Wireless Network security management is difficult because of the ever-increasing number of wireless network malfunctions,vulnerabilities,and assaults.Complex security systems,such as Intrusion Detection Systems(IDS),a...Wireless Network security management is difficult because of the ever-increasing number of wireless network malfunctions,vulnerabilities,and assaults.Complex security systems,such as Intrusion Detection Systems(IDS),are essential due to the limitations of simpler security measures,such as cryptography and firewalls.Due to their compact nature and low energy reserves,wireless networks present a significant challenge for security procedures.The features of small cells can cause threats to the network.Network Coding(NC)enabled small cells are vulnerable to various types of attacks.Avoiding attacks and performing secure“peer”to“peer”data transmission is a challenging task in small cells.Due to the low power and memory requirements of the proposed model,it is well suited to use with constrained small cells.An attacker cannot change the contents of data and generate a new Hashed Homomorphic Message Authentication Code(HHMAC)hash between transmissions since the HMAC function is generated using the shared secret.In this research,a chaotic sequence mapping based low overhead 1D Improved Logistic Map is used to secure“peer”to“peer”data transmission model using lightweight H-MAC(1D-LM-P2P-LHHMAC)is proposed with accurate intrusion detection.The proposed model is evaluated with the traditional models by considering various evaluation metrics like Vector Set Generation Accuracy Levels,Key Pair Generation Time Levels,Chaotic Map Accuracy Levels,Intrusion Detection Accuracy Levels,and the results represent that the proposed model performance in chaotic map accuracy level is 98%and intrusion detection is 98.2%.The proposed model is compared with the traditional models and the results represent that the proposed model secure data transmission levels are high.展开更多
This paper focuses on boosting the performance of small cell networks(SCNs)by integrating multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)and nonorthogonal multiple access(NOMA)in consideration of imperfect channel-state informat...This paper focuses on boosting the performance of small cell networks(SCNs)by integrating multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)and nonorthogonal multiple access(NOMA)in consideration of imperfect channel-state information(CSI).The estimation error and the spatial randomness of base stations(BSs)are characterized by using Kronecker model and Poisson point process(PPP),respectively.The outage probabilities of MIMO-NOMA enhanced SCNs are first derived in closed-form by taking into account two grouping policies,including random grouping and distance-based grouping.It is revealed that the average outage probabilities are irrelevant to the intensity of BSs in the interference-limited regime,while the outage performance deteriorates if the intensity is sufficiently low.Besides,as the channel uncertainty lessens,the asymptotic analyses manifest that the target rates must be restricted up to a bound to achieve an arbitrarily low outage probability in the absence of the inter-cell interference.Moreover,highly correlated estimation error ameliorates the outage performance under a low quality of CSI,otherwise it behaves oppositely.Afterwards,the goodput is maximized by choosing appropriate precoding matrix,receiver filters and transmission rates.In the end,the numerical results verify our analysis and corroborate the superiority of our proposed algorithm.展开更多
Cache-enabled small cell networks have been regarded as a promising approach for network operators to cope with the explosive data traffic growth in future 5 G networks. However, the user association and resource allo...Cache-enabled small cell networks have been regarded as a promising approach for network operators to cope with the explosive data traffic growth in future 5 G networks. However, the user association and resource allocation mechanism has not been thoroughly studied under given content placement situation. In this paper, we formulate the joint optimization problem of user association and resource allocation as a mixed integer nonlinear programming(MINLP) problem aiming at deriving a balance between the total utility of data rates and the total data rates retrieved from caches. To solve this problem, we propose a distributed relaxing-rounding method. Simulation results demonstrate that the distributed relaxing-rounding method outperforms traditional max-SINR method and range-expansion method in terms of both total utility of data rates and total data rates retrieved from caches in practical scenarios. In addition, effects of storage and backhaul capacities on the performance are also studied.展开更多
Switch policy is essential for small cells to properly serve variable number of users in an energy efficient way.However,frequently switching small cell base stations(SBSs) may increase the network operating cost,espe...Switch policy is essential for small cells to properly serve variable number of users in an energy efficient way.However,frequently switching small cell base stations(SBSs) may increase the network operating cost,especially when there is an nonnegligible start-up energy cost.To this end,by observing the variety of user number,we focus on the design of a switch policy which minimize the cumulative energy consumption.A given user transmission rate is guaranteed and the capability of SBSs are limited as well.According to the knowledge on user number variety,we classify the energy consumption problem into two cases.In complete information case,to minimize the cumulative energy consumption,an offline solution is proposed according to critical segments.A heuristic algorithm for incomplete information case(HAIIC) is proposed by tracking the difference of cumulative energy consumption.The upper bound of the Energy Consumption Ratio(ECR) for HAIIC is derived as well.In addition,a practical Q-learning based probabilistic policy is proposed.Simulation results show that the proposed HAIIC algorithm is able to save energy efficiently.展开更多
Recent years have witnessed a huge demand for ubiquitous communications services from continuously moving users. In order to provide seamless network services to high-mobility users, one of the promising solution prop...Recent years have witnessed a huge demand for ubiquitous communications services from continuously moving users. In order to provide seamless network services to high-mobility users, one of the promising solution proposed by 3 GPP is the deployment of moving-relays. In this article, we introduce the concept of Moving-Personal-Cell(mPC), which is a type of moving-relays. mPC is a user-centric network, which aims to provide reliable network services to moving users. A mPC receives data-traffic from eNB and its neighboring mPCs via wireless backhaul and sidehual links respectively and forwards the received data to its serving users. In addition to this, mPC can also increase the network capacity by caching and distributing the popular contents to its serving users. Besides these pros, the mPC also has some limitations, as its performance is highly affected by cross-tier and co-tier interferences. In this article, we analyze the effect of these interferences on mPCs performance. Our results show that the performance of mPC network is equally affected by the capacity of wireless backhaul, sidehaul, and access links. Moreover, since mPCs accommodate data traffic from wireless backhaul, sidehaul links, and content cache, their performance is also affected by the ratio of data-traffic delivered via these links.展开更多
We analyze fluorescence due to oxidizing activity of DNA in neutrophils of peripheral blood in the large populations ~104 - 105 of cells. Fluorescence is registered by flow cytometry method. Spatial resolution is abou...We analyze fluorescence due to oxidizing activity of DNA in neutrophils of peripheral blood in the large populations ~104 - 105 of cells. Fluorescence is registered by flow cytometry method. Spatial resolution is about a few nanometers for varied complex three-dimensional (3D) DNA nanostructures of all non-coding and coding parts of DNA. It’s shown that oxidative activity of all 3D DNA in the full set of chromosomes inside cells is defined by new standards for complex networks of “exponentially small worlds”, with more dense packing than in the well known networks of “small worlds”. Analysis of various blood samples in vivo and during medical treatment shown that only two classes of Good and Bad Networks of DNA for a good and a bad health existed. This division is defined by any network to one from two classes of “n” or “s” shaped curves for typical deviations and from straight line in perfect networks of “exponentially small worlds”, as for two types of hysteresis curves at phase transitions or at switching of bistability. These deviations coincide with two types of positive and negative trends of changing fractal dimension by changing the scales of multi-scale networks of fluorescing DNA. These trends give the overall assessments of human immunity, including hidden and unidentified diseases, and as a sum of all kinds of health and illness of given person, from the point of view the inner life of neutrophils, living in different parts of human body in given time. Characteristics of deviations associated with type, level and complexity of illness in the dependence on展开更多
本文介绍了LTE Small Cell的基本概念,组网方式,主要应用和为LTE网络带来的收益,分析了Small Cell实际部署中所面临的主要问题和挑战,并针对性论述了解决问题所采用的关键技术和解决方案。重点描述了宏微干扰协同eICIC技术、时钟同步、...本文介绍了LTE Small Cell的基本概念,组网方式,主要应用和为LTE网络带来的收益,分析了Small Cell实际部署中所面临的主要问题和挑战,并针对性论述了解决问题所采用的关键技术和解决方案。重点描述了宏微干扰协同eICIC技术、时钟同步、回程网络、网络规划以及SON自组织网络等解决方案。展开更多
文摘Wireless Network security management is difficult because of the ever-increasing number of wireless network malfunctions,vulnerabilities,and assaults.Complex security systems,such as Intrusion Detection Systems(IDS),are essential due to the limitations of simpler security measures,such as cryptography and firewalls.Due to their compact nature and low energy reserves,wireless networks present a significant challenge for security procedures.The features of small cells can cause threats to the network.Network Coding(NC)enabled small cells are vulnerable to various types of attacks.Avoiding attacks and performing secure“peer”to“peer”data transmission is a challenging task in small cells.Due to the low power and memory requirements of the proposed model,it is well suited to use with constrained small cells.An attacker cannot change the contents of data and generate a new Hashed Homomorphic Message Authentication Code(HHMAC)hash between transmissions since the HMAC function is generated using the shared secret.In this research,a chaotic sequence mapping based low overhead 1D Improved Logistic Map is used to secure“peer”to“peer”data transmission model using lightweight H-MAC(1D-LM-P2P-LHHMAC)is proposed with accurate intrusion detection.The proposed model is evaluated with the traditional models by considering various evaluation metrics like Vector Set Generation Accuracy Levels,Key Pair Generation Time Levels,Chaotic Map Accuracy Levels,Intrusion Detection Accuracy Levels,and the results represent that the proposed model performance in chaotic map accuracy level is 98%and intrusion detection is 98.2%.The proposed model is compared with the traditional models and the results represent that the proposed model secure data transmission levels are high.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2017YFE0120600in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 61801192,62171200,and 61801246+7 种基金in part by Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation under Grant 2019A1515012136in part by Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province under Grant 1808085MF164in part by the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province under Grants 2018B010114002 and 2019B010137006in part by the Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR(File no.0036/2019/A1 and File no.SKL-IOTSC2021-2023)in part by the Hong Kong Presidents Advisory Committee on Research and Development(PACRD)under Project No.2020/1.6in part by Qinglan Project of University of Jiangsu Provincein part by the Research Committee of University of Macao under Grant MYRG2018-00156-FSTin part by 2018 Guangzhou Leading Innovation Team Program(China)under Grant 201909010006。
文摘This paper focuses on boosting the performance of small cell networks(SCNs)by integrating multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)and nonorthogonal multiple access(NOMA)in consideration of imperfect channel-state information(CSI).The estimation error and the spatial randomness of base stations(BSs)are characterized by using Kronecker model and Poisson point process(PPP),respectively.The outage probabilities of MIMO-NOMA enhanced SCNs are first derived in closed-form by taking into account two grouping policies,including random grouping and distance-based grouping.It is revealed that the average outage probabilities are irrelevant to the intensity of BSs in the interference-limited regime,while the outage performance deteriorates if the intensity is sufficiently low.Besides,as the channel uncertainty lessens,the asymptotic analyses manifest that the target rates must be restricted up to a bound to achieve an arbitrarily low outage probability in the absence of the inter-cell interference.Moreover,highly correlated estimation error ameliorates the outage performance under a low quality of CSI,otherwise it behaves oppositely.Afterwards,the goodput is maximized by choosing appropriate precoding matrix,receiver filters and transmission rates.In the end,the numerical results verify our analysis and corroborate the superiority of our proposed algorithm.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants No. 61371087 and 61531013The Research Fund of Ministry of Education-China Mobile (MCM20150102)
文摘Cache-enabled small cell networks have been regarded as a promising approach for network operators to cope with the explosive data traffic growth in future 5 G networks. However, the user association and resource allocation mechanism has not been thoroughly studied under given content placement situation. In this paper, we formulate the joint optimization problem of user association and resource allocation as a mixed integer nonlinear programming(MINLP) problem aiming at deriving a balance between the total utility of data rates and the total data rates retrieved from caches. To solve this problem, we propose a distributed relaxing-rounding method. Simulation results demonstrate that the distributed relaxing-rounding method outperforms traditional max-SINR method and range-expansion method in terms of both total utility of data rates and total data rates retrieved from caches in practical scenarios. In addition, effects of storage and backhaul capacities on the performance are also studied.
基金partially supported by National Key Project of China under Grants No. 2013ZX03001007-004National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants No. 61102052,61325012,61271219,91438115 and 61221001
文摘Switch policy is essential for small cells to properly serve variable number of users in an energy efficient way.However,frequently switching small cell base stations(SBSs) may increase the network operating cost,especially when there is an nonnegligible start-up energy cost.To this end,by observing the variety of user number,we focus on the design of a switch policy which minimize the cumulative energy consumption.A given user transmission rate is guaranteed and the capability of SBSs are limited as well.According to the knowledge on user number variety,we classify the energy consumption problem into two cases.In complete information case,to minimize the cumulative energy consumption,an offline solution is proposed according to critical segments.A heuristic algorithm for incomplete information case(HAIIC) is proposed by tracking the difference of cumulative energy consumption.The upper bound of the Energy Consumption Ratio(ECR) for HAIIC is derived as well.In addition,a practical Q-learning based probabilistic policy is proposed.Simulation results show that the proposed HAIIC algorithm is able to save energy efficiently.
基金supported by Institute for Information and communications Technology Promotion(IITP)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIP)(No.R0101-15-244,Development of 5G Mobile Communication Technologies for Hyperconnected smart services)
文摘Recent years have witnessed a huge demand for ubiquitous communications services from continuously moving users. In order to provide seamless network services to high-mobility users, one of the promising solution proposed by 3 GPP is the deployment of moving-relays. In this article, we introduce the concept of Moving-Personal-Cell(mPC), which is a type of moving-relays. mPC is a user-centric network, which aims to provide reliable network services to moving users. A mPC receives data-traffic from eNB and its neighboring mPCs via wireless backhaul and sidehual links respectively and forwards the received data to its serving users. In addition to this, mPC can also increase the network capacity by caching and distributing the popular contents to its serving users. Besides these pros, the mPC also has some limitations, as its performance is highly affected by cross-tier and co-tier interferences. In this article, we analyze the effect of these interferences on mPCs performance. Our results show that the performance of mPC network is equally affected by the capacity of wireless backhaul, sidehaul, and access links. Moreover, since mPCs accommodate data traffic from wireless backhaul, sidehaul links, and content cache, their performance is also affected by the ratio of data-traffic delivered via these links.
文摘We analyze fluorescence due to oxidizing activity of DNA in neutrophils of peripheral blood in the large populations ~104 - 105 of cells. Fluorescence is registered by flow cytometry method. Spatial resolution is about a few nanometers for varied complex three-dimensional (3D) DNA nanostructures of all non-coding and coding parts of DNA. It’s shown that oxidative activity of all 3D DNA in the full set of chromosomes inside cells is defined by new standards for complex networks of “exponentially small worlds”, with more dense packing than in the well known networks of “small worlds”. Analysis of various blood samples in vivo and during medical treatment shown that only two classes of Good and Bad Networks of DNA for a good and a bad health existed. This division is defined by any network to one from two classes of “n” or “s” shaped curves for typical deviations and from straight line in perfect networks of “exponentially small worlds”, as for two types of hysteresis curves at phase transitions or at switching of bistability. These deviations coincide with two types of positive and negative trends of changing fractal dimension by changing the scales of multi-scale networks of fluorescing DNA. These trends give the overall assessments of human immunity, including hidden and unidentified diseases, and as a sum of all kinds of health and illness of given person, from the point of view the inner life of neutrophils, living in different parts of human body in given time. Characteristics of deviations associated with type, level and complexity of illness in the dependence on
文摘本文介绍了LTE Small Cell的基本概念,组网方式,主要应用和为LTE网络带来的收益,分析了Small Cell实际部署中所面临的主要问题和挑战,并针对性论述了解决问题所采用的关键技术和解决方案。重点描述了宏微干扰协同eICIC技术、时钟同步、回程网络、网络规划以及SON自组织网络等解决方案。
