Empirical Formalism for the Phantom Scatter Factor of Small Fields: Using Different Density Media

We present the Empirical Formula (EF) to calculate the phantom scatter factor, Sp, of small radiation fields under charge particle dis-equilibrium conditions. The Empirical Formula (EF) was verified by examining the calculated data with experimentally measured data utilizing the anthropomorphic phantom in twelve different combinations of beam entry and point location, where the value for Sp per tissue composition was within 3% in 8/12 cases, 5% in 1/12 cases, and 10% in 3/12 cases. Our results showed a good agreement with experimental data to less than 1% when the ion chamber was surrounded by the homogeneous tissue, whether lung, soft tissue, or bone. Indicating that the prediction of the equation is valid, and it can be reliably used for phantom scatter factor calculation for different homogeneous media under charge particle dis- equilibrium conditions.

Monte-Carlo simulation of pinhole collimator of a small field of view gamma camera for small animal imaging

Needs in scintimammography applications,especially for small animal cardiac imaging,lead to develop a small field of view,high spatial resolution gamma camera with a pinhole collimator.However the ideal pinhole collimator must keep a compromise between spatial resolution and sensitivity.In order to design a pinhole collimator with an optimized sensitivity and spatial resolution,the spatial resolution and the geometric sensitivity response as a function of the source to collimator distance has been obtained by means of Monte-Carlo simulation for a small field of view gamma camera with a pinhole collimator of various-hole diameters.The results show that the camera with pinhole of 1 mm,1.5 mm and 2 mm diameter has respectively spatial resolution of 1.5 mm,2.25 mm and 3 mm and geometric sensitivity of 0.016%,0.022%and 0.036%,while the source to collimator distance is 3 cm.We chose the pinhole collimator with hole diameter size of 1.2 mm for our the gamma camera designed based on the trade-off between sensitivity and resolution.

The Impact of Small Field’s Off-Set on Output Factor in Intensity Modulated Radiation Treatment

In intensity modulated radiation treatment (IMRT) planning, the use of asymmetrically collimated fields that are placed on central axis or its off-set is mostly required. Output is the main topic discussed today for extremely small and/or severe irregularly shaped fields. The air scatter data are involved directly or indirectly in obtaining the output. Despite the fact that extensive data have been published in many studies to provide a guide on the magnitude of output factor for clinical accelerators, there are very few data reviewed about output factor in-air or phantom for off-set fields. This study was aimed to investigate the impact of these conditions for small fields. This study was conducted in Elekta Synergy linear accelerator which produces 6 MV X-ray energy. The in-air output factor (Sc) has been measured by CC04 ion chamber with brass-alloy “build-up” cap and Dose-1 electrometer, and the total output (Scp) measurements were carried on at dose maximum depth in phantom by the same chamber and Thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD) for 1 - 10 cm2 fields. The all measurements at center of isocenter and off-set fields at three directions (X2, Y1, Diagonal) were done. By decreasing field size from 10 to 2 cm2 at isocenter, the Sc value using CC04 was decreased to 5.4% and Scp using CC04 and TLD to 14.5% and 11% respectively. By increasing off-set value, the Sc and Scp values were increased in all directions comparing to central fields. The maximum increase was obtained in Y1 direction for Sc and Scp. TLD results for Scp is slightly higher than CC04. The dosimetric properties of small fields and their off-set should be evaluated and modelled appropriately in the treatment planning system to ensure accurate dose calculation in Intensity Modulated Radiation Treatment.

Source mechanism of small-moderate earth- quakes and tectonic stress field in Yunnan Province

In the paper, source mechanisms of 33 small-moderate earthquakes occurred in Yunnan are determined by modeling of regional waveforms from Yunnan digital seismic network. The result shows that most earthquakes occurred within or near the Chuandian rhombic block have strike-slip mechanism. The orientations of maximum compressive stresses obtained from source mechanism are changed from NNW-SSN to NS in the areas from north to south of the block, and tensile stresses are mainly in ENE-WSW or NE-SE. In the eastern Tibetan Plateau, the orientations of maximum compressive stress radiate toward outside from the plateau, and the tensile stress orientations mostly parallel to arc structures. Near 28N the orientations of both maximum compressive stress and tensile stress changed greatly, and the boundary seems to correspond to the southwestern extended line of Longmenshan fault. Outside of the Chuandian rhombic block, the orientations of P and T axes are some different from those within the block. The comparison shows that the source mechanism of small-moderate events presented in the paper is consistence with that of moderate-strong earthquakes determined by Harvard University, which means the source mechanism of small-moderate events can be used to study the tectonic stress field in this region.

Source mechanism of small-moderate earthquakes and tectonic stress field in Yunnan Province

In the paper, source mechanisms of 33 small-moderate earthquakes occurred in Yunnan are determined by modeling of regional waveforms from Yunnan digital seismic network. The result shows that most earthquakes occurred within or near the Chuandian rhombic block have strike-slip mechanism. The orientations of maximum compressive stresses obtained from source mechanism are changed from NNW-SSN to NS in the areas from north to south of the block, and tensile stresses are mainly in ENE-WSW or NE-SE. In the eastern Tibetan Plateau, the orientations of maximum compressive stress radiate toward outside from the plateau, and the tensile stress orientations mostly parallel to arc structures. Near 28N the orientations of both maximum compressive stress and tensile stress changed greatly, and the boundary seems to correspond to the southwestern extended line of Longmenshan fault. Outside of the Chuandian rhombic block, the orientations of P and T axes are some different from those within the block. The comparison shows that the source mechanism of small-moderate events presented in the paper is consistence with that of moderate-strong earthquakes determined by Harvard University, which means the source mechanism of small-moderate events can be used to study the tectonic stress field in this region.

Small Scale Field Experiment on Breaking Wave Pressure on Vertical Breakwaters

A small scale field experiment (SSFE) was performed on vertical breakwaters in the surf zone. The following are some of the findings. Wind seas may yield breaking wave pressure notwithstanding some large deepwater wave steepness, and small elevation of the wall above the mean water level. Caisson breakwaters can withstand some exceptionally high impulsive force peaks (even twice the weight in still water);whereas, with the same sea state and weight, a breakwater composed of layers of solid concrete blocks is destroyed.

THE NEAR TIP FIELDS AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION AROUND A CRACK IN A BODY OF HARDENING MATERIAL CONTAINING SMALL DAMAGE

In this paper, the following conclusions are reached: The influence of damage on the stress and strain feilds can be neglected in an asymptotic sense for the solutions of damage field in a plastic solid containing small damage. The formulation of the problem is simplified with an uncoupled approach. Based on experimental results of plastic damage, most of the damage in the material are con- sidered as small damage with the critacal damage variable ω_c<<1. Using this approach, closed form ex- pressions of the near tip damage fields for mode Ⅲ, mode I and the temperature distribution induced by plastic dissipation in a hardening material containing damage are deduced. We point out that the temperature distribution in the process zone is strongly dependent on the damage of materials even for the small damage case. The results of the predicted value of the temperature rise near the tip region ignoring the damage effect is appreciably higher than the observed data. The main reason of this discrepancy is the presence of damage dissipation and the fact that its influence on the calculation of plas- tic dissipation have not been appropriately taken account of. The calculation is improved by taking in- to account the damage effect on the temperature rise, then the T_(max) value is in better accord with the experimental value.

Small-scale area survey and analysis of Xinjiang's coal field fire in China

In this paper, Xinjiang's coal field is selected as the investigation area. Through a series of field surveys in Xinjiang, we made the small-scale area analysis of coal field fire using the ground remote sensing technique, and presented the reasonable evaluation of thermal anomaly conditions of Xinjiang's coal field arising from coal self-ignition fires. The results show that the method of small-scale area analysis is available for examining the extinguished actuality of coal fires and detecting fire spots. Therefore, for the selected fire-extinguished coal field in Xinjiang, the fire extinguishing effect was effectively analyzed by the means, and the new hidden thermal dangers were sought and diagnosed. For the coal field where the fire has not been extinguished, the utilization of this means approximately identified the severity and range of the fire area, and provided the quantitative and ground references for extinguish engineering.

薄层小视野非压脂T2WI联合DWI对宫颈癌术前分期的价值

目的:探讨薄层小视野非压脂T2WI联合弥散加权成像(DWI)技术对宫颈癌术前MRI分期诊断的准确性。方法:126例经活检证实的宫颈癌患者纳入研究,术前MRI检查采用薄层小视野非压脂T2WI及DWI序列,以术后病理为对照,计算术前MRI分期的特异度、灵敏度、阴性预测值(NPV)、阳性预测值(PPV)和准确度。采用Kappa检验分析宫颈癌术前MRI分期与术后病理的一致性。结果:MRI分期ⅠB1、ⅠB2、ⅠB3、ⅡA1、ⅡA2和ⅢC1分别为23例、36例、18例、25例、17例和7例,病理分期ⅠB1、ⅠB2、ⅠB3、ⅡA1、ⅡA2和ⅢC1分别为21例、38例、15例、24例、18例和10例。MRI对于宫颈癌ⅠB1、ⅠB2、ⅠB3、ⅡA1、ⅡA2和ⅢC1分期的准确度分别为98.41%、100%、97.62%、94.44%、89.68%和94.44%,总准确度为95.77%,与病理结果有较好的一致性(Kappa值=0.842,P<0.001)。结论:薄层小视野非压脂T2WI联合DWI对宫颈癌术前分期的诊断效能较高,具有临床推广价值。

微分求积法分析碳纳米管磁流体输送系统的稳定性

基于磁流体动力学方程及非局部欧拉-伯努利(Euler-Bernoulli)梁模型,建立了轴向磁场作用下单壁碳纳米管磁流体输送系统的振动微分方程.应用微分求积法(DQM),在固支边界条件下,求解此高阶偏微分方程,着重研究管内磁流体效应、轴向磁场、小尺度参数(磁流体克努森数Kn与碳纳米管小尺度系数)对该系统振动与失稳特性的影响.数值计算结果表明,轴向磁场提升系统刚度及系统稳定性,而小尺度参数降低系统稳定性.更重要的是,固支边界系统中磁流体在磁场作用下,降低输送系统的刚度,但能提升输送系统的稳定性.

“Eternal Motion” as a “Form of Movement of a Special Nature” and the Main Condition for the Creation of the Universe

The article hypothesizes that DE and DM (UCM) are a “Form of Motion of a Special Nature”, where “Form of Motion” means “Eternal Motion” as the power of dynamics of different levels and varying degrees of self-sufficiency, and by “Special Nature”, gravitational and two other properties of matter, “tied” to the “Eternal Movement” and completely dependent on it. Carriers of key properties of a “Special Nature” have been established: “0”-DE particles and “3”-DM particles (UDM). The unity of their inherent “motionally-gravitational” properties and the peculiarity of the relationship between “motion” and “gravity” are revealed: the higher the intensity of “Eternal Motion”, the stronger the gravitational properties of matter are manifested (and vice versa). The relationship of “time” with the “vibration frequency” and the “mass” of photons with the “degree of bonding and deformation properties of the field” is shown. The maximum level of gravity has been determined, which allows Nature to successfully create the Universe: such a landmark is the proximity to the property of the Primary Source—the “pure graviton” of the OSP space, the most powerful “motionally-gravitational” particle of the Universe. The reasons for the emergence of such an identity of the gravitational properties of particles with the indicators of a “pure graviton” are established: for “0”-DE particles, this is the acquisition of the function of “freedom of movement”;for “3”-DM particles (UDM), the creation of a special structure—a “double field” (“Main” and “Small”). The presence in the “double field” of specific “tools” for the creation of the worlds of the Universe—gravitational “waves” gives rise to impulses (shocks) of varying intensity and shape. A list of functions performed by “waves” in the “Main” and “Small” fields has been compiled. The specific conditions for the formation of “UDM Streams”, their transformation into a “Vortex” and, under the influence of a powerful Initial Impulse (push), sending them to the “place” of the creation of galaxies, are shown. It is suggested that there is a “Cycle of Matter in Nature” in the closed structure of our Universe due to the “work” of “waves” and the functioning of special “factories” in the form of exotic space objects—Black holes.

Evaluation of traumatic retinopathy with ultra-wide field imaging under corneal scar or fixed small pupil

AIM： To evaluate the value of ultra-wide field（UWF） imaging in the management of traumatic retinopathy under the condition of corneal scar or fixed small pupil after complicated ocular trauma. METHODS： Twenty-eight patients（28 eyes） with complicated ocular trauma were enrolled in the study from June 2016 to May 2017, including 19 males and 9 females with age ranged from 11 to 64（43.42±12.62）y. All patients were treated with secondary vitrectomy after emergency operation for wound repair of open ocular trauma. Direct ophthalmoscopy and 45-degree fundus photography were taken at each time point of follow up for comparison of findings with UWF images. Routine eye examination including visual acuity, intraocular pressure, slit lamp examination were performed and analyzed as well.RESULTS： Among the 28 traumatized eyes, the positive rate for identification of traumatic retinopathed was 32.1%（9 cases）, 14.9%（5 cases）, and 85.7%（24 cases） with direct ophthalmoscopy, 45-degree fundus photography, and UWF imaging, respectively. The detective rate of UWF imaging under the condition of corneal scar or fixed small pupil was statistically greater than that of 45-degree fundus photography and direct ophthalmoscopy（Bonferroni correction, P〈0.001）. UWF image was obtained in 19 eyes with opaque corneal scar, otherwise their fundus could not be seen by conventional methods. The additional findings of traumatic retinopathies by UWF imaging included periretinal membranes or pre-retinal proliferating strip, retinal holes, hemorrhage in the vitreous or sub-retinal space.CONCLUSION： UWF imaging is superior to traditional fundus photography in the evaluation of traumatic retinopathies under the condition of corneal scar or fixed small pupil after complicated ocular trauma.

ZOOMit IVIM-DWI与DKI在鉴别肺癌不同病理类型中的应用价值

目的探讨小视野体素内不相干运动扩散成像(ZOOMit IVIM-DWI)与扩散峰度成像(DKI)的定量参数在区分肺癌不同病理类型中的应用价值。方法选取在山东省立医院经病理证实的95例肺癌患者为观察对象,按照细胞类型将其分为小细胞肺癌(SCLC)和非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)两组,NSCLC组79例,包括腺癌57例,鳞癌22例,SCLC组16例。纳入的患者术前均具有完整的影像学资料,经手术或穿刺活检获取病理结果。术前行ZOOMit IVIM-DWI及DKI序列扫描,人工勾画感兴趣区,比较肺癌不同病理类型的真实扩散系数(D值)、假扩散系数(D*值)、灌注分数(f值)、平均扩散峰度(MK值)、平均扩散系数(MD值)差异,采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)评价各参数的诊断效能。结果NSCLC的D值、f值、MD值大于SCLC,MK值小于SCLC,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),各参数鉴别诊断效能曲线下面积大于0.700(P<0.05),其中IVIM-DWI的D值、DKI的MD值分别为0.903、0.912(P<0.001);而腺癌与鳞癌之间各参数值的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。IVIM-DWI的D*值在肺癌常见病理类型的鉴别中,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论ZOOMit IVIM-DWI与DKI在鉴别肺癌病理类型中有一定应用价值,其中DKI的MD值与ZOOMit IVIM-DWI的D值诊断效能高于其它定量参数,并且DKI的MD值的诊断特异性最高。

立体定向放射治疗小射野探测器研究进展

由于侧向带电粒子平衡的缺失、主光子源的遮挡,以及在小射野测量中可以选择的探测器有限,对现代放射治疗技术进行小野剂量学测定提出诸多挑战,这些挑战极大影响了剂量学的准确性。过量辐射事故表明对小野剂量学测定的适当方法了解不足。本综述介绍了目前适合在小野剂量学测量中应用的各类型探测器,包括微型电离室、半导体探测器、金刚石探测器、塑料闪烁体探测器、放射变色胶片、热释光探测器、放射光致发光玻璃探测器、光受激发光探测器、聚合物凝胶剂量计,为物理师在选择小野探测器时提供参考。

磁场中加速器小野X线射束在非均匀模体中的剂量沉积特性研究

目的利用蒙特卡洛模拟方法研究磁场中加速器输出的小野X线射束在非均匀模体中的剂量沉积特性。方法使用通用蒙卡程序EGSnrc并结合Varian官方提供的相空间文件搭建TrueBeam 6 MV机头模型,在源皮距为100 cm处分别模拟10 cm×10 cm的常规野和2 cm×2 cm的小野。先模拟常规野在均匀水模体中的能量沉积以验证模型的正确性,再模拟小野分别在非均匀的水-肺-水模体和水-骨-水模体中的能量沉积,在空间中添加与射束方向正交的1.5 T静态磁场后再进行模拟,最后分析剂量沉积特性。结果常规野的结果显示,无磁场时,Dmax深度为1.5 cm;磁场存在时,建成区缩短且Dmax深度前移至1.1 cm。小野的结果显示,磁场的存在导致原本的剂量沉积特性反转:水-肺-水模体中,两个交界面处分别有36.92%和-36.44%的剂量改变;水-骨-水模体中,两个交界面处分别有-11.17%和10.89%的剂量改变。结论磁场的存在会使加速器输出的小野射束在模体中的剂量沉积情况发生较大程度改变,特别是在非均匀介质的交界处。

农户承包地“小田并大田”改革中的法律风险及其应对

“小田并大田”是针对现实中承包地细碎化问题而实施的改革措施,对于优化土地资源配置、提高耕地利用效率和保障农户承包经营权益意义颇大。但“小田并大田”改革也面临着土地权属、流转合同、流转收益分配等方面的法律风险。为确保“小田并大田”改革在法治轨道内进行,并最大程度化解法律风险,应着重从法治底线和疏解路径两个层面采取应对措施。一方面,应当坚持农村土地集体所有、农村基本经营制度、保障集体成员权益的基本法治底线;另一方面,应当发挥农村集体经济组织“统”的功能,保持土地承包关系稳定并长久不变,依法规范土地经营权流转行为,确保集体成员公正合理地分配集体收益并构建多元化的承包地纠纷解决机制。

r-fov IVIM与r-fov DWI模型参数早期预测乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效价值的比较

目的 比较磁共振小视野体素不相干运动扩散加权成像(reduced field of view,intravoxel incoherent motion,r-fov IVIM)及小视野常规扩散加权成像(reduced field of view,diffusion weighted imaging,r-fov DWI)模型参数预测乳腺侵润性导管癌新辅助化疗疗效的价值。方法 前瞻性选取28例单侧乳腺浸润性导管癌患者,收集化疗前、化疗2周期后乳腺r-fov IVIM模型参数真性扩散系数(Dt),假性扩散系数(Dp),灌注分数(f);r-fov DWI参数表观扩散系数(ADC)。根据术后病理结果分为组织学非显著反应组13人,组织学显著反应组15人;采用SPSS 25.0对数据进行处理,比较NAC前和化疗2个周期后两组间的参数值差异。绘制受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic,ROO曲线分析以上参数对新辅助化疗疗效的预测价值。结果NAC2周期后ADC值,NAC2周期后与NAC前参数差值ΔADC、ΔDt值,三者的曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)最大(0.951 VS 0.914、0.914),预测MHR组的效能高;NAC2周期后的Dt值,预测MHR组的效能较好(AUC=0.827)。结论 NAC2周期后,r-fov DWI模型参数ADC值和r-fov IVIM模型参数Dt值越高,且较NAC前升高程度越大,新辅助化疗结束后越容易获得较好的疗效;其中,以NAC2周期后,r-fovDWI模型参数ADC值的预测效能最高,应作为乳腺癌浸润性导管癌临床治疗过程中,新辅助化疗反应评估的主要参考参数。

高密度立交出入口车辆纵向运行特性

为明确车辆在高密度互通立交主线入口、出口以及连接段的纵向运行速度特征,在重庆市选取了5座立交为研究对象,开展了47名驾驶员的小客车实车驾驶试验。通过speedbox和mobileye等实验仪器采集的数据,包括车辆运行速度、纵向加速度等,对数据进行处理并按入口、出口及连接段分类提取数据,绘制出对应的速度曲线图,以明确车辆在高密度互通立交出入口以及连接段的纵向运行特性。分析结果表明:入口处速度趋势有两类,平行式入口是上升-平稳,直接式入口是持续上升,平行式入口速度均值高于直接式,平行式入口速度标准差小于直接式;不同类型入口对驾驶人的加速操作选择具有一定影响;平行式入口在纵向加速度均值上较直接式入口低;出口处速度分布整体呈平稳下降趋势,平行式的运行速度均值低于直接式,但速度标准差却更高;出口速度变化特征点受驾驶人在主线出口减速偏好性影响;平行式出口减速度最大值与均值均大于直接式;相邻立交净距较短时,连接段的速度变化较为平缓,并且不同驾驶人的速度幅值比较接近;而常规净距的相邻立交,连接段的速度波动性大且离散。研究成果为高密度互通立交出入口及连接段的安全性评价以及安全改善提供了理论支撑以及基础数据支撑。

小井眼超深井井筒温度预测模型及降温方法研究

顺北区块超深小井眼钻井井底高温问题突出,明确井筒温度场分布规律并探讨高效降温方法对于保障该地区钻井安全具有重要工程意义。文章基于超深小井眼钻井工艺,综合考虑钻井液黏性耗散、钻柱偏心和旋转及钻头破岩等多种热源项对井筒温度的影响,建立了适用于小井眼超深井的井筒瞬态传热模型,并提出针对性的降温方法,然后采用MWD实测数据及商业软件Drillbench进行对比验证,本模型预测值与随钻数据更为吻合,误差在2%以内;钻柱隔热可降低井底温度33℃,钻井提速、增加排量等其它方法可使井底温度降低3~10℃,采用地面降温法的降温效率呈现显著的边际递减效应,即井越深其降温能力越有限。针对单一降温方法降温效果不够显著,建议综合多种降温方法有效降低井筒温度。本研究成果可为小井眼超深井的井筒温度准确预测和降温方法优选提供理论指导。

四川盆地中部地区震旦系大型碳酸盐岩气藏开发技术新进展

四川盆地中部地区(以下简称川中地区)震旦系灯影组气藏为大型古老深层岩溶风化壳型碳酸盐岩气藏,气藏整体表现为低孔隙度低渗透率,储集空间小尺度缝洞发育,储层非均质性强特征,气藏开发面临储层表征难、井位部署和效益开发难度大等系列挑战。为此,以川中地区安岳气田灯影组气藏为对象,通过地质工程一体技术化攻关,深化了对储层发育特征和成因机理的认识,提出了气藏开发新模式,创建形成了气藏高效开发的关键技术。研究结果表明:①灯影组储层主要为岩溶成因储层,具有“叠合岩溶差异控储”的发育特征;②岩溶储层非均质性强,“溶蚀相成因控储”可精细刻画储层的非均质性;③灯影组气藏宜采用“单井指标叠加论证气藏规模”的开发新模式;④创新形成了“双界面”岩溶古地貌恢复及定量刻画方法,并指导平面选区,其中Ⅰ+Ⅱ类井比例由评价期的40%提高到方案建设期的100%;⑤创建了小尺度缝洞识别、刻画及表征技术,并指导钻井轨迹设计,测试百万立方米气井比例由开发评价期的41.6%提高到建产期的60%;⑥配套完善了分段酸压工艺技术,高效动用了优质储层,并解放了低品位储层,储层渗透率由改造前的0.62 mD提高到酸压改造后的6.77 mD。结论认为,“十四五”期间,在上述开发技术的支持下,安岳气田由台缘带灯四段高效开发转向长期稳产和台内地区多层系效益开发,蓬莱含气区由单井高产转向区块高产和气藏规模建产,将强力支撑中国石油西南油气田公司“十四五”末天然气上产500×10^(8)m^(3)。