挑战

在“碳达峰、碳中和”的背景下,浸没式液冷技术是具有良好应用前景的锂离子电池热管理技术之一。在新一代热管理系统中,锂离子电池热失控诱导火灾依然是一个重大的安全隐患。本文全面梳理了当前浸没式液冷技术的研究进展,分析了浸没条件下锂离子电池热灾害的多种模式,提出锂离子电池新型热灾害的研究趋势。首先,介绍了浸没式液冷技术及其优劣势、液冷方法以及液冷介质,重点介绍了相变液冷技术以及部分常用液冷剂的物性参数;其次,梳理了近年来浸没式液冷技术的进展与政策;再次,从浸没条件下锂离子电池老化、热失控以及二次灾害等方面对浸没条件下新型锂离子电池热灾害的模式进行了深入分析和讨论,并指出现有研究存在的不足;最后,提出未来浸没式液冷条件下,新型锂离子电池安全防护技术研究的发展方向。文章有助于提升浸没条件下锂离子电池组热安全性,增强热灾害发生后的应急能力。

在役型钢再生混凝土组合结构损伤智能监测系统关键技术研究

再生粗骨料由于其自身的局限性对型钢再生混凝土组合结构的长期使用性能存在一定的影响,对在役型钢再生混凝土组合结构的长期性能需进一步探究。基于此,本文在计算机视觉技术的基础上建立型钢再生混凝土组合结构外观损伤(裂缝)识别模型,将超声检测技术与深度学习方法相结合建立在役组合结构内部损伤变化和损伤位置监测,并基于BIM平台构建型钢再生混凝土组合结构长期使用过程结构损伤智能监测系统。该研究为型钢再生混凝土组合结构长期使用性能的监测与预测提供了新方法。

基于SBAS-InSAR技术的若羌县地质灾害识别与监测

【目的】我国新疆地域广阔,地质灾害时有发生,严重威胁人们的生产生活安全,大范围的地质灾害识别监测工作亟须开展。【方法】基于SBAS-InSAR技术对新疆若羌县区域内的地质灾害进行识别与监测。选取2020年1月至2022年11月期间,覆盖研究区范围的两个图幅的Sentinel-1A数据进行处理。【结果】获取了研究区的累积形变量,并结合光学遥感影像,解译了13处有形变特征的地质灾害隐患点,野外验证准确率77%,最终确定10处为地质灾害点。【结论】对于大范围地质灾害识别问题,InSAR技术相较于点监测技术来说,具有先天优势,能够快速、方便地获取整个工作区的形变情况,在地质灾害识别工作中具有重要作用。

麻地梁煤矿水害风险预警与防控系统的设计与应用

麻地梁煤矿水害具有一定的复杂性与难预测性,针对这一情况,采用当下常用且流行的计算机技术、物联网技术、云计算与大数据技术,研究并设计了针对性的水害风险预警与防控系统。介绍了系统设计目标,分析了影响麻地梁煤矿水害发生的主要因素,论述了系统的功能模块设计。实践表明,该系统充分考虑多种因素影响,实现了麻地梁煤的水害风险预警及防控。

基于微震监测技术的煤矿突水灾害预警方法研究

为了减少煤矿突水灾害带来的安全风险,使用微震监测技术设计出1种煤矿突水灾害预警系统,并选用地震检波器作为系统中的传感器。使用该系统对顺勋煤矿进行监测,结果显示,该煤矿在监测期间共发生了193次微震,其中微震释放能量大于1000 J的次数为6次,单次微震释放的最大能量为2455 J,远小于工作面附近出现过的最大微震释放能量,且绝大多数的微震出现在底板下方12 m内的区域。测试结果表明,微震监测技术能有效监测煤矿因突水引发的微震,并提供相应的预警信息。