In 2000, a remote user authentication scheme using smart cards was proposed and the masquerade attacks were proved successful on this scheme. Recently, Kumar has suggested the idea of check digits to overcome the abov...In 2000, a remote user authentication scheme using smart cards was proposed and the masquerade attacks were proved successful on this scheme. Recently, Kumar has suggested the idea of check digits to overcome the above attacks with a new scheme that removes these threats well. In this paper it is pointed out that the weakness still exists in Kumar's scheme, and the intruder can login to the remote system through having some information. A new scheme which can overcome these attacks and appears more secure and efficient than Kumar's is presented.展开更多
Remote user authentication is essential in distributed network environment to protect unauthorized access of a networked system. However, most of those existing remote user authentication schemes have not provided the...Remote user authentication is essential in distributed network environment to protect unauthorized access of a networked system. However, most of those existing remote user authentication schemes have not provided the user identity anonymity, while user anonymity is particularly important in some practical applications. Therefore, based on self-encryption mechanism, a new remote user authentication scheme was proposed. The scheme not only has no need of maintaining a password table at the remote server, but also can protect the user’s anonymity.展开更多
In 2005, Liu et al. proposed an improvement to Chien et al.'s remote user authentication scheme, using smart cards, to prevent parallel session attack. This article, however, will demonstrate that Liu et al.'s schem...In 2005, Liu et al. proposed an improvement to Chien et al.'s remote user authentication scheme, using smart cards, to prevent parallel session attack. This article, however, will demonstrate that Liu et al.'s scheme is vulnerable to masquerading server attack and has the system's secret key forward secrecy problem. Therefore, an improved scheme with better security strength, by using counters instead of timestamps, is proposed. The proposed scheme does not only achieve their scheme's advantages, but also enhances its security by withstanding the weaknesses just mentioned.展开更多
Three user authentication schemes are proposed. The security of these new schemes is due to the used secure hash functions and the physically secure smart cards.
With the development of the Internet of Things(IoT)technique,sensitive information collected by sensors may be leaked.In recent years,many authentication schemes have been proposed.Banerjee et al proposed a biometric ...With the development of the Internet of Things(IoT)technique,sensitive information collected by sensors may be leaked.In recent years,many authentication schemes have been proposed.Banerjee et al proposed a biometric based user authentication scheme in wireless sensor networks using smart cards in 2019.But we found that Banerjee et al's authentication scheme is vulnerable to impersonation attacks.In order to overcome the weaknesses of Banerjee et al's scheme,we propose a new authentication scheme.In our proposed scheme,we only use the exclusive-or operation and one-way Hash function for the efficiency,which can reduce the computation burden for the IoT devices.In the authentication and session key agreement phase,the secret registration parameter is not used for the authentication,and the session key is given for the all entities.In the Devol-Yao threat model,the security analysis demonstrates that our proposed authentication scheme can resist well-known attacks.展开更多
With the broad implementations of the electronic business and government applications, robust system security and strong privacy protection have become essential requirements for remote user authentication schemes. Re...With the broad implementations of the electronic business and government applications, robust system security and strong privacy protection have become essential requirements for remote user authentication schemes. Recently, Chen et al. pointed out that Wang et al.'s scheme is vulnerable to the user impersonation attack and parallel session attack, and proposed an enhanced version to overcome the identified security flaws. In this paper, however, we show that Chen et al.'s scheme still cannot achieve the claimed security goals and report its following problems: (1) It suffers from the offline password guessing attack, key compromise impersonation attack and known key attack; (2) It fails to provide forward secrecy; (3) It is not easily repairable. As our main contribution, a robust dynamic ID-based scheme based on non-tamper resistance assumption of the smart cards is presented to cope with the aforementioned defects, while preserving the merits of different related schemes. The analysis demonstrates that our scheme meets all the proposed criteria and eliminates several grave security threats that are difficult to be tackled at the same time in previous scholarship.展开更多
Thirteen security requirements for an ideal password authentication scheme using smart cards are listed and a new smart card based password authentication scheme with identity anonymity is proposed. The new scheme can...Thirteen security requirements for an ideal password authentication scheme using smart cards are listed and a new smart card based password authentication scheme with identity anonymity is proposed. The new scheme can satisfy all the listed ideal security requirements and has the following merits: (1) it can resist all the attacks listed in introduction; (2) less storage memory requirement due to no verification table stored in server; (3) low computational cost due to hash functions based operations; (4) even if the smart card is lost, the new system is still secure; (5) As user identity is anonymous, this scheme is more practical. The new proposed scheme can be applied in source constraint networks.展开更多
The widespread and growing interest in the Internet of Things(IoT)may be attributed to its usefulness in many different fields.Physical settings are probed for data,which is then transferred via linked networks.There ...The widespread and growing interest in the Internet of Things(IoT)may be attributed to its usefulness in many different fields.Physical settings are probed for data,which is then transferred via linked networks.There are several hurdles to overcome when putting IoT into practice,from managing server infrastructure to coordinating the use of tiny sensors.When it comes to deploying IoT,everyone agrees that security is the biggest issue.This is due to the fact that a large number of IoT devices exist in the physicalworld and thatmany of themhave constrained resources such as electricity,memory,processing power,and square footage.This research intends to analyse resource-constrained IoT devices,including RFID tags,sensors,and smart cards,and the issues involved with protecting them in such restricted circumstances.Using lightweight cryptography,the information sent between these gadgets may be secured.In order to provide a holistic picture,this research evaluates and contrasts well-known algorithms based on their implementation cost,hardware/software efficiency,and attack resistance features.We also emphasised how essential lightweight encryption is for striking a good cost-to-performance-to-security ratio.展开更多
The fund budget of multipurpose transit smart card systems is studied by stochastic programming to assign limited funds to different applications reasonably. Under the constraints of a gross fund, models of chance-con...The fund budget of multipurpose transit smart card systems is studied by stochastic programming to assign limited funds to different applications reasonably. Under the constraints of a gross fund, models of chance-constrained and dependentchance for the fund budget of multipurpose transit smart card systems are established with application scale and social demand as random variables, respectively aiming to maximize earnings and satisfy the service requirements the furthest; and the genetic algorithm based on stochastic simulation is adopted for model solution. The calculation results show that the fund budget differs greatly with different system objectives which can cause the systems to have distinct expansibilities, and the application scales of some applications may not satisfy user demands with limited funds. The analysis results indicate that the forecast of application scales and application future demands should be done first, and then the system objective is determined according to the system mission, which can help reduce the risks of fund budgets.展开更多
The advent of the big data era has provided many types of transportation datasets,such as metro smart card data,for studying residents’mobility and understanding how their mobility has been shaped and is shaping the ...The advent of the big data era has provided many types of transportation datasets,such as metro smart card data,for studying residents’mobility and understanding how their mobility has been shaped and is shaping the urban space.In this paper,we use metro smart card data from two Chinese metropolises,Shanghai and Shenzhen.Five metro mobility indicators are introduced,and association rules are established to explore the mobility patterns.The proportion of people entering and exiting the station is used to measure the jobs-housing balance.It is found that the average travel distance and duration of Shanghai passengers are higher than those of Shenzhen,and the proportion of metro commuters in Shanghai is higher than that of Shenzhen.The jobs-housing spatial relationship in Shenzhen based on metro travel is more balanced than that in Shanghai.The fundamental reason for the differences between the two cities is the difference in urban morphology.Compared with the monocentric structure of Shanghai,the polycentric structure of Shenzhen results in more scattered travel hotspots and more diverse travel routes,which helps Shenzhen to have a better jobs-housing balance.This paper fills a gap in comparative research among Chinese cities based on transportation big data analysis.The results provide support for planning metro routes,adjusting urban structure and land use to form a more reasonable metro network,and balancing the jobs-housing spatial relationship.展开更多
Design aspects of CMOS compatible on-chip antenna for applications of contact-less smart card are discussed.An on-chip antenna model is established and a design method is demonstrated.Experimental results show that sy...Design aspects of CMOS compatible on-chip antenna for applications of contact-less smart card are discussed.An on-chip antenna model is established and a design method is demonstrated.Experimental results show that system-on-chip integrating power reception together with other electronic functions of smart card applications is feasible.In a 6×10 -4T magnetic field of 22.5MHz,an on-chip power of 1.225mW for a 10kΩ load is obtained using a 4mm2 on-chip antenna.展开更多
Two signature systems based on smart cards and fingerprint features are proposed. In one signature system, the cryptographic key is stored in the smart card and is only accessible when the signer's extracted fingerpr...Two signature systems based on smart cards and fingerprint features are proposed. In one signature system, the cryptographic key is stored in the smart card and is only accessible when the signer's extracted fingerprint features match his stored template. To resist being tampered on public channel, the user's message and the signed message are encrypted by the signer's public key and the user's public key, respectively. In the other signature system, the keys are generated by combining the signer's fingerprint features, check bits, and a rememberable key, and there are no matching process and keys stored on the smart card. Additionally, there is generally more than one public key in this system, that is, there exist some pseudo public keys except a real one.展开更多
Nowadays, the password-based remote user authentication mechanism using smart card is one of the simplest and convenient authentication ways to ensure secure communications over the public network environments. Recent...Nowadays, the password-based remote user authentication mechanism using smart card is one of the simplest and convenient authentication ways to ensure secure communications over the public network environments. Recently, Liu et al. proposed an efficient and secure smart card based password authentication scheme. However, we find that Liu et al.’s scheme is vulnerable to the off-line password guessing attack and user impersonation attack. Furthermore, it also cannot provide user anonymity. In this paper, we cryptanalyze Liu et al.’s scheme and propose a security enhanced user authentication scheme to overcome the aforementioned problems. Especially, in order to preserve the user anonymity and prevent the guessing attack, we use the dynamic identity technique. The analysis shows that the proposed scheme is more secure and efficient than other related authentication schemes.展开更多
A new authentication scheme based on a one-way hash function and Diffie-Hellman key exchange using smart card was propused by Yoon et al. in 2005. They claimed that the proposed protocol is against password guessing a...A new authentication scheme based on a one-way hash function and Diffie-Hellman key exchange using smart card was propused by Yoon et al. in 2005. They claimed that the proposed protocol is against password guessing attack. In this paper, the author demonstrate that Yoon's scheme is vulnerable to the off-line password guessing attack by using a stolen smart card and the DoS attack by computational load at the re, note system. An improvement of Yoon's scheme to resist the above attacks is also proposed.展开更多
As an essential component of bus dwelling time, passenger boarding time has a significant impact on bus running reliability and service quality. In order to understand the passengers’ boarding process and mitigate pa...As an essential component of bus dwelling time, passenger boarding time has a significant impact on bus running reliability and service quality. In order to understand the passengers’ boarding process and mitigate passenger boarding time, a regression analysis framework is proposed to capture the difference and influential factors of boarding time for adult and elderly passengers based on smart card data from Changzhou. Boarding gap, the time difference between two consecutive smart card tapping records, is calculated to approximate passenger boarding time. Analysis of variance is applied to identify whether the difference in boarding time between adults and seniors is statistically significant. The multivariate regression modeling approach is implemented to analyze the influences of passenger types, marginal effects of each additional boarding passenger and bus floor types on the total boarding time at each stop. Results show that a constant difference exists in boarding time between adults and seniors even without considering the specific bus characteristics. The average passenger boarding time decreases when the number of passenger increases. The existence of two entrance steps delays the boarding process, especially for elderly passengers.展开更多
This paper analyzes the security performance of a latest proposed remote two-factor user authentication scheme and proposes an improved scheme based on the dynamic ID to avoid the attacks it suffers. Besides this, in ...This paper analyzes the security performance of a latest proposed remote two-factor user authentication scheme and proposes an improved scheme based on the dynamic ID to avoid the attacks it suffers. Besides this, in our proposed scheme the password is no longer involved in the calculation of verification phase which makes our scheme more secure and costs less than the old one. At last we analyze the performance of our proposed scheme to prove it provides mutual authentication between the user and the server. Moreover, it also resists password guessing attack, server and user masquerade attack and replay attack effectively.展开更多
The smart card-based automated fare collection (AFC) system has become the main method for collecting urban bus and rail transit fares in many cities worldwide. Such smart card technologies provide new opportunities...The smart card-based automated fare collection (AFC) system has become the main method for collecting urban bus and rail transit fares in many cities worldwide. Such smart card technologies provide new opportunities for transportation data collection since the transaction data obtained through AFC system contains a significant amount of archived information which can be gathered and leveraged to help estimate public transit origin–destination matrices. Boarding location detection is an important step particularly when there is no automatic vehicle location (AVL) system or GPS information in the database in some cases. With the analysis of raw data without AVL information in this paper, an algorithm for trip direction detection is built and the directions for any bus in operation can be confirmed. The transaction interval between each adjacent record will also be analyzed to detect the boarding clusters for all trips in sequence. Boarding stops will then be distributed with the help of route information and operation schedules. Finally, the feasibility and practicality of the methodology are tested using the bus transit smart card data collected in Guangzhou, China.展开更多
Today companies and organizations are using the Web as the main informationdissemination means both at internal and external level. Information dissemination often takes theform of XML documents that are made availabl...Today companies and organizations are using the Web as the main informationdissemination means both at internal and external level. Information dissemination often takes theform of XML documents that are made available at Web servers, or that are actively broadcasted byWeb servers to interested clients. These documents often contain information at different degrees ofsensitivity, therefore a strong XML security platform and mechanism is needed. In this paper wedeveloped CIT/XML security platform and take a close look to syntax and processing of CIT/digitalsignature model, CIT/encryption model, CIT/smart card crypto and SPKI interface security models.Security services such as authentication, integrity and confidentiality to XML documents and non-XMLdocuments, which exchanged among various servers, are provided.展开更多
In order to relvedy the security weaknesses of a robust user authentication framework for wireless sensor networks, an enhanced user authentication framework is presented. The enhanced scheme requires proof of the pos...In order to relvedy the security weaknesses of a robust user authentication framework for wireless sensor networks, an enhanced user authentication framework is presented. The enhanced scheme requires proof of the possession of both a password and a snort card, and provides more security guarantees in two aspects: 1) it addresses the untmceability property so that any third party accessing the communication channel cannot link two authentication sessions originated from the same user, and 2) the use of a smart card prevents offiine attacks to guess passwords. The security and efficiency analyses indicate that our enhanced scheme provides the highest level of security at reasonable computational costs. Therefore, it is a practical authentication scheme with attractive security features for wireless sensor networks.展开更多
With the development of computer hardware technology and network technology,the Internet of Things as the extension and expansion of traditional computing network has played an increasingly important role in all profe...With the development of computer hardware technology and network technology,the Internet of Things as the extension and expansion of traditional computing network has played an increasingly important role in all professions and trades and has had a tremendous impact on people lifestyle.The information perception of the Internet of Things plays a key role as a link between the computer world and the real world.However,there are potential security threats in the Perceptual Layer Network applied for information perception because Perceptual Layer Network consists of a large number of sensor nodes with weak computing power,limited power supply,and open communication links.We proposed a novel lightweight authentication protocol based on password,smart card and biometric identification that achieves mutual authentication among User,GWN and sensor node.Biometric identification can increase the nonrepudiation feature that increases security.After security analysis and logical proof,the proposed protocol is proven to have a higher reliability and practicality.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10671051)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (103060)
文摘In 2000, a remote user authentication scheme using smart cards was proposed and the masquerade attacks were proved successful on this scheme. Recently, Kumar has suggested the idea of check digits to overcome the above attacks with a new scheme that removes these threats well. In this paper it is pointed out that the weakness still exists in Kumar's scheme, and the intruder can login to the remote system through having some information. A new scheme which can overcome these attacks and appears more secure and efficient than Kumar's is presented.
文摘Remote user authentication is essential in distributed network environment to protect unauthorized access of a networked system. However, most of those existing remote user authentication schemes have not provided the user identity anonymity, while user anonymity is particularly important in some practical applications. Therefore, based on self-encryption mechanism, a new remote user authentication scheme was proposed. The scheme not only has no need of maintaining a password table at the remote server, but also can protect the user’s anonymity.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (90604022);Natural Science Foundation of Beijing (4062025).
文摘In 2005, Liu et al. proposed an improvement to Chien et al.'s remote user authentication scheme, using smart cards, to prevent parallel session attack. This article, however, will demonstrate that Liu et al.'s scheme is vulnerable to masquerading server attack and has the system's secret key forward secrecy problem. Therefore, an improved scheme with better security strength, by using counters instead of timestamps, is proposed. The proposed scheme does not only achieve their scheme's advantages, but also enhances its security by withstanding the weaknesses just mentioned.
文摘Three user authentication schemes are proposed. The security of these new schemes is due to the used secure hash functions and the physically secure smart cards.
基金Supported by the Applied Basic and Advanced Technology Research Programs of Tianjin(15JCYBJC15900)。
文摘With the development of the Internet of Things(IoT)technique,sensitive information collected by sensors may be leaked.In recent years,many authentication schemes have been proposed.Banerjee et al proposed a biometric based user authentication scheme in wireless sensor networks using smart cards in 2019.But we found that Banerjee et al's authentication scheme is vulnerable to impersonation attacks.In order to overcome the weaknesses of Banerjee et al's scheme,we propose a new authentication scheme.In our proposed scheme,we only use the exclusive-or operation and one-way Hash function for the efficiency,which can reduce the computation burden for the IoT devices.In the authentication and session key agreement phase,the secret registration parameter is not used for the authentication,and the session key is given for the all entities.In the Devol-Yao threat model,the security analysis demonstrates that our proposed authentication scheme can resist well-known attacks.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61170241,61073042)
文摘With the broad implementations of the electronic business and government applications, robust system security and strong privacy protection have become essential requirements for remote user authentication schemes. Recently, Chen et al. pointed out that Wang et al.'s scheme is vulnerable to the user impersonation attack and parallel session attack, and proposed an enhanced version to overcome the identified security flaws. In this paper, however, we show that Chen et al.'s scheme still cannot achieve the claimed security goals and report its following problems: (1) It suffers from the offline password guessing attack, key compromise impersonation attack and known key attack; (2) It fails to provide forward secrecy; (3) It is not easily repairable. As our main contribution, a robust dynamic ID-based scheme based on non-tamper resistance assumption of the smart cards is presented to cope with the aforementioned defects, while preserving the merits of different related schemes. The analysis demonstrates that our scheme meets all the proposed criteria and eliminates several grave security threats that are difficult to be tackled at the same time in previous scholarship.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60373087, 60473023).
文摘Thirteen security requirements for an ideal password authentication scheme using smart cards are listed and a new smart card based password authentication scheme with identity anonymity is proposed. The new scheme can satisfy all the listed ideal security requirements and has the following merits: (1) it can resist all the attacks listed in introduction; (2) less storage memory requirement due to no verification table stored in server; (3) low computational cost due to hash functions based operations; (4) even if the smart card is lost, the new system is still secure; (5) As user identity is anonymous, this scheme is more practical. The new proposed scheme can be applied in source constraint networks.
基金supported by project TRANSACT funded under H2020-EU.2.1.1.-INDUSTRIAL LEADERSHIP-Leadership in Enabling and Industrial Technologies-Information and Communication Technologies(Grant Agreement ID:101007260).
文摘The widespread and growing interest in the Internet of Things(IoT)may be attributed to its usefulness in many different fields.Physical settings are probed for data,which is then transferred via linked networks.There are several hurdles to overcome when putting IoT into practice,from managing server infrastructure to coordinating the use of tiny sensors.When it comes to deploying IoT,everyone agrees that security is the biggest issue.This is due to the fact that a large number of IoT devices exist in the physicalworld and thatmany of themhave constrained resources such as electricity,memory,processing power,and square footage.This research intends to analyse resource-constrained IoT devices,including RFID tags,sensors,and smart cards,and the issues involved with protecting them in such restricted circumstances.Using lightweight cryptography,the information sent between these gadgets may be secured.In order to provide a holistic picture,this research evaluates and contrasts well-known algorithms based on their implementation cost,hardware/software efficiency,and attack resistance features.We also emphasised how essential lightweight encryption is for striking a good cost-to-performance-to-security ratio.
基金The Key Technology R& D Program of Jiangsu Scienceand Technology Department(No.BE2006010)the Key Technology R& DProgram of Nanjing Science and Technology Bureau(No.200601001)Sci-ence and Technology Research Projects of Nanjing Metro Headquarters(No.8550143007).
文摘The fund budget of multipurpose transit smart card systems is studied by stochastic programming to assign limited funds to different applications reasonably. Under the constraints of a gross fund, models of chance-constrained and dependentchance for the fund budget of multipurpose transit smart card systems are established with application scale and social demand as random variables, respectively aiming to maximize earnings and satisfy the service requirements the furthest; and the genetic algorithm based on stochastic simulation is adopted for model solution. The calculation results show that the fund budget differs greatly with different system objectives which can cause the systems to have distinct expansibilities, and the application scales of some applications may not satisfy user demands with limited funds. The analysis results indicate that the forecast of application scales and application future demands should be done first, and then the system objective is determined according to the system mission, which can help reduce the risks of fund budgets.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFB2103102)Hong Kong Polytechnic University(No.CD06,P0042540)。
文摘The advent of the big data era has provided many types of transportation datasets,such as metro smart card data,for studying residents’mobility and understanding how their mobility has been shaped and is shaping the urban space.In this paper,we use metro smart card data from two Chinese metropolises,Shanghai and Shenzhen.Five metro mobility indicators are introduced,and association rules are established to explore the mobility patterns.The proportion of people entering and exiting the station is used to measure the jobs-housing balance.It is found that the average travel distance and duration of Shanghai passengers are higher than those of Shenzhen,and the proportion of metro commuters in Shanghai is higher than that of Shenzhen.The jobs-housing spatial relationship in Shenzhen based on metro travel is more balanced than that in Shanghai.The fundamental reason for the differences between the two cities is the difference in urban morphology.Compared with the monocentric structure of Shanghai,the polycentric structure of Shenzhen results in more scattered travel hotspots and more diverse travel routes,which helps Shenzhen to have a better jobs-housing balance.This paper fills a gap in comparative research among Chinese cities based on transportation big data analysis.The results provide support for planning metro routes,adjusting urban structure and land use to form a more reasonable metro network,and balancing the jobs-housing spatial relationship.
文摘Design aspects of CMOS compatible on-chip antenna for applications of contact-less smart card are discussed.An on-chip antenna model is established and a design method is demonstrated.Experimental results show that system-on-chip integrating power reception together with other electronic functions of smart card applications is feasible.In a 6×10 -4T magnetic field of 22.5MHz,an on-chip power of 1.225mW for a 10kΩ load is obtained using a 4mm2 on-chip antenna.
基金This project was supported by the National Science Foundation of China (60763009)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2005038041)Hainan Natural Science Foundation (80528).
文摘Two signature systems based on smart cards and fingerprint features are proposed. In one signature system, the cryptographic key is stored in the smart card and is only accessible when the signer's extracted fingerprint features match his stored template. To resist being tampered on public channel, the user's message and the signed message are encrypted by the signer's public key and the user's public key, respectively. In the other signature system, the keys are generated by combining the signer's fingerprint features, check bits, and a rememberable key, and there are no matching process and keys stored on the smart card. Additionally, there is generally more than one public key in this system, that is, there exist some pseudo public keys except a real one.
基金supported by the Basic Science ResearchProgram through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education under Grant No.NRF-2010-0020210
文摘Nowadays, the password-based remote user authentication mechanism using smart card is one of the simplest and convenient authentication ways to ensure secure communications over the public network environments. Recently, Liu et al. proposed an efficient and secure smart card based password authentication scheme. However, we find that Liu et al.’s scheme is vulnerable to the off-line password guessing attack and user impersonation attack. Furthermore, it also cannot provide user anonymity. In this paper, we cryptanalyze Liu et al.’s scheme and propose a security enhanced user authentication scheme to overcome the aforementioned problems. Especially, in order to preserve the user anonymity and prevent the guessing attack, we use the dynamic identity technique. The analysis shows that the proposed scheme is more secure and efficient than other related authentication schemes.
文摘A new authentication scheme based on a one-way hash function and Diffie-Hellman key exchange using smart card was propused by Yoon et al. in 2005. They claimed that the proposed protocol is against password guessing attack. In this paper, the author demonstrate that Yoon's scheme is vulnerable to the off-line password guessing attack by using a stolen smart card and the DoS attack by computational load at the re, note system. An improvement of Yoon's scheme to resist the above attacks is also proposed.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51338003,71801041)
文摘As an essential component of bus dwelling time, passenger boarding time has a significant impact on bus running reliability and service quality. In order to understand the passengers’ boarding process and mitigate passenger boarding time, a regression analysis framework is proposed to capture the difference and influential factors of boarding time for adult and elderly passengers based on smart card data from Changzhou. Boarding gap, the time difference between two consecutive smart card tapping records, is calculated to approximate passenger boarding time. Analysis of variance is applied to identify whether the difference in boarding time between adults and seniors is statistically significant. The multivariate regression modeling approach is implemented to analyze the influences of passenger types, marginal effects of each additional boarding passenger and bus floor types on the total boarding time at each stop. Results show that a constant difference exists in boarding time between adults and seniors even without considering the specific bus characteristics. The average passenger boarding time decreases when the number of passenger increases. The existence of two entrance steps delays the boarding process, especially for elderly passengers.
基金Supported by Natural Science Funds of Shanxi Province(No. 2010021016-3)
文摘This paper analyzes the security performance of a latest proposed remote two-factor user authentication scheme and proposes an improved scheme based on the dynamic ID to avoid the attacks it suffers. Besides this, in our proposed scheme the password is no longer involved in the calculation of verification phase which makes our scheme more secure and costs less than the old one. At last we analyze the performance of our proposed scheme to prove it provides mutual authentication between the user and the server. Moreover, it also resists password guessing attack, server and user masquerade attack and replay attack effectively.
基金The United States Department of Transportation, University Transportation Center through the Center for Advanced Multimodal Mobility Solutions and Education (CAMMSE) at The University of North Carolina at Charlotte (Grant Number: 69A3551747133) for sponsoring this research project entitled ‘estimation of origin–destination matrix and identification of user activities using public transit smart card data’
文摘The smart card-based automated fare collection (AFC) system has become the main method for collecting urban bus and rail transit fares in many cities worldwide. Such smart card technologies provide new opportunities for transportation data collection since the transaction data obtained through AFC system contains a significant amount of archived information which can be gathered and leveraged to help estimate public transit origin–destination matrices. Boarding location detection is an important step particularly when there is no automatic vehicle location (AVL) system or GPS information in the database in some cases. With the analysis of raw data without AVL information in this paper, an algorithm for trip direction detection is built and the directions for any bus in operation can be confirmed. The transaction interval between each adjacent record will also be analyzed to detect the boarding clusters for all trips in sequence. Boarding stops will then be distributed with the help of route information and operation schedules. Finally, the feasibility and practicality of the methodology are tested using the bus transit smart card data collected in Guangzhou, China.
文摘Today companies and organizations are using the Web as the main informationdissemination means both at internal and external level. Information dissemination often takes theform of XML documents that are made available at Web servers, or that are actively broadcasted byWeb servers to interested clients. These documents often contain information at different degrees ofsensitivity, therefore a strong XML security platform and mechanism is needed. In this paper wedeveloped CIT/XML security platform and take a close look to syntax and processing of CIT/digitalsignature model, CIT/encryption model, CIT/smart card crypto and SPKI interface security models.Security services such as authentication, integrity and confidentiality to XML documents and non-XMLdocuments, which exchanged among various servers, are provided.
基金This work was supported by the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University under Grant No. IRT1078 the Key Program of NSFC-Guangdong Union Foundation under Grant No.U1135002+3 种基金 the Major National S&T Program under Grant No.2011ZX03005-002 the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants No. 61072066, No.61173135, No.61100230, No.61100233, No.61202389, No.61202390 the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China under Grants No.2012JQ8043, No. 2012JM8030, No. 2012JM8025, No2011JQ8003 the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Cxants No. JY10000903001, No. K50511030004. The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers and the editor for their constructive comments that have helped us to improve this paper.
文摘In order to relvedy the security weaknesses of a robust user authentication framework for wireless sensor networks, an enhanced user authentication framework is presented. The enhanced scheme requires proof of the possession of both a password and a snort card, and provides more security guarantees in two aspects: 1) it addresses the untmceability property so that any third party accessing the communication channel cannot link two authentication sessions originated from the same user, and 2) the use of a smart card prevents offiine attacks to guess passwords. The security and efficiency analyses indicate that our enhanced scheme provides the highest level of security at reasonable computational costs. Therefore, it is a practical authentication scheme with attractive security features for wireless sensor networks.
基金This work is supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61501132,Grant Nos.61771154,61301095,61370084)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation No.2016M591515+1 种基金the Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Sustentation Fund with No.LBH-Z14055Harbin Application Technology Research and Development Project(Grant Nos.2016RAQXJ063,2016RAXXJ013).
文摘With the development of computer hardware technology and network technology,the Internet of Things as the extension and expansion of traditional computing network has played an increasingly important role in all professions and trades and has had a tremendous impact on people lifestyle.The information perception of the Internet of Things plays a key role as a link between the computer world and the real world.However,there are potential security threats in the Perceptual Layer Network applied for information perception because Perceptual Layer Network consists of a large number of sensor nodes with weak computing power,limited power supply,and open communication links.We proposed a novel lightweight authentication protocol based on password,smart card and biometric identification that achieves mutual authentication among User,GWN and sensor node.Biometric identification can increase the nonrepudiation feature that increases security.After security analysis and logical proof,the proposed protocol is proven to have a higher reliability and practicality.