Clean production of Fe-based amorphous soft magnetic alloys via smelting reduction of high-phosphorus iron ore and apatite

Separated preparation of prealloys and amorphous alloys results in severe solidification-remelting and beneficial element removal-readdition contradictions,which markedly increase energy consumption and emissions.This study offered a novel strategy for the direct production of FePC amorphous soft magnetic alloys via smelting reduction of high-phosphorus iron ore(HPIO)and apatite.First,the thermodynamic conditions and equilibrium states of the carbothermal reduction reactions in HPIO were calculated,and the element content in reduced alloys was theoretically determined.The phase and structural evolutions,as well as element migration and enrichment behaviors during the smelting reduction of HPIO and Ca_(3)(PO_(4))_(2),were then experimentally verified.The addition of Ca_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)in HPIO contributes to the enrichment of the P element in reduced alloys and the subsequent development of Fe_(3)P and Fe_(2)P phases.The content of P and C elements in the range of 1.52 wt% -14.63 wt% and 0.62 wt% -2.47 wt%,respectively,can be well tailored by adding 0-50 g Ca_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)and controlling the C/O mole ratio of 0.8-1.1,which is highly consistent with the calculated results.These FePC alloys were then successfully formed into amorphous ribbons and rods.The energy consumption of the proposed strategy was estimated to be 2.00×10^(8) kJ/t,which is reduced by 30% when compared with the conventional production process.These results are critical for the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and pave the way for the clean production of Fe-based amorphous soft magnetic alloys.

Numerical simulation study on penetration performance of depleted Uranium(DU)alloy fragments

Due to its high strength,high density,high hardness and good penetration capabilities,Depleted uranium alloys have already shined in armor-piercing projectiles.There should also be a lot of room for improvement in the application of fragment killing elements.Therefore,regarding the performance of the depleted uranium alloy to penetrate the target plate,further investigation is needed to analyze its advantages and disadvantages compared to tungsten alloy.To study the difference in penetration performance between depleted uranium alloy and tungsten alloy fragments,firstly,a theoretical analysis of the adiabatic shear sensitivity of DU and tungsten alloys was given from the perspective of material constitutive model.Then,taking the cylindrical fragment penetration target as the research object,the penetration process and velocity characteristics of the steel target plates penetrated by DU alloy fragment and tungsten alloy fragment were compared and analyzed,by using finite element software ANSYS/LS-DYNA and Lagrange algorithm.Lastly,the influence of different postures when impacting target and different fragment shapes on the penetration results is carried out in the research.The results show that in the penetration process of the DU and tungsten alloy fragments,the self-sharpening properties of the DU alloy can make the fragment head sharper and the penetrating ability enhance.Under the same conditions,the penetration capability of cylindrical fragment impacting target in vertical posture is better than that in horizontal posture,and the penetration capability of the spherical fragment is slightly better than that of cylindrical fragment.

Two-stage reduction for the preparation of ferronickel alloy from nickel laterite ore with low Co and high MgO contents

The preparation of ferronickel alloy from the nickel laterite ore with low Co and high MgO contents was studied by using a pre-reduction-smelting method. The effects of reduction time, calcination temperature, quantity of reductant and calcium oxide (CaO), and pellet diameter on the reduction ratio of Fe and on the pellet strength were investigated. The results show that, for a roasting temperature > 800 A degrees C, a roasting time > 30 min, 1.5wt% added anthracite coal, 5wt% added CaO, and a pellet size of similar to 10 mm, the reduction ratio of Fe exceeds 70% and the compressive strength of the pellets exceeds 10 kg per pellet. Reduction smelting experiments were performed by varying the smelting time, temperature, quantity of reductant and CaO, and reduction ratio of Fe in the pellets. Optimal conditions for the reduction smelting process are as follows: smelting time, 30-45 min; smelting temperature, 1550A degrees C; quantity of reductant, 4wt%-5wt%; and quantity of CaO, 5wt%; leading to an Fe reduction ratio of 75% in the pellets. In addition, the mineral composition of the raw ore and that during the reduction process were investigated by process mineralogy.

Hydriding properties of uranium alloys for purposes of searching for new hydrogen storage materials

Hydriding properties of uranium alloys have been studied to search for new hydrogen storage materials to be applied to hydrogen energy systems. Application of uranium-base hydrogen storage materials can be expected to alleviate the risk, as well as to reduce the cost incurred by globally-stored large amounts of depleted uranium left after uranium enrichment. Various uranium alloys have been examined in terms of hydrogen absorptiondesorption properties, among which UNi Al intermetallic compound showed promising characteristics, such as lower absorption-desorption temperatures and better anti-powdering strength. First principle calculation has been carried out on UNi Al hydride to predict the change of crystal structure and the lattice constant with increasing hydrogen content, which showed this calculation to be promising in predicting candidates for good hydrogen absorbers.

Recovery of cobalt from converter slag of Chambishi Copper Smelter using reduction smelting process

The reduction smelting process for cobalt recovery from converter slag of the Chambishi Copper Smelter in Zambia was studied. The effects of reducing agent dosage, smelting temperature and time and the addition of slag modifiers （CaO and TiO2） were investigated. In addition, the depleted slag and cobalt-bearing alloy were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Under the determined conditions, 94.02% Co, 95.76% Cu and less than 18% Fe in the converter slag were recovered. It was found that the main phases of depleted slag were fayalite and hercynite; and the cobalt-bearing alloy mainly contained metallic copper, Fe-Co-Cu alloys and a small amount of sulfide.

Effect of nickel oxide additive on smelting mechanism of chromium-bearing vanadium titanomagnetite pellets

The effect of nickel oxide additive on the smelting behaviors of chromium-bearing vanadium titanomagnetite pellets(CVTP)was investigated while analyzing the transfer behavior of nickel in iron and slag.The results show that when NiO added to CVTP increases from 0 to 6 wt.%,softening start temperature increases from 1148 to 1212℃,and the softening end temperature increases from 1280 to 1334℃;the melting start temperature increases from 1318 to 1377℃,and the dripping temperature decreases from 1558 to 1521℃.The pig iron comprises a compound of Fe-Ni-C.The slag structure depolymerizes with increasing nickel addition.The softening-melting behaviors of CVTP,the reduction of nickel into pig iron,and the depolymerization of slag structure indicate the feasibility of producing nickel-iron alloy through the blast furnace process.

Furnace bottom rise mechanism in preparation of Al Si alloys by electrothermal process

The experiments of preparation of Al Si alloys by electrothermal process were carried out respectively in 20 kW, 100 kW and 1 800 kW DC arc furnaces. The mechanism of furnace bottom rise was studied. It was found that the bottom rise can be divided into three types, including the low bottom temperature, abnormal reducing reaction and carbide deposition. The furnace bottom rise is related to the carbon ratio of the briquet, the heating speed of the briquet and the parameters and operation of furnace.

THE STUDY ON SMELETING REDUCTION OF CHROMIUM & NICKEL CONCETRATE WITH PLASMA

When smelting reduction of chromium and nickel concentrate with C Si Al as compound reductive is conducted in a plasma induction furnace, the alloying target value of 18%Cr and 9%Ni could be achieved in 20 minutes, the recovery rate of Cr and Ni would reach 82 85% and 95 98% respectively. Content of C could be limited within 0.3%. This paper also analysis the properties of electrochemical reaction between slag and molten metal.

Preparation of helicopter rotor counterbalance component by means of permanent-mold casting

Copper alloy was adopted to prepare helicopter rotor counterbalance component by means of permanent-mold casting. Process parameters were determined on the basis of theory calculation and computer numerical simulation. Through controlling mould temperature, pouring temperature and speed, the defects, such as gas cavity, shrinkage porosity, cold shut, can be effectively avoided. The results show that the best process parameters for smelting are as follows: pouring temperature is 1 100 ℃, pouring time is 14 s and opened mould time is 6 min. Mixture of 90% charcoal powder and 10% fluorite were selected as covering agent and 0.01% phosphorus copper acts as oxidizer. The density of rotor counterbalance component after casting in permanent-mold is 99.91% of its theory density. Mechanical properties are as follows: σb=315 MPa, σ0.2=143 MPa, δ=25%, HB=950. The mass deviation is between -5 g and +5 g, the curved surface distortion is less than 0.20 mm, and the largest tolerance of sectional thickness can be controlled between -0.10 mm and +0.10 mm.

Atomic simulations of primary irradiation damage in U–Mo–Xe system

To shed a light on Xe bubble nucleation in U–Mo fuel from the view of primary irradiation damage,a reported U–Mo–Xe potential under the framework of embedded atom method has been modified within the range of short and intermediate atomic distance.The modified potential can better describe the interactions between energetic particles,and can accurately reproduce the threshold displacement energy surface calculated by the first-principles method.Then,molecular dynamics simulations of primary irradiation damage in U–Mo–Xe system have been conducted under different contents.The raise of Xe concentration brings about a remarkable promotion in residual defect quantity and generates bubbles in more overpressured state,which suggests an acceleration of irradiation damage under the accumulation of the fission gas.Meanwhile,the addition of Mo considerably reduces the residual defect count and hinders irradiation-induced Xe diffusion especially at high contents of Xe,corroborating the importance of high Mo content in mitigation of irradiation damage and swelling behavior in U–Mo fuel.In particular,the variation of irradiation damage with respect to contents suggests a necessity of taking into account the influence of local components on defect evolution in mesoscale simulations.

Behavior of Element Vaporization and Composition Control of Fe-Ga Alloy during Vacuum Smelting

Saturated vapor pressure, critical evaporation temperature and evaporation loss rate of Fe-Ga alloy were calculated under different conditions of Ga and Fe contents with activity coefficients. The relationship between the change of Ga content and melting time was determined. The results demonstrated that saturated vapor pressure of Ga was higher than that of Fe under the same conditions. The difference value of critical evaporation temperature of Ga with and without Ar was nearly 800 K. The critical evaporation temperature of Fe was higher than that of Ga under vacuum, indicating that Ga was more volatile than Fe. At 1800 K, the evaporation rate of Ga was 84 times higher than that of Fe in the melt of Fe81Ga19 alloy. Under this condition, the change of Ga content and smelting time kept a linear relationship. The higher the temperature was, the faster the Ga content decreased, which was consistent with theoretical calculations.

高合金钢冶炼用锆质引流砂的研制与应用

以锆英砂、铬铁矿和石英砂为主要原料,制备了满足电炉钢包高合金钢冶炼需求的锆质引流砂,研究了石英砂含量对其组成、结构和性能的影响。结果表明:经高温热处理后,随着石英砂含量增加,试样的线变化率逐渐增大,显气孔率明显减小,体积密度先减小后增大,各试样内各颗粒均为点接触为主,形成了以K_(2)O-Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)-FeO为主的低熔相,高温耐压强度略有增大,烧结层厚度增加,促进了引流砂烧结。针对宝钢电炉钢包高合金钢种冶炼(合金量Cr+Ni+Mo≥8%),采用锆质引流砂替代铬质引流砂进行应用,目前已稳定使用9个月(合计210炉次),钢包自动自开率明显改善,由85.0%提高至97.2%。

还原熔炼法回收低品位锡中矿中锡资源

本研究采用还原熔炼法回收低品位锡中矿中锡资源,并对氧化铜为添加剂时锡的回收行为进行了探究。结果表明一定条件下,提高熔炼温度、增加焦炭添加量、延长保温时间和增加氧化铜添加量可提高锡回收率;然而温度过高时,渣中铁氧化物被还原为金属铁,并与还原态金属锡发生合金化反应生成熔点较高的Fe-Sn合金,使其在渣金分离过程中易夹带在渣中造成锡损失;熔炼过程添加氧化铜时,其可通过还原反应生成金属铜,继而与金属锡发生合金化反应生成Cu-Sn合金,热力学上降低了产物Sn的活度,促进了锡的还原回收;在焦炭添加量7%、氧化铜添加量5.8%、熔炼温度1 250℃、保温时间150 min条件下,锡回收率可达到95.24%,锡主要分布在Cu-Sn合金(分布比例90.20%)和含锡烟尘(分布比例5.04%)中。本研究实现了低品位锡中矿中锡的高效回收。

热管堆铀钼合金燃料高温辐照肿胀研究

热管冷却反应堆(简称热管堆)选用铀钼合金作为堆芯燃料,这种燃料具有显著的热膨胀和辐照肿胀,因此燃料设计需要关注材料高温下的肿胀。基于部分高温下铀钼合金的辐照数据,考虑温度对铀钼合金辐照肿胀影响,使用COMSOL Multiphysics(简称COMSOL)对1 kWe Kilopower热管堆方案构建了三维分析模型,完成了热力耦合分析。计算结果表明:使用COMSOL可以有效模拟燃料热膨胀和辐照肿胀行为;与仅考虑热膨胀计算结果对比,寿期末燃料变形和应力均有所增加;燃耗深度达到0.4%时,燃料最大应力为85.1 MPa。在进行更大功率、更深燃耗热管堆方案设计时,需要考虑燃料的辐照肿胀。

铀、锆以及铀锆合金精确原子间势的深度学习

铀锆合金作为一体化快堆的重要核燃料,使用先进的计算方法研究其高温下的基础物理性质意义重大。使用深度势能分子动力学方法分别计算了体心立方铀、锆和铀锆合金材料的基础物理性质,该方法兼具第一性原理的高精度和经典分子动力学的高效率。首先,通过使用深度神经网络机器学习训练了体心立方锆(Zr-BCC)、体心立方铀(U-BCC)和体心立方铀锆合金(U-Zr(BCC))的深度势能(DP)模型,其预测的平衡状态方程、晶格常数、弹性性质和声子谱能够达到第一性原理的精度。接着,使用DP模型预测了Zr-BCC、UBCC和U-Zr(BCC)的恒压热容和密度随温度的变化,并且结果能够很好地与实验值吻合。该研究结果表明机器学习方法为成功探索更复杂的核燃料性质提供了重要的路径。

钴镁复合材料处理稀土冶炼放射性废水性能分析

采用共沉淀法,合成了钴镁复合材料,运用SEM、XRD、FTIR和XPS等手段对复合材料进行了表征分析,并探究了去除时间、溶液pH、离子强度、U(Ⅵ)初始浓度、固液比、反应温度对复合材料去除废水中U(Ⅵ)性能的影响。吸附试验表明,在去除时间30 min、溶液pH为4.0、固液比6.0 g/L、反应温度75℃的条件下,钴镁复合材料对水中U(Ⅵ)的去除效果最好,去除率约100%。等温吸附、动力学和热力学研究表明:吸附过程符合Freundlich等温吸附模型和准二级吸附动力学模型,并且是一个自发且不可逆的吸热反应过程。根据最佳吸附条件,将钴镁复合材料应用于广东省某稀土冶炼放射性废水中U(Ⅵ)的去除,结果表明,U(Ⅵ)去除率为98.1%,处理后的废水铀含量达到《稀土工业污染物排放标准》(GB 26451—2011)排放标准要求,该复合材料在伴生放射性矿含铀酸性废水处理方面具有良好的应用前景。

电子束精炼FGH4097母合金夹杂物迁移行为研究

采用电子束熔炼技术精炼FGH4097母合金,分析了熔炼过程中非金属夹杂物的迁移行为。结果显示,电子束精炼技术可以使FGH4097合金中Al_(2)O_(3)、SiO_(2)、Ce_(2)O_(3)等低密度(<8.30 g/cm^(3))非金属夹杂物上浮并保留在最后凝固区。夹杂物的上浮行为主要与夹杂物的尺寸和密度有关,尺寸越大、密度越小的夹杂物上浮速度越快。根据计算结果显示,本实验工艺可使尺寸大于6.5μm的低密度夹杂物有效上浮,熔体表面存在马兰戈尼效应产生的液流,能够带动上浮的夹杂物向熔池中心运动,并聚集形成夹杂物浮筏。当母合金O含量略高于4×10^(-4)%时,能在铸锭上观察到面积不大于10 mm^(2)的夹杂物聚集区,而当母合金存在缩孔时,夹杂物聚集的面积则急剧增大至100 mm^(2)以上。

铀及铀铌合金在潮湿气氛中的腐蚀行为研究进展

铀及铀合金是重要的核工业材料,在国防科技和核能领域具有广泛应用。金属铀的化学性质非常活泼,极易被环境气氛中的O_(2)、H_(2)O等气体氧化腐蚀,尤其是当H_(2)O存在时更易失效,导致其力学性能和核反应性能降低。铀铌合金作为一种重要的铀合金材料,具有良好的抗腐蚀性,但仍难以避免长期贮存过程中的表面氧化腐蚀。经过国内外数十年的研究,铀材料在典型气氛中的腐蚀规律已较为明确,但对其腐蚀机理的深入认识一直存在分歧。本文归纳和总结了铀及铀铌合金在水汽、水氧混合气氛等潮湿环境中的腐蚀行为研究工作,讨论和评述了各反应阶段的腐蚀机理,最后对铀及铀铌合金在潮湿气氛中的氧化动力学,H_(2)O和O_(2)在铀材料表面的吸附解离、微观扩散机制及UH3等中间产物的演化等方面进行了展望。

钛及钛合金铸锭制备工艺发展现状

钛及钛合金铸锭制造工艺流程长、成本高限制了其在更广阔领域的应用。除此之外,高纯净、高均质钛及钛合金铸锭的制备仍存在一定的技术瓶颈,严重制约了其在尖端装备上的应用。为此,系统介绍了钛及钛合金铸锭的生产工艺,并对不同生产工艺中存在的技术问题进行了阐述;同时对高纯净、高均质、低成本钛及钛合金铸锭关键制备技术的发展动向进行了介绍,并在此基础上提出了展望。

低成本钛合金在车辆上的工程应用研究

随着钛合金在航空航天等领域的用量不断提升,昂贵的加工和使用成本已经成为制约其扩大应用的主要障碍,迫切需要发展低成本钛合金材料及其加工技术,因此钛合金低成本化以及钛合金材料成形的低成本化已成为国内外钛工业领域研究的重要方向。本文通过添加100%返回料的方式,成功制备了化学成分合格的Ti-Al-V系低成本钛合金铸锭,并采用短流程轧制技术制备了各种规格的板材,分析了轧制过程中Ti-Al-V系低成本钛合金的组织性能演变过程,研制的各规格板材通过了某车辆炮塔体的考核试验。同时采用短流程锻造加工技术,研制了低成本高性能钛合金平衡肘锻件,其显微组织和力学性能均能满足技术标准要求,通过了某车辆的跑车考核试验。