Predicting Code Smells and Analysis of Predictions: Using Machine Learning Techniques and Software Metrics

Code smell detection is essential to improve software quality, enhancing software maintainability, and decrease the risk of faults and failures in the software system. In this paper, we proposed a code smell prediction approach based on machine learning techniques and software metrics. The local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) algorithm was further used to explain the machine learning model's predictions and interpretability. The datasets obtained from Fontana et al. were reformed and used to build binary-label and multi-label datasets. The results of 10-fold cross-validation show that the performance of tree-based algorithms (mainly Random Forest) is higher compared with kernel-based and network-based algorithms. The genetic algorithm based feature selection methods enhance the accuracy of these machine learning algorithms by selecting the most relevant features in each dataset. Moreover, the parameter optimization techniques based on the grid search algorithm significantly enhance the accuracy of all these algorithms. Finally, machine learning techniques have high potential in predicting the code smells, which contribute to detect these smells and enhance the software's quality.

Application of Sargassum fusiforme(Harv.)Setch.Extract in Cigarettes

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the application of Sargassum fusiforme(Harv.)Setch.in cigarettes.[Methods]Tobacco-specific nitrosamines in the smoke of cigarettes added with ethanol extract of S.fusiforme were determined,and the compounds related to the aroma of S.fusiforme were identified by flavor-smelling experiment.[Results]With the addition of the ethanol extract of S.fusiforme,the decrease in the total amount of four tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mainstream cigarette smoke reached 16.42%.The results of the flavor-smelling experiment showed that the aroma of S.fusiforme might be related to(R)-5,6,7,7A-tetrahydro-4,4,7A-trimethyl-2(4H)-benzofuranone,glycerol,ethyl palmitate,methyl palmitate,ethyl linoleate,methyl(Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienoate,ethyl(Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienoate,phytol,and tetradecanoic acid.[Conclusions]The ethanol extract of S.fusiforme has the potential function of reducing the content of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in smoke and improving the taste of cigarettes.

Structure Design of Large-scale Fattening Pig House with Fermentation Bed

The fattening pig house with fermentation bed had an area of 2 100 m2, and the area of fermentation bed was 1 900 m2 with a utilization rate of 91.4%, which was 45% higher than that of conventional pig house with surrounding barrier. There was feeding trough around the house. The water troughs were set in the middle of the fermentation bed and of the feeding trough on the short sides of the house, separating feed and water. There were electric aluminum alloy shutters in both long sides of the house for ventilation, cooling and heat preservation. On both short sides, there were fans and wet curtains. The spray cooling devices were in- stalled outside the roof for cooling. The environmental control in the piggery, includ- ing light, temperature, water, humidity, carbon dioxide and ammonia, was realized to run by computer automatically. The coconut chaff and chaff configuration were used as mattress material, realizing the advantages of fermentation bed, such as no smell, zero emission, high-quality meat, saving labor, controlling disease, no drug residue, producing fertilizer, intelligent control, mechanized operation, etc.

“朱门酒肉臭”之“臭”字解——兼谈“臭”字解法的应用

"朱门酒肉臭"之"臭"的理解曾有分歧,今天从普方古及跨语言的角度观察能够对"臭"的理解提供新的证据。汉语史上"臭"并无专指"香气"义,"臭"的演变路线应是从统指一切气味到专指不好气味义。从气味义上位词到专指不好气味义的演变有语言的共性,不仅汉语中如此,英语中"stink、Smell、odor"的演变也如此。梳理"臭"及"stink、smell、odor"的演变对应关系对汉语古语词的教学亦有裨益。

How Do Humans Perceive Emotion?

Emotion carries crucial qualities of the human condition,representing one of the major challenges in artificial intelligence.Research in psychology and neuroscience in the past two to three decades has generated rich insights into the processes underlying human emotion.Cognition and emotion represent the two main pillars of the human psyche and human intelligence.While the human cognitive system and cognitive brain has inspired and informed computer science and artificial intelligence,the future is ripe for the human emotion system to be integrated into artificial intelligence and robotic systems.Here,we review behavioral and neural findings in human emotion perception,including facial emotion perception,olfactory emotion perception,multimodal emotion perception,and the time course of emotion perception.It is our hope that knowledge of how humans perceive emotion will help bring artificial intelligence strides closer to human intelligence.

检测JavaScript类的内聚耦合Code Smell

Code Smell是软件程序中存在不良设计和不良实现的征兆.正确地检测和识别Code Smell可以指导软件重构,提高软件的可用性和可靠性.通过Code Smell的度量指标,可以量化软件的设计问题.JavaScript已成为最常用的编程语言之一,类是JavaScript的设计模式,优秀类的设计体现为高内聚和低耦合.现有关于JavaScript内聚耦合的Code Smell研究均在微观的层面,即函数和语句上进行.它们可以提供程序实现的重构建议,但无法分析内聚耦合相关的软件系统设计问题.针对FE、DC和Blob这3种类的内聚耦合Code Smell,提出一种JavaScript类的内聚耦合Code Smell检测方法JS4C.该方法基于静态分析,同时适用于客户端和服务端程序.它通过遍历软件系统中所有的类,利用源程序的文本相似度特征和结构特征,识别Code Smell并检测其强度.在结构特征检测中,JS4C使用了经扩展的对象类型推断及非严格的耦合分散度度量法NSCDISP,有效地降低了解释型语言的静态分析过程中,类型信息缺失对检测产生的影响.实验通过对6个开源项目的分析表明,JS4C对内聚耦合设计问题有良好的检测效果.

点击“五官”动词

英语中,look,sound,smell,taste,feel这五个和人的五官感觉有关的动词可以简称为"五官"动词。现将它们的共同点和不同之处加以分析归纳。一、这些动词都可带形容词作表语,说明主语所处的状态,它们都是连系动词,除look外,它们的主语往往是物,而不是人。例如:

Code Smell视角下分层Web应用失血及充血现象的量化分析

分层Web应用的领域层由领域模型构成.仅存储数据且不实现行为的领域模型被称作失血领域模型,其状态和数据由非领域层中的类维护,造成后者的充血现象.失血和充血现象损害了Web应用的可维护性,然而,由于缺乏量化分析和研究,其论据多基于主观经验得出.本文度量三种Code Smell(Feature Envy、Blob和Data Class)的强度,将它们作为衡量失血和充血现象的标准,对现象进行量化分析,进而得出它们之间的相关性.本文对一个公开数据集的91个Java Web项目及10个不同领域的开源Java Web应用的多个版本进行了实验,实验发现至少有75%的项目受领域层失血和服务层充血现象的影响,这些现象极少被解决或减弱,两者的强度在不同类间存在相关性,且两者强度的增量在同一软件项目的不同版本间亦存在相关性.

Self-reported Taste and Smell Disorders in Patients with COVID-19:Distinct Features in China

Last December 2019,a cluster of viral pneumonia cases identified as coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)was reported in Wuhan,China.We aimed to explore the frequencies of nasal symptoms in patients with COVID-19,including loss of smell and taste,as well as their presentation as the first symptom of the disease and their association with the severity of COVID-19.In this retrospective study,1206 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients were included and followed up by telephone one month after discharged from Tongji Hospital,Wuhan.Demographic data,laboratory values,comorbidities,symptoms,and numerical rating scale scores(0–10)of nasal symptoms were extracted from the hospital medical records,and confirmed or reevaluated by the telephone follow-up.From patients(n=1172)completing follow-up,199(17%)subjects had severe COVID-19 and 342(29.2%)reported nasal symptoms.20.6%COVID-19 patients had loss of taste(median score=6),while 11.4%had loss of smell(median score=5).Loss of taste scores,but not loss of smell scores,were significantly increased in severe vs.nonsevere COVID-19 patients.Interleukin(IL)-6 and lactose dehydrogenase(LDH)serum levels were positively correlated with loss of taste scores.About 80%of COVID-19 patients recovered from smell and taste dysfunction in 2 weeks.In this cohort,only 1 out of 10 hospital admitted patients had loss of smell while 1 out of 5 reported loss of taste which was associated to severity of COVID-19.Most patients recovered smell and taste dysfunctions in 2 weeks.

Factors that modulate olfactory dysfunction

The olfactory system is one of a few areas in the nervous system which is capable of regeneration throughout the life.Olfactory sensory neurons reside in the nasal cavity are continuously replenished with new neurons arising from stem cells.Some factors such as aging,neurodegenerative diseases,head trauma,brain tumor extraction and infection cause olfactory dysfunction which significantly influences physical wellbeing,quality of life,mental health,nutritional status,memory processes,identifying danger and is associated with increased mortality.Therefore,finding a treatment to improve olfactory dysfunction is needed.Recent research efforts in the field have shown some very promising new approaches to treat olfactory dysfunction.This review explores the current studies that have addressed therapeutic approaches to improve olfactory neuron regeneration based on cell transplantation therapy,modulation of physiological olfactory dysfunction and drug treatments.

Improved Shark Smell Optimization Algorithm for Human Action Recognition

Human Action Recognition(HAR)in uncontrolled environments targets to recognition of different actions froma video.An effective HAR model can be employed for an application like human-computer interaction,health care,person tracking,and video surveillance.Machine Learning(ML)approaches,specifically,Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)models had beenwidely used and achieved impressive results through feature fusion.The accuracy and effectiveness of these models continue to be the biggest challenge in this field.In this article,a novel feature optimization algorithm,called improved Shark Smell Optimization(iSSO)is proposed to reduce the redundancy of extracted features.This proposed technique is inspired by the behavior ofwhite sharks,and howthey find the best prey in thewhole search space.The proposed iSSOalgorithmdivides the FeatureVector(FV)into subparts,where a search is conducted to find optimal local features fromeach subpart of FV.Once local optimal features are selected,a global search is conducted to further optimize these features.The proposed iSSO algorithm is employed on nine(9)selected CNN models.These CNN models are selected based on their top-1 and top-5 accuracy in ImageNet competition.To evaluate the model,two publicly available datasets UCF-Sports and Hollywood2 are selected.

浅谈如何在英语教学中实施“少教多学”

在我国教育教学制度不断改革与发展的背景之下,如何切实提高英语教学水平,促进学生形成对英语学科的兴趣,并且尽可能确保学生的英语学习效果有所改进。因此在这样的背景之下,逐步提出了＂少教多学＂的英语课堂教学模式,其主要就是转变了学生与教师之间传统的地位差别,并且倡导以学生作为主体,开展课堂教学工作。

rather,had/would rather 和 or rather 的用法

rather 一词含义及用法较多,现把常用的用法及结构分别总结如下:一、rather1.修饰动词时意为“倒是”、“(在某种程度上)有点”。I rather think everything is going to come out allright.我倒是认为一切事情最后会圆满解决的。I rather like the smell of petrol.

初中英语教学中中国古典诗词的渗透

当前的初中英语教学中,很多学生出现了恐惧英语学习甚至是厌学的问题,他们无法适应英语学习中要学习的大量单词、句型、语法等枯燥的英语基础知识,这也给初中英语教学带来了巨大的挑战。当前,广大英语教师要研究的一个重要问题就是如何让英语教学更具特色,而在英语教学中渗透中国古典诗词就成了一种重要的加强英汉之间的互通和互用的方法。

初中英语教学中翻译真应该少一点

英语教学中常会面对是否需要翻译的选择,从理论上说,我们会选择不翻译或少翻译,但在实践中我们很容易倾向于要翻译并多翻译。一、课堂教学回顾在一堂九年级的英语课上,我的学生们遇到了这样一道选择题:---The electric fan can___blow away the terrible smell in the room,can it?

Acupuncture for olfactory dysfunction in infected COVID-19 patients:Study protocol for a randomized,sham-controlled clinical trial

Background:Olfactory dysfunction(OD)is a common symptom of Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19).It is defined as the reduced or distorted ability to smell during sniffing(orthonasal olfaction)and represents one of the early symptoms in the clinical course of COVID-19 infection.A large online questionnaire-based survey has shown that some post-COVID-19 patients had no improvement 1 month after discharge from the hospital.Objective:To explore the efficacy of acupuncture for OD in COVID-19 infected patients and to determine whether acupuncture could have benefits over sham acupuncture for OD in post-COVID-19 patients.Methods:This is a single-blind,randomized controlled,cross-over trial.We plan to recruit 40 post-COVID-19 patients with smell loss or smell distortions lasting for more than 1 month.Qualified patients will be randomly allocated to the intervention group(real acupuncture)or the control group(sham acupuncture)at a 1:1 ratio.Each patient will receive 8 sessions of treatment over 4 weeks(Cycle 1)and a 2-week follow-up.After the follow-up,the control group will be subjected to real acupuncture for another 4 weeks(Cycle 2),and the real acupuncture group will undergo the 4-week sham acupuncture.The primary outcomes will be the score changes on the questionnaire of olfactory functioning and olfaction-related quality of life at week 6,8,12,and 14 from the baseline.The secondary outcomes will be the changes in the olfactory test score at week 6 and 12 from the baseline measured by using the Traditional Chinese version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test(UPSIT-TC).Discussion:The results of this trial will help to determine the effectiveness of acupuncture for OD in post-COVID-19 patients.This may provide a new treatment option for patients.

The Peannts

There was half a mu of unoccupied land behind our house.Mother said,“It wouldbe such a pity to let it lie waste.As you are fond of peanuts,we’ll make a garden ofit to grow them.”All of us and the little girls were excited with joy.Some boughtpeanut seeds,while the others set about digging the soil or watering it.And within afew months we had a harvest！

Animals Sense of Smell

Odors that induce psychological orbehavioral changes in the same species——fright in a catfish^2,sexual arousal in abull—are called pheromones^3.And nowheredo such odors have more profound aneffect than among the bees,wasps,ants,and termites^4:Pheromones are the chemicalmessages that these insects use to organizetheir complex societies.The queen honeybee preserves hermonarchy^5 by exuding^6 an odor thatnhibits worker bees from laying eggs

Flatography: Detection of gastrointestinal diseases by faecal gas analysis

Patients presenting with gastro-intestinal symptoms might suffer from a range of possible underlying diseases. An unmet need exists for novel cost-effective,reproducible, easy-to-perform and non-invasive tests. Hippocrates used body odours to diagnose diseases circa 460 before Christ. The art of diagnostic smelling is making a promising high-tech come-back with portable "electronic diagnostic noses". Analysis of faecal volatile organic compounds is a novel field in metabolomics with considerable potential to improve the diagnosis, phenotyping and monitoring of gastro-intestinal disease. Challenges will be to mature over the coming years by development of a standardized methodology for stool sample collection, storage, handling and analysis. Furthermore, key volatiles need to be identified to improve test accuracy and sensitivity by development of sensors tailored toward the accurate identification of disease specific volatiles. If these challenges are adequately faced, analysis of faecal volatiles has realistic potential to considerably improve screening, diagnosis and disease monitoring for gastro-intestinal diseases.

Chemical characterization of smoke from the production process of wood-plastic composites

The chemical composition of unpleasant smell, emitted from the production process of wood-plastic composites using Manchurian ash sawdust （Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr.） and polypropylene powder as the raw material, was investigated. Wood sawdust and polypropylene powder were subjected to heat treatment to 290℃ during 8 min （the conditions were similar to those employed on an industrial scale）. The emitted compounds were collected and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. The analytical results showed that the unpleasant smell was emitted from the pyrogenation of wood sawdust rather than from the polypropylene powder. Nine types of compounds （hydrocarbons, ethers, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, acids and their derivatives, furan and its derivatives, and nitrogen-containing compounds） were collected in the gas phase during heating. Among those 126 components detected by GC-MS, 112 compounds were identified.