β-FeOOH Modified Sludge Biochar as Efficient Adsorbent for Phosphate Removal

β⁃FeOOH modified sludge biochar(FSBC)was prepared and investigated in this work to remove phosphate from water via adsorption.FSBC exhibited superior adsorption performance for phosphate with the maximum adsorption amount of 27.17 mg/g at 25℃.The specific adsorption capacity of FSBC was 57.8%higher than that of commercial activated carbon at pH 5 with the initial phosphate concentration of 10 mg/L.Coexisting anions can inhibit the adsorption of phosphate,but cations(Cr(VI)and Cd^(2+))exhibited some promotion effect.The results of kinetic and isotherm models and characterization analysis in combination indicated chemical adsorption,as electrostatic interaction,metal phosphate precipitation and hydrogen bonding may be the dominant process.The adsorption of phosphate onto FSBC was a monolayer adsorption,and the process was endothermic.After four adsorption/desorption cycles,the adsorption capacity of FSBC for phosphate decreased by 36.4%,which was in a distinct comparison with the 57.5%of SBC.

Modified sewage sludge as temporary landfill cover material

In order to study the feasibility of modified sewage sludge as landfill cover material and its performance in a complex landfill environment, strength and hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted. The permeability requirements for daily and interim covers were analyzed first. Based on saturated-unsaturated seepage calculations, it is suggested that approximately 1.0×10^-4 cm/s and 1.0 × 10^-5 cm/s are the appropriate values for the hydraulic conductivities of daily and interim covers, respectively. The strength and permeability requirements of the mixtures, when used as an interim cover, can be met at a sludge：lime：cement：silt：tire-derived aggregate （TDA） weight ratio of 100：15：5：70：15. Results also demonstrate that the solid content ratio of modified sewage sludge, which should be greater than 60% when modified sewage sludge is used as a temporary cover material, is crucial to both strength and hydraulic performance. In addition, as the duration of soaking of modified sewage sludge in synthetic leachate increases, the unconfined compressive strength increases, and the hydraulic conductivity decreases slightly or fluctuates between 1.0×10^-5 cm/s and 1.0 × 10^-6 cm/s, still meeting the requirements for an interim cover. The reduction in hydraulic conductivity of modified sewage sludge under the effect of synthetic leachate, as well as the long-term and environmental performance of the modified sewage sludge, should be examined in future studies.

Comparative short-term effects of sewage sludge and its biochar on soil properties, maize growth and uptake of nutrients on a tropical clay soil in Zimbabwe

Soil application of biochar from sewage could potentially enhance carbon sequestration and close urban nutrient balances. In sub-Saharan Africa, comparative studies investigating plant growth effect and nutrients uptake on tropical soils amended with sewage sludge and its biochar are very limited. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of sewage sludge and its biochar on soil chemical properties, maize nutrient and heavy metal uptake, growth and biomass partitioning on a tropical clayey soil. The study compared three organic amendments; sewage sludge （SS）, sludge biochar （SB） and their combination （SS＋SB） to the unamended control and inorganic fertilizers. Organic amendments were applied at a rate of 15 t ha-1 for SS and SB, and 7.5 t ha-1 each for SS and SB. Maize growth, biomass production and nutrient uptake were significantly improved in biochar and sewage sludge amendments compared to the unamended control. Comparable results were observed with F, SS and SS＋SB on maize growth at 49 d of sowing. Maize growth for SB, SS, SS＋SB and F increased by 42, 53, 47, and 49%, respectively compared to the unamended control. Total biomass for SB, SS, SS＋SB, and F increased by 270,428, 329, and 429%, respectively compared with the unamended control. Biochar amendments reduced Pb, Cu and Zn uptakes by about 22% compared with sludge alone treatment in maize plants. However, there is need for future research based on the current pot experiment to determine whether the same results can be produced under field conditions.

A novel strategy of tannery sludge disposal–converting into biochar and reusing for Cr(Ⅵ)removal from tannery wastewater

Tannery sludge with high chromium content has been identified as hazardous solid waste due to its potential toxic effects.The safety disposal and valorization of the tannery sludge remains a challenge.In this study,the chromium stabilization mechanism was systematically investigated during chromium-rich tannery sludge was converted to biochar and the removal performance of the sludge biochar(SBC)for Cr(Ⅵ)from tannery wastewater was also investigated.The results showed that increase in pyrolysis temperature was conductive to the stabilization of Cr and significant reduction of the proportion of Cr(Ⅵ)in SBC.It was confirmed that the stabilization of chromium mainly was attributed to the embedding of chromium in the C matrix and the transformation of the chromium-containing substances from the amorphous Cr(OH)_(3)to the crystalline state,such as(FeMg)Cr_(2)O_(5).The biochar presented high adsorption capacity of Cr(Ⅵ)at low pH and the maximal theoretical adsorption capacity of SBC produced at 800°C can reach 352 mg Cr(Ⅵ)/g,the process of which can be well expressed by Langmuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo second order model.The electrostatic effect and reduction reaction were dominantly responsible for the Cr(Ⅵ)adsorption by SBC800.Overall,this study provided a novel strategy for the harmless disposal and resource utilization for the solid waste containing chromium in leather industry.

Stability of potentially toxic elements in municipal sludge biochars modified by MgCl2 and phosphate

Municipal wastewater sludge can be pyrolyzed as biochars to better use nutrients and stabilize carbon compared with other typical technologies,such as landfill and incineration.However,sludge-derived biochars might contain large amounts of potentially toxic elements(PTEs),such as Zn,Cu,Cr,Ni,Pb,and As.The stability of PTEs in biochars might be improved by higher pyrolytic temperatures,which can be further improved by different modifications.Herein,PO4-modification at 300°C and Cl-modification at 700°C were carried out,respectively,to enhance the stability of PTEs.Various leaching tests have been performed to assess the stability of PTEs in biochars,including the synthetic precipitation leaching procedure(SPLP),toxicity characteristic leaching procedure(TCLP),diethylenetriamine pentaacetate(DTPA)extraction,and in vitro simple bioaccessibility extraction test(SBET).The morphological structure,elemental mapping,and mineral formation of the pristine and modified biochars were studied by scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(SEM–EDS)and X-ray diffraction(XRD).Our results suggested that the leachability,mobility,plant-availability,and bioaccessibility of most PTEs were decreased by pyrolysis,yet the total contents of PTEs were elevated,especially at 700°C.Generally,modification by phosphates and MgCl2 enhanced the stability of PTEs in biochars.Nevertheless,it should be noted that higher bioaccessibility of PTEs was observed in biochars of P-modification than Cl-modification,which is associated with the dissolution of phosphate precipitates under acidic conditions(pH<2).Additionally,Cl-modification leads to higher plant-available Zn and Cu and bioaccessible Zn compared with the unmodified biochar produced at 700°C.

Effect of manganese oxide-modified biochar addition on methane production and heavy metal speciation during the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge

Low organic matter content and high heavy metal levels severely inhibit the anaerobic digestion(AD) of sewage sludge. In this study, the effect of added manganese oxidemodified biochar composite(MBC) on methane production and heavy metal fractionation during sewage sludge AD was examined. The MBC could increase the buffering capacity,enhance the methane production and degradation of intermediate acids, buffer the pH of the culture, and stabilize the sewage sludge AD process. The application of MBC positively impacted methane production and the cumulative methane yield increased up to 121.97%,as compared with the control. The MBC addition can improve metal stabilization in the digestate. An optimum MBC dose of 2.36 g was recommended, which would produce up to 121.1 L/kg volatile solids of methane. After the AD process, even though most of the metals accumulated in the residual solids, they could be transformation from the bio-available fractions to a more stable fraction. The total organic-and sulfide-bound and residual fraction content at a 3 g dose of MBC that is 0.12 g/g dry matter were 51.06% and 35.11% higher than the control, respectively. The results indicated that the application of MBC could improve the performance of AD and promote stabilization of heavy metals in sewage sludge post the AD process.

Improvement of sludge dewaterability with modified cinder via affecting EPS

The relationship between the improvement of sludge dewaterability and variation of organic matters has been studied in the process of sludge pre-conditioning with modified cinder, especially for extracellular polymeric substances （EPS） in the sludge. During the conditioning process, the decreases of total organic carbon （TOC） and soluble chemical oxygen demand （SCOD） were obviously in the supernatant especially for the acid modified cinder （ACMC）, which could be attributed to the processes of adsorption and sweeping. The reduction of polysaccharide and protein in supernatant indicated that ACMC might adsorb EPS so that the tightly bound EPS （TB-EPS） decreased in sludge. In the case of ACMC addition with 24 g·L^-1, SRF of the sludge decreased from 7.85 × 10^12 m·kg^-1 to 2.06× 10^12 m·kg^-1, and the filter cake moisture decreased from 85% to 60%. The reconstruction of ＂floc mass＂ was confirmed as the main sludge conditioning mechanism. ACMC promoted the dewatering performance through the charge neutralization and adsorption bridging with the negative EPS, and provided firm and dense structure for sludge floc as skeleton builder. The passages for water quick transmitting were built to avoid collapsing during the high-pressure process.

Development of a novel modified EGSB reactor for municipal sewage treatment at ambient temperatures

A novel modified expanded granular sludge bed(EGSBm) reactor was developed for anaerobic treatment of municipal sewage with mixed liquid recirculation instead of effluent recirculation commonly adopted by a conventional EGSB(EGSBc) reactor.Performances of these two reactors were compared in treating municipal sewage at ambient temperatures ranging from 8 to 26 ℃.At an upflow liquid velocity(Vup) of 10.3 m/h,the mean concentrations of filtrated COD(CODfilt) and COD of the EGSBm effluent were determined to be 59.4 and 95.9 mg/L,respectively,which were significantly lower than those of the EGSBc effluent operated under identical experimental conditions.When the organic loading rate was suddenly increased from 1.2 to 7.2 kg COD/(m3·d),the EGSBm regained the removal efficiency of previous operation phase in 10 d.Hydrodynamic characteristics of the reactors were compared using the residence time distribution(RTD) model.It was found that the treatment efficiency of EGSBm kept increasing as the Vup increased.The polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE) technique was used to analyze the microbial diversity in EGSBm.Fingerprinting pattern indicated that some species in the inoculating sludge were still reserved in the granular sludge of EGSBm,moreover,several new species occurred.

污泥生物炭添加对黑麦草和土壤养分特性的影响

为探讨污泥生物炭(Sludge biochar,C)和改性污泥生物炭(Modified sludge biochar,GC)添加对黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)和土壤养分特性的影响,本试验以C和GC为材料,设置不同添加水平(0%,5%,10%,15%,20%)种植黑麦草,测定黑麦草和土壤养分等指标。结果表明,添加C、GC均促进了黑麦草的生长及其茎叶和根含水量的提高,5%的添加水平显著提高了黑麦草茎叶和根的干重。C、GC添加对黑麦草TN含量的提高效果最显著,其次为TK。C添加对提高黑麦草生物量的影响程度大于GC,而对黑麦草养分含量及其吸收累积,GC大于C。应用C、GC可提高土壤有机质和全氮含量,降低土壤pH,碱解氮和速效磷受生物炭类型影响。因此,土壤中添加5%~10%比例的C或GC对植物的生长有促进作用,有利于提高土壤的养分含量。

掺油泥改性生土材料动态荷载下的损伤及裂缝分形特征

为研究改性生土材料在动态荷载作用下内部损伤演化过程,提取掺入水泥、油泥的绿色改性生土材料配方,制作6个100 mm×100 mm×100 mm的生土试件,借助CT扫描技术对单轴压缩下的立方体试件进行扫描,获取灰度图像和CT值,分析了图像中裂缝、孔隙随应力的变化形态,研究了CT数和材料破坏的关系,建立了CT均值与应力之间的联系;采用图像处理技术对CT图像进行阈值划分,利用盒维数法估算出图像的分形维数值,在此基础上获得了不同应力和分形维数、材料损伤之间的关系。结果表明:CT技术能够清晰地诠释试件从受力直至破坏的全过程,CT图像可从细观层面表现材料的损伤演化规律。CT值随应力的增加而变小,CT值随材料孔隙、裂缝的增大而显著减小。材料从受力直至破坏,低应力状态下分形维数增长缓慢,高应力状态下分形维数增长迅速,数值的波动随应力的增大而增大。分形维数可以定量地描述生土材料在动荷载作用下的损伤状态和演化过程。

污泥生物炭对水体中磷的吸附

以污水处理厂剩余污泥(RS)制备成的污泥生物炭(SDBC)作为吸附剂,采用批平衡法研究SDBC对磷的吸附特征,考察投加量、溶液pH值等因素对SDBC吸附磷的影响,并通过响应面法(RSM)对影响磷吸附的条件进行优化,结合实验结果与表征数据对SDBC吸附磷的机制进行探究.结果表明,SDBC对磷的吸附动力学符合Elovich(R^(2)=0.984)方程,说明SDBC对磷的吸附过程是多种反应共同作用的非均相扩散过程;Langmuir(R^(2)=0.980)和Langmuir-Freundlich(R^(2)=0.979)方程能很好地描述磷在SDBC上的吸附行为,由Langmuir拟合所得的磷最大吸附量为4.508mg/g;Langmuir-Freundlich模型拟合均相指数n(1.143)较小,说明SDBC上吸附位点分布不均匀,SDBC与磷之间存在相互作用力.SDBC吸附磷的最佳初始pH值为4.0~5.0;SDBC对磷吸附的最佳投加量为8g/L.通过RSM分析得到SDBC对磷的最佳吸附条件为SDBC的投加量为5g/L,磷的初始浓度c0为10mg/L,pH为5.0.SDBC对磷吸附的可能机制包括静电吸附作用,共沉淀作用,置换作用,配体交换作用以及孔隙填充作用.

农林废弃物共热解对污泥生物炭Cu(Ⅱ)吸附性能的影响

将山地城市污泥与水稻杆、水稻壳、桉树枝、桉树叶等农林废弃物进行共热解,研究共热解对生物炭理化性质及Cu(II)吸附性能的影响,探讨共热解对Cu(II)吸附性能的协同作用。结果显示,与污泥炭相比,水稻壳、水稻杆、桉树枝、桉树叶与污泥共热解制备的生物炭,C含量分别增大了0.64倍、0.87倍、1.04倍、1.22倍,O含量分别增大了1.11倍、1.25倍、2.01倍、2.17倍,对Cu(II)最大吸附量分别增大了28.4%,60.3%,82.7%,99.7%。共热解对生物炭Cu(II)吸附性能具有明显的协同作用,污泥与桉树叶共热解炭对Cu(II)最大吸附量的协同量化值最高(90.13%)。

Influence of the Addition of Cotton Stalk during Co-pyrolysis with Sewage Sludge on the Properties, Surface Characteristics, and Ecological Risks of Biochars

Sewage sludge produced by municipal sewage treatment plants can potentially be used as a biomass energy source because of its high organic content.Presently,the conversion and utilization of rapidly growing amounts of sewage sludge represent an urgent challenge in China.Thermal conversion of sewage sludge to biochar through pyrolysis is a promising solution to this problem.However,biochar produced by pyrolysis of sewage sludge alone has a poor pore structure as a result of its low C content and high ash content.Furthermore,it is enriched in heavy metals that may pose high ecological risks.In this study,we addressed these issues through co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and cotton stalks(1:1,wt./wt.)at different pyrolysis temperatures ranging from 350℃ to 750℃.The properties and surface characteristics of the biochars were investigated.Meanwhile,the transformation behavior of heavy metals during the co-pyrolysis process was studied,and the potential ecological risks of heavy metals in biochars were assessed.The results showed that elevated pyrolysis temperatures reduced the biochar yield and C content of the biochars,whereas such temperatures increased the pH value and ash content of the biochars.The biochars prepared at different pyrolysis temperatures were all mesoporous materials.The elevated temperatures promoted the transformation of heavy metals from mobile fractions to stable ones,thus resulting in a significant decrease in the ecological risks.In summary,co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge with cotton stalks proved to be a feasible method for the conversion and utilization of sewage sludge.

Effects of phosphorus concentration on Cr（VI） sorption onto phosphorus-rich sludge biochar

To investigate effects of phosphorus content on Cr（VI） sorption onto phosphorus-rich biochar, sewage sludge of different phosphorus concentrations from 4 to 60 mg.g-1 by dry weight were prepared and carbonized to make biochar for batch sorption experiments. Test results revealed that different phosphorous concentration of raw sludge had respective impacts on surface area, pore surface area, average pore diameter and pH value of derived biochar. The adsorption kinetics of phosphorus-rich biochar could be described by the pseudo-second-order model. The sorption isotherm data followed Langmiur model better than Freundlich model. Biochar produced from sludge with phosphorus concentration of 20 mg. gl gave the largest chromium sorption capacity, which could be attributed to its largest surface area and pores surface area comparing with those of＇biochars from sludge with other phosphorus concentrations. The chromium loaded biochar was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction measurement. The results indicated that chemical functional groups hydroxyl and methyl on surface of biochar were involved in Cr（VI） binding and its reducing to Cr（III）. Then, a portion of Cr （III） in form of various phosphate precipitates was bound onto biochar surface and the rest was released into the solution. The experimental results suggested that phos- phorus played an important role in pore and surface area development of sludge biochar during pyrolytic process. It also could react with Cr（III） on the biochar surface that impacted on capacity of Cr（VI） removal from solution by sludge biochar. Therefore, phosphorus concentration in sludge should be considered when sludge pyrolytic residue would be reused for heavy metals sorbing.

焦化污泥基生物炭在氯介质下催化降解间甲酚的性能

以焦化污泥制备生物炭,并在硝酸溶液中低温条件下进行改性,研究其在氯介质下对间甲酚降解的效率与机理.焦化污泥(CSS)具有较大的比表面积和丰富的官能团,其吸附作用较强,对间甲酚的吸附去除率为27.1%.而通过炭化和改性的焦化污泥炭的比表面积显著降低,官能团数量减少,吸附作用极弱.在催化降解过程中,改性焦化污泥炭(CSSC-N)对间甲酚和总有机碳(TOC)的去除率分别为98.1%和80.1%,远高于未改性的焦化污泥炭(CSSC-0),主要归因于CSSC-N中具有多种含铁物质,有利于铁循环,且表面铁含量高达60.10%,能提供丰富的催化活性组分.Cl-对间甲酚和TOC的去除率有抑制作用,随着Cl-浓度的升高,去除率降低.当废水中的NaCl为5%wt时,在催化重复实验中间甲酚的去除率均高于70%.CSSC-N具有一定的抗氯性能,在氯介质下具有较高的催化活性和稳定性.三维荧光光谱分析和中间产物鉴定结果表明Cl-的存在影响了间甲酚的降解过程,生成了难降解的氯代副产物.

A “Seawater-in-Sludge” approach for capacitive biochar production via the alkaline and alkaline earth metals activation

Sewage sludge is a potential precursor for biochar production,but its effective utilization involves costly activation steps.To modify biochar properties while ensuring cost-effectiveness,we examined the feasibility of using seawater as an agent to activate biochar produced from sewage sludge.In our proof-of-concept study,seawater was proven to be an effective activation agent for biochar production,achieving a surface area of 480.3 m^(2)/g with hierarchical porosity distribution.Benefited from our design,the catalytic effect of seawater increased not only the surface area but also the graphitization degree of biochar when comparing the pyrolysis of sewage sludge without seawater.This leads to seawater activated biochar electrodes with lower resistance,higher capacitance of 113.9 F/g comparing with control groups without seawater.Leveraging the global increase in the salinity of groundwater,especially in coastal areas,these findings provide an opportunity for recovering a valuable carbon resource from sludge.

Moderate sewage sludge biochar application on alkaline soil for corn growth:a field study

In view of the risks induced by the inhibitory effects of applying impracticably large amounts of sewage sludge biochar(SSB)to the alkaline soil,this field study investigated the influence of moderate biochar amendments(0,1500,4500,and 9000 kg/hm2)on corn growth,alkaline soil properties,and the uptake of potentially toxic elements(PTEs).The results showed that applying more SSB would decrease the ammonium nitrogen concentration and increase the available phosphorus and potassium concentrations,which inhibited corn plant growth because of high background nutrient levels of the alkaline soil.When the alkaline soil was amended with 1500 kg/hm2 SSB,the dry weight of 100 niblets increased from 32.11 g in the control to 35.07 g.There was no significant variation in the total concentration of PTEs in the soil.The concentrations of Mn,Ni,Cu,and Zn in niblets decreased from 5.54,0.83,2.26,and 27.15 mg/kg in the control to 4.47,0.62,1.30,and 23.45 mg/kg,respectively.Accordingly,the health risk from corn consumption was significantly reduced.Furthermore,the combination of SSB and fertilizer improved corn growth and reduced the risk of consumption of PTEs.Therefore,considering the increase in corn fruit yield and the decrease in consumption risk,applying 1500 kg/hm2 of biochar to alkaline soils is a realistically achievable rate,which can broaden the utilization of SSB for remediation of different types of soil.

生物炭改善污泥脱水性能及其机理研究进展

介绍了污泥脱水性能的主要影响因素和污泥脱水调理技术,综述了生物炭的特征、改性方法及其单独或与其他方法联合用于污泥调理的研究进展,并对影响污泥脱水性能的相应机理进行了探讨。对生物炭调理技术的发展与应用前景进行了展望,提出深入探究生物炭改性方式以及联合调理方法以进一步提高污泥脱水性能的必要性,以期为生物炭在污泥调理理论研究和工程应用等方面提供参考。

市政污泥生物炭在废水吸附处理中的应用

随着经济全球化的飞速发展,城市污水处理中排放的污泥量日益增加,预计到2025年中国市政污泥年产量将>9.0×10^(7) t。市政污泥中含有的病原微生物、有机物及重金属,会对环境和人体健康造成严重危害。污泥衍生的生物炭材料因其较大的比表面积、优良的孔结构以及丰富的含氧基团,被广泛应用于废水吸附处理领域,实现了固体废物再利用和去除污染的双重目的,做到以废治废,达到生态与发展的双赢。该文总结了市政污泥生物炭的制备及改性方法,介绍了吸附的影响因素,综述了市政污泥生物炭在吸附重金属、染料、无机盐、抗生素、酚类中的应用及其吸附机理;最后,指出了未来污泥生物炭的发展方向和需攻克的难题,应努力形成绿色低碳的资源化处理体系。

污泥生物炭对土壤养分及重金属的影响

采用未、酸、碱改性污泥生物炭(SC1、SC2、SC3)修复受重金属单一污染(Cu、Zn、Cd)的土壤,研究生物炭对土壤理化性质、养分指标及重金属形态分布的影响。结果表明,施加三种SC后,土壤pH值与电导率均显著增加;阳离子交换量、有机质、有效磷及速效钾等养分指标也均呈现积极影响,即阳离子交换量在SC3的处理下提升效果更好,有机质与有效磷含量在SC2的处理下增加更为显著,速效钾含量的提升均在50%左右;三种重金属则在SC3的处理下修复固化效果更好。