Distributed Information Flow Verification for Secure Service Composition in Smart Sensor Network

Accelerate processor, efficient software and pervasive connections provide sensor nodes with more powerful computation and storage ability, which can offer various services to user. Based on these atomic services, different sensor nodes can cooperate and compose with each other to complete more complicated tasks for user. However, because of the regional characteristic of sensor nodes, merging data with different sensitivities become a primary requirement to the composite services, and information flow security should be intensively considered during service composition. In order to mitigate the great cost caused by the complexity of modeling and the heavy load of single-node verification to the energy-limited sensor node, in this paper, we propose a new distributed verification framework to enforce information flow security on composite services of smart sensor network. We analyze the information flows in composite services and specify security constraints for each service participant. Then we propose an algorithm over the distributed verification framework involving each sensor node to participate in the composite service verification based on the security constraints. The experimental results indicate that our approach can reduce the cost of verification and provide a better load balance.

Smart Sensor与MEMS

讨论了SmartSensor与MEMS的全新概念。结合微机械加工技术的发展，概述了现代传感器技术智能化、功能集成化的新趋势，及其对现代微电子、微型电子机械乃至整个信息技术领域的深远影响。

Visualization of real-time displacement time history superimposed with dynamic experiments using wireless smart sensors and augmented reality

Wireless smart sensors(WSS)process field data and inform inspectors about the infrastructure health and safety.In bridge engineering,inspectors need reliable data about changes in displacements under loads to make correct decisions about repairs and replacements.Access to displacement information in the field and in real-time remains a challenge as inspectors do not see the data in real time.Displacement data from WSS in the field undergoes additional processing and is seen at a different location.If inspectors were able to see structural displacements in real-time at the locations of interest,they could conduct additional observations,creating a new,information-based,decision-making reality in the field.This paper develops a new,human-centered interface that provides inspectors with real-time access to actionable structural data during inspection and monitoring enhanced by augmented reality(AR).It summarizes and evaluates the development and validation of the new human-infrastructure interface in laboratory experiments.The experiments demonstrate that the interface that processes all calculations in the AR device accurately estimates dynamic displacements in comparison with the laser.Using this new AR interface tool,inspectors can observe and compare displacement data,share it across space and time,visualize displacements in time history,and understand structural deflection more accurately through a displacement time history visualization.

Blending Sensor Scheduling Strategy with Particle Filter to Track a Smart Target

We discuss blending sensor scheduling strategies with particle filtering (PF) methods to deal with the prob-lem of tracking a ‘smart’ target, that is, a target being able to be aware it is being tracked and act in a manner that makes the future track more difficult. We concern here how to accurately track the target with a care on concealing the observer to a possible extent. We propose a PF method, which is tailored to mix a sensor scheduling technique, called covariance control, within its framework. A Rao-blackwellised unscented Kal-man filter (UKF) is used to produce proposal distributions for the PF method, making it more robust and computationally efficient. We show that the proposed method can balance the tracking filter performance with the observer’s concealment.

TelG Mote: A Green Wireless Sensor Node Platform for Smart Home and Ambient Assisted Living

The wireless sensor network （WSN） consists of sensor nodes that interact with each other to collectively monitor environmental or physical conditions at different locations for the intended users. One of its potential deployments is in the form of smart home and ambient assisted living （SHAAL）to measure patients or elderly physiological signals, control home appliances, and monitor home. This paper focuses on the development of a wireless sensor node platform for SHAAL application over WSN which complies with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and operates in 2.4 GHz ISM （industrial, scientific, and medical） band. The initial stage of SHAAL application development is the design of the wireless sensor node named TelG mote. The main features of TelG mote contributing to the green communications include low power consumption, wearable, flexible, user-friendly, and small sizes. It is then embedded with a self-built operating system named WiseOS to support customized operation. The node can achieve a packet reception rate （PRR） above 80% for a distance of up to 8 m. The designed TelG mote is also comparable with the existing wireless sensor nodes available in the market.

Characteristics of Smart Concrete with Fiber Optical Bragg Grating Sensor

Based on the advantages of the fiber Bragg grating sensing technology,this paper presents a principle of a novel smart concrete with fiber optical Bragg grating sensor,analyses the theory and characteristics,illustrates the key technology and method to make the fiber Bragg grating sensor for the smart concrete,and proves the feasibility with experiments.The results indicate that the smart concrete with fiber Bragg grating sensors is feasible in the structure monitoring and damage diagnosing in the long run.

Smart结构及其应用

本文介绍了Ｓｍａｒｔ结构的概念，对国外有关此领域的研究及应用作了简要评述。

Laser-Induced Graphene:En Route to Smart Sensing

The discovery of laser-induced graphene(LIG) from polymers in 2014 has aroused much attention in recent years.A broad range of applications,including batteries,catalysis,sterilization,and separation,have been explored.The advantages of LIG technology over conventional graphene synthesis methods are conspicuous,which include designable patterning,environmental friendliness,tunable compositions,and controllable morphologies.In addition,LIG possesses high porosity,great flexibility,and mechanical robustness,and excellent electric and thermal conductivity.The patternable and printable manufacturing process and the advantageous properties of LIG illuminate a new pathway for developing miniaturized graphene devices.Its use in sensing applications has grown swiftly from a single detection component to an integrated smart detection system.In this minireview,we start with the introduction of synthetic efforts related to the fabrication of LIG sensors.Then,we highlight the achievement of LIG sensors for the detection of a diversity of stimuli with a focus on the design principle and working mechanism.Future development of the techniques toward in situ and smart detection of multiple stimuli in widespread applications will be discussed.

Metaheuristic Clustering Protocol for Healthcare DataCollection in MobileWireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

Nowadays,healthcare applications necessitate maximum volume of medical data to be fed to help the physicians,academicians,pathologists,doctors and other healthcare professionals.Advancements in the domain of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN)andMultimediaWireless Sensor Networks(MWSN)are tremendous.M-WMSN is an advanced form of conventional Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN)to networks that use multimedia devices.When compared with traditional WSN,the quantity of data transmission in M-WMSN is significantly high due to the presence of multimedia content.Hence,clustering techniques are deployed to achieve low amount of energy utilization.The current research work aims at introducing a new Density Based Clustering(DBC)technique to achieve energy efficiency inWMSN.The DBC technique is mainly employed for data collection in healthcare environment which primarily depends on three input parameters namely remaining energy level,distance,and node centrality.In addition,two static data collector points called Super Cluster Head(SCH)are placed,which collects the data from normal CHs and forwards it to the Base Station(BS)directly.SCH supports multi-hop data transmission that assists in effectively balancing the available energy.Adetailed simulation analysiswas conducted to showcase the superior performance of DBC technique and the results were examined under diverse aspects.The simulation outcomes concluded that the proposed DBC technique improved the network lifetime to a maximum of 16,500 rounds,which is significantly higher compared to existing methods.

埋入式光纤传感原理及实验研究——航天Smart结构

对Ｓｍａｒｔ材料／结构中的光纤传感原理进行了探讨，并进行了实验研究。首先介绍了Ｓｍａｒｔ结构中常见的埋入式光纤传感器的特点及其工作原理，然后提出了应用多模光纤在编织复合材料Ｓｍａｒｔ结构中进行应变场测量的方案，建立了实验装置，给出了实验结果并进行了讨论。

Smart Gas Sensors:Recent Developments and Future Prospective

Gas sensor is an indispensable part of modern society withwide applications in environmental monitoring,healthcare,food industry,public safety,etc.With the development of sensor technology,wireless communication,smart monitoring terminal,cloud storage/computing technology,and artificial intelligence,smart gas sensors represent the future of gassensing due to their merits of real-time multifunctional monitoring,earlywarning function,and intelligent and automated feature.Various electronicand optoelectronic gas sensors have been developed for high-performancesmart gas analysis.With the development of smart terminals and the maturityof integrated technology,flexible and wearable gas sensors play an increasingrole in gas analysis.This review highlights recent advances of smart gassensors in diverse applications.The structural components and fundamentalprinciples of electronic and optoelectronic gas sensors are described,andflexible and wearable gas sensor devices are highlighted.Moreover,sensorarray with artificial intelligence algorithms and smart gas sensors in“Internet of Things”paradigm are introduced.Finally,the challengesand perspectives of smart gas sensors are discussed regarding the future need of gas sensors for smart city and healthy living.

Zigbee-based new approach to smart home

Smart home is a promising solution to improving the quality of people＇s life. Much work has been done in the field, but most of these solutions are just based on home gateway, leaving much to be improved. One of its defects is the relatively high energy consuming and its radiation, and the other is that it is not available to the old home appliances which fail to access the internet. Full use of the low energy consuming characteristic of the Zigbee wireless sensor network, a completely new smart home solution is put forward in this paper. Without need of a home gateway and any modification for the currently used family appliances, the method uses the Zigbee coordinator as the central controller and the controllers of appliances as the end devices of Zigbee. It can realize a comfortable and smart home. Experiments show that the scheme proposed is feasible and it will be no doubt to be able to improve the quality of people＇s daily life.

Hardware Design for Low Power Integrated Sensor System

An integrated sensor system is implemented using inter-integrated circuit mode (I2C) software, utilizing the PIC182585 MPLAB embedded control system utilizing hardware. The hardware implementation features high level of integration, reliability, high precision, and high speed communications. The system was demonstrated by temperature and CO2 sensors. An extension for Zigbee system is proposed to enhance the security of the integrated system. A bi-directional air/liquid flow sensor is also added to detect the flow magnitude and direction that can be applied to heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC), local and national security within subway systems, and medical equipment. The hardware design of the flow sensor included one heating element and two sensing elements to detect the bi-directional flow. Platinum sensors were found to be of high sensitivity and linear characteristics within 0℃ to 100℃ range, and their high temperature coefficient (0.00385 Ω/Ω/℃). Polyimide thin film heater was used as the heating element due to its high throughput and good thermal efficiency. Two bridge circuits were also designed to sense the temperature distribution in the vicinity of the sensing elements. Three high precision instrumentation low power amplifiers with offset voltage ~2.5 μV (50 μV max) were used for the overall design. The system security is also enhanced with the detection of poison gas using Carbon Nanotube devices (CNT). An antenna system was designed, and a frequency shift was detected to designate the type of poison gas used for a general threat.

PZT Based Smart Aggregate for Unified Health Monitoring of RC Structures

The most familiar civil engineering structure is reinforced concrete (RC) structure. Performance of structure undergoes changes during their service life with time. Thus, it is of great concern to monitor the health of RC structure. Structural health monitoring (SHM) is the art of detecting the changes in structure that influences its performance. Various techniques to monitor the health of structure are broadly studied worldwide. PZT based smart aggregate can play an effective role as an advanced tool in the development of structural health monitoring. This research work contributes for proposing a more generous Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) technique for structural health monitoring by using smart materials. If performance of a structure deviates from the design parameters with time, appropriate and effective maintenance is required. Considering the relevant need of RC structures, a more sensitive and cost-effective approach by using Electro-Mechanical Impedance (EMI) technique has been proposed for implementation in real-life situations. In general, surface bonded PZT transducer is used for SHM. Since PZT transducers are of very small dimension and brittle in nature, for consistent characteristics, they should be protected from severe environmental condition and other external interruptions. For this reason, PZT transducer is embedded in structure at the time of construction and manufacturing of the embedded transducer is simple. The proposed EMI technique assesses the health of RC structures more rationally by embedding PZT transducer in the structure, whose health is to be monitored over the user specified preset frequency range. The conductance and susceptance signatures are acquired by using LCR meter. At any future point of time, when it is desired to assess the health of structure, the conductance and susceptance signatures are acquired and further utilized for damage detection and quantification. The Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) is used to specify damage severity.

High Precision Bidirectional Heat Pulsed Flow Sensor

In this work we have designed and simulated a thermal bi-directional integrated circuit mass flow sensor. The approach used here was an extension to the gas flow model given by Mayer and Lechner [1]. The design features high precision response received from analog integrated circuits. An established mathematical model for the heat flow equation including CFD parameters were used within COMSOL simulation (COMSOL Multiphysics, Sweden). Heat pulses of 55°C for a period of nearly 120 seconds and 50% duty cycles were applied as thermal sources to the flowstream. The boundary conditions of the heat equations at the solid (heating element) fluid interface were set up in the software for the thermal response. The hardware design included one heating element and two sensing elements were used to detect the bi-directional mass flow. Platinum sensors were used due to their linear characteristics within 0°C to 100°C range, and their high temperature coefficient (0.00385 Ω/°C). Polyimide thin film heater was used as the element due to its high throughput and good thermal efficiency. Two bridge circuits were used to sense the temperature distribution in the vicinity of the sensing elements.

Selection of a Minimal Complexity of a Transformation Functions of Pressure Sensors with a Maintained Given Measurement Accuracy

For series manufacture of pressure sensors, stage of technological tests is performed, related to a definition of the manufacturing accuracy of the sensors. Technological test plan of pressure sensors involves testing the sensors on certain fixed temperature and pressure points available in the table. According to a test results, we determine transformation function mathematical model coefficients of sensors and accordance by the claimed accuracy class, of the manufactured sensors. The cost of pressure sensors mostly depends on the cost of this step and determined by the complexity of the used transformation function model. The analysis of a contemporary works associated with the choice of transformation functions for smart pressure sensors. A new proposed indicator of model complexity of a sensor transformation function. In details shown features of the complexity indicator use and given an example. In the article was set and resolved the task to reduce the cost of the tests for commercially available sensors, by reducing the number of temperature points, without compromising the accuracy of the sensor measurement ability.

面向未来的中国智慧林业:观测仪器体系的演进与发展趋势

森林观测信息的生产是支持智慧林业工作开展的基础和先导。本文以森林观测仪器技术体系的构建历史、现状和未来为切入点,以基础性公共技术的发展脉络为支撑,深入分析森林观测仪器与森林观测需求的耦合程度。传统森林观测仪器体系在时效性和准确性上已经无法满足日益发展的林业调查的需要,观测仪器存在孤立性高、难以集成、操作繁琐、效率低等问题。这主要是由于当前针对森林观测研究偏重对成熟仪器使用和数据分析,观测仪器的研发偏重算法补偿和集成第三方元件,轻物理结构设计等因素造成。面对基本测量原理鲜有更新、森林观测标准制定滞后于新型技术发展等问题,本文从对观测仪器现在和未来的联合模式进行阐述,从逻辑架构到物理技术层面上分析森林观测仪器联合模式可能在未来出现的发展状况与应用前景。最后,基于当前基础性技术发展的趋势,对可能出现的几种新形态的森林观测仪器进行推测,并以此展望在近未来可能在中国实现的一种智能森林观测体系的雏形。

智能传感器在农业机械电气控制领域的应用与发展

智慧农业、智能农机已成为我国现阶段农业发展的主流趋势,农业智能传感监测技术是实现这一目标的核心技术。传感器作为一种监测感知特定物体状态信息的设备,其主要工作原理是将监测到的物理信息转换成为更易读取的数字信号或其他种类的电子信号,因其具有较高的反应速度、测量精度等特点,传感器已被广泛应用到众多领域。农业机械对于传感器技术的相关应用主要包括农用姿态监测传感器、视觉识别传感器和物料感知传感器等。该文通过分析研究智能传感器在农业机械电气控制的主要应用现状,阐述了国内外关于利用传感器技术进行农机作业状态监测、作物生长信息采集以及农机自动控制等研究的丰富成果,分析了智能传感器在农业机械应用过程中仍存在的部分问题,最后对智能传感器在农业机械电气控制领域的未来发展进行了详细的展望。

An Energy-Efficient Query Based on Variable Region for Large-Scale Smart Grid

The state-of-the-art query techniques in power grid monitoring systems focus on querying history data, which typically introduces an unwanted lag when the systems try to discover emergency situations. The monitoring data of large-scale smart grids are massive, dynamic and highly dimensional, so global query, the method widely adopted in continuous queries in Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN), is rendered not suitable for its high energy consumption. The situation is even worse with increasing application complexity. We propose an energy-efficient query technique for large-scale smart grids based on variable regions. This method can query an arbitrary region based on variable physical windows, and optimizes data retrieve paths by a key nodes selection strategy. According to the characteristics of sensing data, we introduce an efficient filter into the each query subtree to keep non-skyline data from being retrieved. Experimental results show that our method can efficiently return the overview situation of any query region. Compared to TAG and ESA, the average query efficiency of our approach is improved by 79% and 46%, respectively; the total energy consumption of regional query is decreased by 82% and 50%, respectively.

A Smart Home Energy Monitoring System Based on Internet of Things and Inter Planetary File System for Secure Data Sharing

Energy demand will continue to rise as a result of predicted population growth. In this work, a user-friendly home energy monitoring system based on IoT is described, which is capable of collecting, analyzing, and displaying data. Users register their sensors and devices on the monitoring platform. PostgreSQL and Elasticsearch databases are used to store the resulting measurements. In a smart home, the wireless sensor ACS712 was used to monitor the flow of electricity (current and voltage) for a household device. The user can share data about electricity consumption and costs with a third party via the private IPFS (InterPlanetary File System) network. A third party can download all the energy consumption data for a device or many devices from the platform for 1 day, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year. The studies on the development of energy-efficient technology for home devices benefit greatly from the gathered data. For security in the system, it is preferred to run Keyrock Idm, Wilma Pep Proxy, and Orion Context Broker in HTTPS mode, and MQTTS is used to retrieve sensor data. The experimental results showed that the energy monitoring system accurately records voltage, current, active power, and the total amount of power used and offers low-cost solutions to the users using household devices in a day.