Effects of Slow-release Nitrogen Fertilizer on Yield and Nitrogen Accumulation of Summer Maize in Shajiang Black Soil Area

[Objectives] This study was conducted to verify the field application effect of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer on summer maize in Shajiang black soil area by simultaneous sowing and fertilization, and explore the application scope and nitrogen metabolism mechanism, so as to lay a foundation for fertilizer reduction and efficiency improvement. [Methods] With maize variety Beiqing 340 and sulfur-coated urea as experimental materials, five nitrogen application levels were set, namely, control (C0), slow-release nitrogen 70 kg/hm^(2) (C70), slow-release nitrogen 140 kg/hm^(2) (C140), slow-release nitrogen 210 kg/hm^(2) (C210) and slow-release nitrogen 280 kg/hm^(2) (C280). The phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were all in accordance with the unified standard. [Results] With the application rate of slow-release nitrogen increasing, the nitrogen accumulation in organs increased first and then decreased after tasseling stage of maize. In order to reduce the fertilizing amount and increase efficiency, 210 kg/hm^(2) of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer was the best fertilizing amount for summer maize in Shajiang black soil area. [Conclusions] This study provides reference for fertilizer reduction, efficiency improvement and sustainable development of summer maize in Shajiang black soil area.

Evaluating the Effects of Aquaculture Wastewater Irrigation with Fertilizer Reduction on Greenhouse Tomato Production,Economic Benefits and Soil Nitrogen Characteristics

The utilization of aquaculture wastewater as irrigation is an effective way to recycle and reuse water and nitrogen fertilizer resources because it contains numerous nutrients.However,it is still unclear that the pattern of substituting aquaculture wastewater irrigation for fertilizer supplementing is conducive to improving the soil nitrogen status,fruit yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency for tomato production.In this context,the experiment was intended to establish the appropriate irrigation regime of aquaculture wastewater in tomato production for freshwater replacement and fertilizer reduction to ensure good yields.Pot experiments were conducted with treatments as farmers accustomed to irrigation and fertilization used as control(CK),1.75 L aquaculture wastewater with base fertilizer(W1),2 L aquaculture wastewater with base fertilizer;and 2.25 L aquaculture wastewater with base fertilizer(W3).We examined the effects of aquaculture wastewater irrigation on soil nitrogen distribution,Nrelated hydrolases,tomato yield,and economic benefits.The results showed that the control treatment had the highest N input,about 24.68%higher than the W3 treatment,while the yield was only about 7.81%higher than W3.This indicated that the overuse of chemical fertilizer was present in the current tomato production.Although the reduction of fertilizer in aquaculture wastewater irrigation caused a decrease in tomato production,this economic loss can be compensated by cost savings in the wastewater disposal.Among aquaculture wastewater treatments,the W3 treatment had the highest overall benefit,achieving 62.63%freshwater savings,37.50%fertilizer input reduction,and an economic return of approximately 19,466 Yuan per hectare higher than the control.Additionally,increasing the irrigation volume of aquaculture wastewater could provide more available nutrients to the soil,which were more prevalent in the form of organic nitrogen.The lower soil nitrate reductase activities(NR)under aquaculture wastewater treatments after harvesting also proved that this pattern was beneficial to reduce soil nitrate nitrogen residues.Overall,the results demonstrate that aquaculture wastewater irrigation alleviates the soil nitrate residues,improves nutrient availability,and results in more economic returns with water and fertilizer conservation for the greenhouse production of tomatoes.

Effects of Soil Nitrate Nitrogen Residues and Leaching for Different Kinds of Slow-release Nitrogen Fertilizers in Tall-fescue Soil

ObjectiveThe aim was to explore the movement of nitrate nitrogen in tall-fescue soils by different kinds of slow release nitrogen fertilizers. MethodBased on infiltration-tanks and test plots, a new and environment friendly fertilizer was explored. ResultThe results show that compared with urea treatment, slow-release nitrogen fertilizer treatments could reduce nitrate nitrogen content and leaching amount in soils. Compared with PCU30 and IU treatments, the PCU60 treatment became more efficient in reducing nitrate content and leaching amount in 0-90 cm soil layer. ConclusionIn summary, slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, which can reduce soil nitrate content and leaching losses, is a kind of novel fertilizer with high environmental benefit and promising application.

Hybrid rice yield response to potted-seedling machine transplanting and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer application combined with urea topdressing

Machine transplanting and the application of slow-release nitrogen(N) fertilizer(SRNF) have played vital roles in the modernization of rice production. We aimed to determine the effects of potted-seedling transplanting—a new machine-transplanting method—and SRNF on hybrid rice yields. A 2-year splitplot experiment(2016–2017) was conducted in Meishan, Sichuan province, China, using two machinetransplanting methods(potted-seedling and blanket-seedling) and three N treatments. Total green leaf area, high-effective leaf area and its rate at heading, net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves 7 days after heading, glutamate synthase(GOGAT) and glutamine synthase(GS) activity after heading, dry matter production, and N accumulation at heading and maturity increased under the potted-seedling method or 70% SRNF as a base + 30% urea application at the panicle initiation stage(SBUP). Stem diameter and number of small and of all vascular bundles at the neck–panicle node in potted-seedling plants increased as a result of increasing numbers of effective panicles, secondary branches, and spikelets. In pottedseedling plants, treatment with SBUP increased the number of large and total vascular bundles at the panicle–neck internode and the number of differentiated and surviving secondary branches and spikelets and decreased the number of ineffective tillers and degenerated secondary branches and spikelets. We conclude that the potted-seedling machine transplanting method and SRNF combined with urea topdressing can strengthen the source–sink relationship in rice, resulting in higher yields.

Effects of Slow-release Nitrogen on Dry Matter Accumulation,Translocation and Yield of Summer Maize

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter accumulation and translocation of summer maize.[Methods]With Zhoudan 9 as the test variety,six different treatment were set up:blank control(CK1),slow-release urea 75 kg/hm^(2)(C1),slow-release urea 150 kg/hm^(2)(C2),slow-release urea 225 kg/hm^(2)(C3),slow-release urea 300 kg/hm^(2)(C4)and ordinary urea 300 kg/hm^(2)(CK2),to study the change law of dry matter accumulation and translocation in summer maize.[Results]Treatment slow-release urea 225 kg/hm^(2)(C4)showed summer maize yield,dry matter translocation between organs,grain contribution rate and proportion of grain dry matter in the full ripe stage higher than other treatments.Considering the weight loss and cost factors,slow-release urea 225 kg/hm^(2)(C3)could be recommended as the fertilizing amount for summer maize.[Conclusions]This study provides theoretical reference for rational selection of fertilizers for reducing fertilizer application and increasing fertilizer efficiency,and for production of summer maize in Shajiang black soil region.

Used for the Study of Nitrogen Fertilizer Slow-Release Carrier Life Sludge

After the sewage treatment, putting the wet sludge in which the heavy metal content is extremely low, corrupt and broken straw, bentonite, urea in proportioning according to the certain ratio, mixing well-distributed, taking the shape of Nitrogen slow-release fertilizers, doing the dynamic bioleaching test by the method of Artificial rainfall simulation, researching the slow-release characteristic, water retention. When the mass ratio of the wet sludge whose water content is 82.5%: bentonite: corrupt and broken straw: urea is 62.5: 12.5: 12.5: 12.5, drip washing the 10g Nitrogen slow-release fertilizers by the 80ml distilled water after 48h, the residue rate of urea is 29.63%; Under the room temperature of 25 ℃, 77%RH, moisture evaporate 46.32% after 60 h. The results demonstrate that the slow-release fertilizer has a good release-effect of nitrogen and water conservation effect. It provides the basic for the development and application of the sewage in the aspect of Nitrogen slow-release fertilizers.

Management and Reduction of Chemical Nitrogen Consumption in Agriculture

Nitrogen is an effective material for improving the crop production. There is a big concern about rising chemical nitrogen usage as fertilizer in soil, because some forms of nitrogen absorbs in soil and causes an increase of environment and water pollution and decrease fertilizer efficiency. Composted cow manure is an important resource of organic nitrogen which improves the soil conditions. However, low density of composted cow manure and inconstant nutrient content are two factors that limit the application of composted cow manure. The densification technology is an effective solution for both problems. In this research first the capability of single screw extruder for production of fertilizer pellets including composted cow manure and nitrogen fertilizer was studied and then the effect of fertilizer pellet on the reduction of chemical nitrogen consumption was evaluated. The response of basil plants was determined in three treatments: T1 control (no fertilizer), T2 (nitrogen fertilizer) and T3 (pellet). The results showed that pelletization can be used as a proper method for slow-release nitrogen fertilizer;enhance nitrogen uptake and reducing the chemical nitrogen consumption. The results also showed that all basil responses (chlorophyll content, total weight, leaves weight, root weight and leaf area) were significantly affected by application of N fertilizer and pellet. While maximum recorded parameters were observed with application pellet.

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Level on Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics in Flag Leaf of Super Hybrid Rice at Late Growth Stage

To compare the effects of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer at six different levels on the flag leaf chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of super hybrid rice, a field fertilization experiment was conducted with super hybrid rice Y Liangyou 1 as a test material. The photosynthetic electron transport rate （ETR）, effective quantum yield （EQY）, photochemical quenching coefficient （qp）, and non-photochemical quenching coefficient （NPQ） of flag leaves were measured at the initial heading, full heading, 10 d after full heading and 20 d after full heading stages. Results showed that the values of ETR, EQY and qp increased with rice development from initial heading to 20 d after full heading, whereas the NPQ decreased. During the measured stages, ETR, EQY and qp increased initially and then decreased as nitrogen application amount increased, but they peaked at different nitrogen fertilizer levels. The maximum ETR and EQY values appeared at the treatment of 135 kg/hm2 N. In conclusion, the optimum nitrogen amount for chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of super hybrid rice was 135-180 kg/hm2.

Nitrogen deposition and release pattern of slow release fertiliser made from urea-impregnated oil palm frond and rubberwood chips

The fertiliser industry faces a continuing challenge to improve the efficiency of their products,particularly of nitrogenous fertilisers,and to minimise adverse impacts.Therefore,a new slow release fertilizer,ureaimpregnated woodchips from tropical plant biomass(oil palm frond and rubberwood),was developed.The morphology of the impregnated woodchips was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and the success of impregnation of urea and nitrogen deposition into the woodchips was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry.When nitrogen release patterns from impregnated woodchips fertiliser were simulated using a soil solution and distilled water as leaching solutions in a static condition for 768 h,release was slow and steady,although the release rate was lower in distilled water than in the soil solution.

Effects of Grape Balanced Nutrition Fertilizer on Yield and Quality of Wine Grapes

In this study,the wine grapes balanced nutrient fertilizer(BNF)was designed according to the wine grape nutritional requirements in different growth stages,and objected to reduce fertilizer application rate of wine grape cultivation,improve fertilizer utilization rate,achieve stable yield and improve the quality of wine grapes.The experiment was carried out at the Great Wall Sanggan Winery,and the Aristocratic Winery.The experiment was designed with two treatments:Namely BNF treatment,and the traditional fertilization(CK).We investigated the effects of BNF on the quality of wine grapes by examining the plant traits of wine grapes in different experimental areas during the growing season,the fruit traits at maturity,and determined the contents of VC,organic acids,amino acids,flavonoids,soluble total sugars,soluble solids,tannins,total phenols and catechins.The results show that:①The application of grape BNF greatly reduced the application amount of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium,while the vine had no fertilizer deficiency phenomenon;②It increased the single fruit weight,the ear weight and yield to varying degrees,and the yield increase range was between 12% and 41%;③The wine grapes with BNF had the following characteristics:tight infructescence,even color,small fruit less,no fruit dropped,strong fruit colloid feeling,better aroma and taste;④It greatly improved the quality of wine grapes,and increased the content of soluble solids,soluble total sugar,organic acids,VC,total phenols,flavonoids,amino acids and tannins in fruits;⑤It greatly increased the total catechin content of"Riesling"and"Syrah",and had no significant effects on the catechin content of"Merlot"and"Cabernet Sauvignon".In summary,the application of grape BNF has certain practical significance for guiding the production of local wine grapes,ensuring the yield while improving the quality,increasing the income and reducing the environmental pollution caused by excessive fertilization.

减氮和侧深基施缓混肥对‘南粳5055’产量、品质及氮素吸收利用的影响

旨在探讨减氮和侧深基施缓混肥对水稻产量、品质和氮素吸收利用的影响,本研究以当地主推粳稻‘南粳5055’为材料,设置不施氮肥(0N)、当地常规施肥(CK)、一次性侧深基施缓混肥(S1)、侧深基施缓混肥+追施速效氮肥(S2) 4个处理,分别在如皋市东陈镇和白蒲镇两地的水稻田开展试验。两地的试验结果均表明:与CK相比,在减氮25%情况下,S1和S2均明显改善了稻米的外观品质和蒸煮食味品质,但两者的水稻产量和总吸氮量均有所降低,平均分别减少了5.12%、1.27%和9.53%、2.77%。其中S1明显减产主要由于每穗粒数的显著降低,而S2则与CK无显著差异。另外,S2也较CK显著提高了氮肥的吸收利用率、农学效率和偏生产力。表明在氮肥大幅减少的情况下,采用侧深基施缓混肥+追施速效氮肥更有利于实现水稻的绿色优质高效生产。

降氮增施有机肥对烤烟生长发育和产量的影响

为了提高烤烟质量和经济效益,以龙江986为供试品种进行随机区组试验,设置5个处理,对不同处理烤烟农艺性状、干物质积累、叶绿素含量及经济性状进行测定,以此分析不同施肥配比条件下烟株生长发育及经济性状的变化情况。结果表明,施用肥料的处理其各项农艺性状指标均优于未施肥的对照处理,其中F3(硝酸钾+精制有机肥)和F5(硝酸钾+烟秆有机肥)处理效果最好。增施有机肥及仅施硝酸钾均能够促进烟株的生长,但仅施硝酸钾的效果没有配合施用有机肥的效果好。有机肥与硝酸钾配合施用有利于增加烟株根、茎、叶的干物质积累,与F2(只施硝酸钾)处理相比,团棵期效果最好的为F4(硝酸钾+蚯蚓有机肥)处理,根增加0.40 g,茎增加0.86 g,增加叶重2.25 g;始采期效果最好的为F3处理,茎增加6.64 g,叶增加3.67 g。有机肥与硝酸钾配合施用能够提高烟株叶绿素含量,与F2处理相比,F3处理SPAD值增加1.0,F4处理增加1.6,F5处理增加0.9。此外,有机肥与硝酸钾配合施用能够提升烟株的产量及品质,与F2处理相比,F4处理的单叶质量最大,为5.71 g;产量最高,为1 465.95 kg·hm^(-2),对提高烟株的单叶质量及增产作用效果较好;F5处理的上等烟率最高,为7.05%,可明显改善烟株的品质。综合来看,降氮增施有机肥对烤烟生长发育和产量存在正向促进的作用。F3处理有利于改善烟株农艺性状,F4处理在干物质积累、提高叶绿素含量、单叶质量和产量方面存在一定优势,F5处理有利于提高上等烟率。在生产过程中可以结合具体需求筛选合适的处理或者搭配使用。

施肥方式和减施氮肥对寒地水稻抗倒性的影响

为明确施肥方式和减施氮肥的主效及互作效应对寒地水稻产量及抗倒性的影响,以水稻‘垦粳8’为材料,比较不同施肥方式和减施氮肥对寒地水稻产量、株高、以及各节间长度、直径、鲜重、茎壁厚度及抗折力的影响差异。结果表明:侧深施肥产量、第三节间长度、重心高度分别显著或极显著高于全层施肥7.49%、7.02%、2.54%。侧深施肥第一节间直径、茎壁厚度、鲜重、抗折力分别显著或极显著低于全层施肥7.85%、14.18%、4.13%、2.03%;第二节间直径、茎壁厚度、抗折力分别显著或极显著低于全层施肥8.15%、9.18%、18.61%;第三节间茎壁厚度和抗折力分别极显著低于全层施肥16.00%、16.15%。侧深施肥的抗倒伏指数极显著低于全层施肥16.60%。减施氮肥条件下重心高度、各节间长度、茎壁厚度、节间鲜重及节间抗折力变化多利于提高水稻抗倒性,减氮15%和减氮30%处理的抗倒伏指数较常规施氮分别极显著提高6.19%和9.52%。全层施肥条件下抗倒伏指数随施氮量下降呈增加趋势,而侧深施肥的减氮施肥水平间差异不显著。

微生物菌肥对结球生菜产量和品质的影响

针对京郊结球生菜生产中化肥用量偏多的问题,以北京地区春大棚结球生菜为研究对象,通过设置常规施肥(T1)、减氮施肥(T2)和微生物菌肥部分替代化肥(T3)3个处理,探究微生物菌肥部分替代化肥对结球生菜产量和品质的影响。结果表明,与常规施肥相比,减氮施肥阻碍了结球生菜的生长,降低了产量,而微生物菌肥部分替代化肥促进了结球生菜的生长,显著提升了结球生菜的单株质量和产量,改善了结球生菜的品质,显著降低了硝酸盐含量,提升维生素C含量。T3处理投入养分最少,但是N肥偏生产力达到了730.92 kg/kg,较T1提高了57.17%。因此,施加微生物菌肥,不仅能减少化肥投入,而且能够提升结球生菜的产量和品质,可以作为京郊结球生菜生产中推荐施肥的措施之一。

钾肥和氮肥配施对北疆棉花干物质积累分配及产量的影响

为探究不同钾肥用量对氮肥减量下棉花干物质积累分配及产量的影响,采用裂区试验设计,设置施钾量为主区,分别为0、120.0、240.0 kg/hm^(2)3个水平;施氮量为副区,分别为地方常规施氮(375.0 kg/hm^(2))、10%减量施氮(337.5 kg/hm^(2))、20%减量施氮(300.0 kg/hm^(2))、30%减量施氮(262.5 kg/hm^(2))和不施氮(0 kg/hm^(2))5个水平,共15个处理。于2023年在沙湾市大泉乡进行田间试验,研究分析了减氮增钾对棉花产量、净光合速率、SPAD、干物质积累及分配的影响。结果表明,施钾240.0 kg/hm^(2)、施氮337.5 kg/hm^(2)处理棉花产量达7704.51 kg/hm^(2),较常规施氮不施钾处理显著提高28.05%,减氮10%~20%、配施240.0 kg/hm^(2)钾肥较不施钾肥常规施氮处理显著提高了棉花的净光合速率、单株干物质积累量,营养器官干物质积累量、生殖器官干物质积累量,提高了单铃重和单株铃数。增施240.0 kg/hm^(2)钾肥和减施10%氮肥(337.5 kg/hm^(2))可实现减氮增产的效果。

减施氮肥对富士苹果园土壤养分及酶活性的影响

【目的】以20 a树龄的富士苹果树为试验对象,研究减少氮肥,配合施用微生物菌肥对富士苹果园土壤养分及微生物活性的影响。【方法】试验设置传统施肥(CK)、减少施氮10%(T_(1))、20%(T_(2))、30%(T_(3))和40%(T_(4)),配合施用8 kg/棵的微生物菌肥5种试验处理,以传统施肥为对照CK,分析富士苹果园土壤的全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质含量等土壤肥力指标,土壤蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶等土壤微生物活性指标,并对土壤肥力指标和微生物活性指标进行相关性分析。【结果】所有处理的土壤含水率和土壤养分,20~40 cm的土层深度比0~20 cm土层高,其中T_(2)和T4 0~20 cm的土层深度明显高于CK的土壤含水率高,所有处理20~40 cm的土层深度土壤含水率低于CK;所有处理的土壤养分,0~20 cm土层深度比20~40 cm高。0~20 cm和20~40 cm的土壤全氮含量、全磷含量、全钾含量、速效氮含量、有效磷含量和速效钾含量以T_(2)最高。所有处理0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层深度的土壤有机质含量和pH以T_(2)最高,且显著高于对照CK。T_(2)处理苹果园的土壤蛋白酶和蔗糖酶含量最高,所有处理的富士苹果园土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶含量均比CK高,T_(2)处理富士苹果园土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶含量最高。【结论】在本研究区域内减氮20%配施8 kg/棵的微生物菌肥的肥效最佳。

减氮配施生物炭对土壤肥力和水稻产量的补偿效应与机制

氮素是水稻生长所必需的营养元素。为了提高产量往往过量施加氮肥,这不仅导致氮肥利用率低,还破坏了土壤质量,减少氮肥施用则会导致水稻减产。为探究土壤改良剂(生物炭)能否补偿减氮带来的负面影响,本研究采用盆栽试验,设置常规施氮(氮肥施用量110 kg/hm^(2),CK)、减氮10%(C1)及减氮10%条件下配施2.5%生物炭(C2)和5%生物炭(C3)4个处理,探讨在减少氮肥使用条件下生物炭对土壤肥力及水稻产量的补偿效应及机制。结果表明:减氮10%对土壤综合肥力无显著影响,施加生物炭可有效地提高土壤肥力,且添加5%生物炭对土壤肥力的提升效果优于添加2.5%生物炭。减氮10%导致水稻产量显著降低,而生物炭施加可一定程度补偿减氮造成的减产,其中添加2.5%生物炭对水稻产量的补偿效果优于添加5%生物炭,但仍未恢复到常规施氮水平。采用结构方程探究减氮和施加生物炭条件下水稻产量的驱动因素,结果表明,减氮配施生物炭通过改变土壤pH值、全钾含量、铵态氮含量和硝态氮含量,进而直接或间接影响水稻产量,其中铵态氮含量和硝态氮含量是主要的调控因子,其不仅直接影响水稻产量,还可通过调控每穗粒数、有效穗数和千粒质量间接影响水稻产量的形成;pH值和全钾含量对水稻产量有负面效应。本研究可为东北黑土区水稻种植业化肥减量和生物炭的高效利用提供科学依据。

大气CO_(2)浓度升高背景下优化施氮对淹水稻田CH4排放的影响

为探讨未来气候变化条件下,合理管理氮肥以充分协调水稻产量与温室气体排放量之间的矛盾,实现低碳排放并保持水稻产量,本研究探讨了大气CO_(2)浓度升高120μmol·mol^(-1)与氮肥减施40%对淹水稻田水稻生产及CH4排放的影响及机理。利用开顶式气室(OTC)组成的CO_(2)浓度自动调控平台设置4个处理,即环境CO_(2)浓度+施氮250 kg·hm^(-2)(CK)、大气CO_(2)浓度升高120μmol·mol^(-1)+施氮250 kg·hm^(-2)(C+)、环境CO_(2)浓度+施氮150 kg·hm^(-2)(N-)、大气CO_(2)浓度升高120μmol·mol^(-1)+施氮150 kg·hm^(-2)(C+N-),分析了稻田CH4累积排放量(CAC)、水稻生物量及产量、土壤理化性质及酶活性等指标。结果表明:与CK处理相比,C+处理使CAC/产量显著提高了16.93%,N-处理使CAC/产量显著降低了13.33%,C+N-处理使CAC/产量降低了7.89%,但不显著;N-处理在一定程度上削弱了C+处理对CAC、CAC/产量、水稻生物量、土壤可溶性有机碳含量的促进作用;逐步回归分析表明,基于可溶性有机碳和硝态氮含量及土壤脲酶活性的线性模型,可解释稻田CH4累积排放64%的变异。综上,在大气CO_(2)浓度升高条件下,氮肥减施可通过影响土壤碳、氮基质及土壤脲酶活性来调节稻田CH4排放。

“紫云英×油菜”混播还田及减施氮肥对双季稻田温室气体排放的影响

为探究绿肥“紫云英×油菜”混播还田及氮肥减施对双季稻田温室气体排放的影响,在冬季种植“紫云英×油菜”并还田的条件下,设双季稻不施氮肥(CK)、施100%氮肥(150 kg·hm^(-2),N1MR)、减施20%氮肥(120 kg·hm^(-2),N2MR)、减施40%氮肥(90 kg·hm^(-2),N3MR)和减施60%氮肥(60 kg·hm^(-2),N4MR)共5个处理。在双季稻生育期内平均每7 d采用静态暗箱—气相色谱法测定稻田温室气体排放,分析绿肥混播还田条件下氮肥减施对双季稻田水稻产量、温室气体排放通量、累积排放量、全球增温潜势(GWP)及温室气体排放强度(GHGI)的影响。结果表明,氮肥减施20%~40%能显著提高水稻产量,减施20%和40%处理水稻产量分别较CK显著提高24.2%和23.8%(P<0.05)。在双季稻生育期,所有施氮处理均较CK显著降低了CH_(4)排放,增加了N_(2)O排放(P<0.05)。氮肥减施20%处理的GWP和GHGI两季总量均为最低,且均显著低于CK、施100%、减施40%和减施60%氮肥处理(P<0.05),GWP分别降低57.9%、16.5%、23.4%和40.8%,GHGI分别降低63.9%、17.8%、24.6%和43.2%。综上,氮肥减施20%对水稻增产和温室气体减排效果最佳。因此,“紫云英×油菜”混播还田配合氮肥减施20%是一种适合当地推广的低碳稳产施肥管理模式。本研究结果为实现南方稻区农业绿色可持续发展提供了理论依据和决策基础。

东北黑土区典型县域农牧系统养分流动特征分析

在保障粮食安全的前提下,东北黑土区作物和畜牧生产的耦合促进了农业绿色发展。本研究选择位于东北黑土区的吉林省农安县为研究区域,以农牧系统为研究边界,通过实地调研、统计数据和文献,结合食物链养分流动模型(NUFER:NUtrient flows in Food chains,Environment and Resources use)定量分析1990—2020年农牧系统氮磷养分流动、利用效率和环境损失,探究气候和社会经济因素对氮磷排放的驱动作用,并设置平衡施肥(减少化肥施用)和有机肥替代(提升有机物料替代)两种情景评估该县减排潜力。结果表明,相对于1990年,2020年农安县农牧体系氮磷输入量分别下降45%和23%,其中化肥施用是最大的输入项。作物和农牧系统养分利用率波动增加,而畜禽系统养分利用率下降并逐渐趋于稳定。农牧体系氮磷损失量较1990年分别减少41%和增加29%。农田氨挥发、径流侵蚀和畜禽粪便直排为主要排放途径。通过平衡施肥和有机替代,土壤氮磷积累处于较低水平,至2030年农安县化学氮肥有80%的减施潜力,化学磷肥有85%的减施潜力,且氮磷养分环境排放均减少67%,作物和农牧系统养分利用率均增长50%以上。综上,农安县农牧体系未来可通过增加秸秆和粪便还田量提升化肥减施潜力。东北黑土区应继续深化化肥零增长政策,推行有机废弃物资源化利用,实现农牧系统协同优化发展。