Late sowing enhances lodging resistance of wheat plants by improving the biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin and cellulose

Delayed sowing mitigates lodging in wheat. However, the mechanism underlying the enhanced lodging resistance in wheat has yet to be fully elucidated. Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of sowing date on lignin and cellulose metabolism, stem morphological characteristics, lodging resistance, and grain yield. Seeds of Tainong 18,a winter wheat variety, were sown on October 8(normal sowing) and October 22(late sowing) during both of the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 growing seasons. The results showed that late sowing enhanced the lodging resistance of wheat by improving the biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin and cellulose. Under late sowing, the expression levels of key genes(Ta PAL, Ta CCR, Ta COMT, TaCAD, and TaCesA1, 3, 4, 7, and 8) and enzyme activities(TaPAL and TaCAD) related to lignin and cellulose biosynthesis peaked 4–12 days earlier, and except for the TaPAL, TaCCR, and TaCesA1 genes and TaPAL, in most cases they were significantly higher than under normal sowing. As a result, lignin and cellulose accumulated quickly during the stem elongation stage. The mean and maximum accumulation rates of lignin and cellulose increased, the maximum accumulation contents of lignin and cellulose were higher, and the cellulose accumulation duration was prolonged. Consequently, the lignin/cellulose ratio and lignin content were increased from 0 day and the cellulose content was increased from 11 days after jointing onward. Our main finding is that the improved biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin and cellulose were responsible for increasing the stem-filling degree, breaking strength, and lodging resistance. The major functional genes enhancing lodging resistance in wheat that are induced by delayed sowing need to be determined.

Effects of sowing date and ecological points on yield and the temperature and radiation resources of semi-winter wheat

Exploring the effects of sowing date and ecological points on the yield of semi-winter wheat is of great significance.This study aims to reveal the effects of sowing date and ecological points on the climate resources associated with wheat yield in the Rice–Wheat Rotation System.With six sowing dates,the experiments were carried out in Donghai and Jianhu counties,Jiangsu Province,China using two semi-winter wheat varieties as the objects of this study.The basic seedlings of the first sowing date (S1) were planted at 300×10^(4)plants ha^(-1),which was increased by 10%for each of the delayed sowing dates (S2–S6).The results showed that the delay of sowing date decreased the number of days,the effective accumulated temperature and the cumulative solar radiation in the whole growth period.The yields of S1 were higher than those of S2 to S6 by 0.22–0.31,0.5–0.78,0.86–0.98,1.14–1.38,and 1.36–1.59 t ha^(–1),respectively.For a given sowing date,the growth days increased as the ecological point was moved north,while both mean daily temperature and effective accumulative temperature decreased,but the cumulative radiation increased.As a result,the yields at Donghai County were 0.01–0.39 t ha–1lower than those of Jianhu County for the six sowing dates.The effective accumulative temperature and cumulative radiation both had significant positive correlations with yield.The average temperature was significantly negatively correlated with the yield.The decrease in grain yield was mainly due to the declines in grains per spike and 1 000-grain weight caused by the increase in the daily temperature and the decrease in the effective accumulative temperature.

Effect of delayed sowing on grain number, grain weight, and protein concentration of wheat grains at specific positions within spikes

Delays in sowing have significant effects on the grain yield,yield components,and grain protein concentrations of winter wheat.However,little is known about how delayed sowing affects these characteristics at different positions in the wheat spikes.In this study,the effects of sowing date were investigated in a winter wheat cultivar,Shannong 30,which was sown in 2019 and 2020 on October 8(normal sowing)and October 22(late sowing)under field conditions.Delayed sowing increased the partitioning of ^(13)C-assimilates to spikes,particularly to florets at the apical section of a spike and those occupying distal positions on the same spikelet.Consequently,the increase in grain number was the greatest for the apical sections,followed by the basal and central sections.No significant differences were observed between sowing dates in the superior grain number in the basal and central sections,while the number in apical sections was significantly different.The number of inferior grains in each section also increased substantially in response to delayed sowing.The average grain weights in all sections remained unchanged under delayed sowing because there were parallel increases in grain number and ^(13)C-assimilate partitioning to grains at specific positions in the spikes.Increases in grain number m^(–2) resulted in reduced grain protein concentrations as the limited nitrogen supply was diluted into more grains.Delayed sowing caused the greatest reduction in grain protein concentration in the basal sections,followed by the central and apical sections.No significant differences in the reduction of the grain protein concentration were observed between the inferior and superior grains under delayed sowing.In conclusion,a 2-week delay in sowing improved grain yield through increased grain number per spike,which originated principally from an increased grain number in the apical sections of spikes and in distal positions on the same spikelet.However,grain protein concentrations declined in each section because of the increased grain number and reduced N uptake.

Analysis on Absorption,Utilization and Transfer Efficiency of Nitrogen in High-yield Wheat Cultivars at Different Sowing Dates

This study aimed to analyze the absorption, utilization and transfer char- acteristics of nitrogen in high-yield winter wheat （Triticum aestivum） cultivars at dif- ferent sowing dates, so as to determine the optimum sowing dates for different high-yield wheat cultivars. A field experiment was conducted in the Shajiang black soil of Anhui Province with Jimai 22, Wanrnai 52 and Zhoumai 22, and the effects of early sowing （October 3）, optimum sowing （October 12） and late sowing （October 30） on wheat plant N content and accumulation, pre-and post-anthesis N accumula- tion （NA） of total plant, nitrogen remobUization to grain （NR）, N remobilization effi- ciency （NRE）, contribution of N remobilized to grain （NRC）, grain yield, N use effi- ciency （NUE） and N harvest index （NHI） of different wheat cultivar were investigat- ed. The results showed that sowing date had an impact on N content, absorption and utilization in wheat plants at various growth stages. The NA, NR and NRC of aboveground vegetative organs of wheat before anthesis were higher than those af- ter anthesis. Under the condition of late sowing, the grain N accumulation mainly depended on the N absorption by vegetative organs before anthesis. Under the conditions of optimum and early sowing, the absorbed N after anthesis accounted for a large proportion in grain N accumulation. The N uptake intensity and relative cumulative rate differed greatly among different growth stages and different-genotype wheat cultivars, and the pre-anthesis NA, pre-anthesis NR, pre-anthesis NRE, post- anthesis N assimilation amount and post-anthesis NRC showed significant differ- ences among different wheat cultivars. The grain yields of different wheat cultivars under the early and optimum sowing were all higher than those under the late sowing. The NHI and grain N accumulation were highest under the optimum sow- ing, and the latter significantly decreased with the delay of sowing dates. In con- trast, the NUE was highest under the late sowing, reaching 35.95%-41.32%. It indi- cated that under the condition of late sowing, most of the nitrogen was not ab- sorbed by wheat, but the use efficiency of the absorbed nitrogen significantly in- creased. In overall, the three high-yield wheat cultivars were all suitable for early and optimum sowing. Under the condition of late sowing, the yield of Zhoumai 22 showed the smallest differences with those under early and optimum sowing, and its NUE was significantly improved. Therefore, among the three high-yield wheat culti- vars, Zhoumai 22 was most suitable for late sowing.

Effects of Irrigation Quantity and Term on Waterconsumption and Yield of Winter Wheat by Wide Precision Sowing

[Objective] The aim was to research effects of irrigation quantity and term on winter wheat by wide precision sowing and to provide references and technical supports for water-saving agriculture in North China. [Methed] During 2013-2015, Jimai 22, a winter wheat cultivar, was taken as materials to explore effects of irrigation quantity and term on water consumption characters and yield of winter wheat by wide precision sowing. [Result] As irrigation water increased, water consumption and irrigation water＇s proportions were growing, but quantity and proportion of soil water consumption were both diminishing; seed yields all kept increasing upon irrigation, but water use efficiencies were decreasing. Given the same irrigation conditions, water consumption by wide precision sowing was more, but yield and water use efficiency were higher. [Conclusion] The practice of combining wide precision sowing and irrigation in jointing and flowering stages, based on yield, water use efficiency and economic profits, has the potential to create more yields and higher water use efficiency and suitable to be applied and promtoed in North China.

Effects of Sowing Rate on Marginal Superiority and Yield of Wheat in Wheat-cotton Intercropping System

In the wheat-cotton intercropping system, total 6 sowing rates （187.5, 225.0, 262.5, 300.0, 337.5 and 375.0 kg/hm2） were arranged, and the effects of sowing rate on marginal superiority and yield of wheat were investigated. The re- sults showed that the effect of sowing rate on inner-line wheat was greater than that on side-line wheat; with the increased sowing rate, the marginal superiority of panicle number was reduced in overall, and the difference in panicle number be- tween inner and side lines was decreased from 9.0×10^5/hm2 （sowing rate of 187.5 kg/hm2） to 7.8×10^5/hm2 （sowing rate of 375.0 kg/hm2）; the marginal superiority of grains per spike was increased first and then reduced, and the largest difference in grains per spike between the inner and side lines reached 4.6 under the sowing rate of 300.0 kg/hm2; the marginal superiority of 1 000-grain weight and yield was gradually increased, and the largest difference in 1 000-grain weight between the inner and side lines reached 3.9 g under the sowing rate of 337.5 kg/hm2, and in yield reached 3 136.5 kg/hm2under the sowing rate of 375.0 kg/hm2. The effects of sowing rate on the three yield factors of intercropped wheat ranked as panicle number 〉 grains per spike 〉 1 000-grain weight. The appropriate sowing rate of wheat was 225.0-262.0 kg/hm2 in the wheat-cotton intercropping system.

Delayed sowing can increase lodging resistance while maintaining grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat

Lodging resistance of winter wheat(Trnticum aestivum L.) can be increased by late sowing.However, whether grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) can be maintained with delayed sowing remains unknown. During the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 growing seasons, two winter wheat cultivars were sown on three dates(early sowing on October 1, normal so,wing on October8, and late sowing on October 15) to investigate the responses of lodging resistance, grain yield,and NUE to sowing date. No significant differences in lodging resistance, grain yield, or NUE between early and normal sowing were observed. Averaging over the two cultivars and years,postponing the sowing date significantly increased lodging resistance by 53.6% and 49.6%compared with that following early and normal sowing, respectively. Lodging resistance was improved mainly through a reduction in the culm height at the center of gravity and an increase in the tensile strength of the base internode. Late sowing resulted in similar grain yield as well as kernel weight and number of kernels per square meter, compared to early and normal sowing.Averaging over the two cultivars and years, delayed sowing resulted in a reduction in nitrogen uptake efficiency(UPE) by 11.0% and 9.9% compared to early and normal sowing, respectively,owing to reduced root length density and dry matter accumulation before anthesis. An average increase in nitrogen utilization efficiency(UTE) of 12.9% and 11.2% compared to early and normal sowing, respectively, was observed with late sowing owing to a reduction in the grain nitrogen concentration. The increase in UTE offset the reduction in UPE, resulting in equal NUEs among all sowing dates. Thus, sowing later than normal could increase lodging resistance while maintaining grain yield and NUE.

Optimization of sowing date and seeding rate for high winter wheat yield based on pre-winter plant development and soil water usage in the Loess Plateau,China

Sowing date and seeding rate are critical for productivity of winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).A three-year field experiment was conducted with three sowing dates(20 September(SD1),1 October(SD2),and 10 October(SD3)) and three seeding rates(SR67.5,SR90,and SR112.5) to determine suitable sowing date and seeding rate for high wheat yield.A large seasonal variation in accumulated temperature from sowing to winter dormancy was observed among three growing seasons.Suitable sowing dates for strong seedlings before winter varied with the seasons,that was SD2 in 2012–2013,SD3 in 2013–2014,and SD2 as well as SD1 in 2014–2015.Seasonal variation in precipitation during summer fallow also had substantial effects on soil water storage,and consequently influenced grain yield through soil water consumption from winter dormancy to maturity stages.Lower consumption of soil water from winter dormancy to booting stages could make more water available for productive growth from anthesis to maturity stages,leading to higher grain yield.SD2 combined with SR90 had the lowest soil water consumption from winter dormancy to booting stages in 2012–2013 and 2014–2015; while in 2013–2014,it was close to that with SR67.5 or SR112.5.For productive growth from anthesis to maturity stages,SD2 with SR90 had the highest soil water consumption in all three seasons.The highest water consumption in the productive growth period resulted in the best grain yield in both low and high rainfall years.Ear number largely contributed to the seasonal variation in grain yield,while grain number per ear and 1 000-grain weight also contributed to grain yield,especially when soil water storage was high.Our results indicate that sowing date and seeding rate affect grain yield through seedling development before winter and also affect soil water consumption in different growth periods.By selecting the suitable sowing date(1 October) in combination with the proper seeding rate of 90 kg ha–1,the best yield was achieved.Based on these results,we recommend that the current sowing date be delayed from 22 or 23 September to 1 October.

Effects of tridimensional uniform sowing on water consumption, nitrogen use, and yield in winter wheat

Wheat is a staple crop worldwide, but yields may diminish as climate change causes increasingly unpredictable patterns of precipitation and soil nutrient availability. Farmers are thus challenged to maximize planting efficiency to increase yield, while also improving their resource use efficiency. In this study the effectiveness of tridimensional uniform sowing was tested across a range of planting densities for winter wheat crops on the North China Plain. Tridimensional uniform sowing was tested against conventional drilling at three planting densities (180 × 104, 270 × 104, and 360 × 104 plants ha 1) and assessed for water consumption, biomass, nitrogen uptake and allocation, and aspects of yield. The tridimensional uniform sowing treatment outperformed the conventional drilling treatment in most metrics and at most planting densities, while performing markedly better at higher planting densities. Water consumption decreased and nitrogen efficiency increased. Tiller number and percentage of productive tillers, leaf area index, dry weight, and yield increased without a significant decline in grain protein. Nitrogen allocation was more efficient under tridimensional uniform sowing than with conventional drilling, and also varied according to annual precipitation and planting density. Both yield and grain protein contents were significantly correlated with the amount of pre-anthesis accumu- lated nitrogen translocated from vegetative organs to kernels after anthesis. Overall, a density of 270 × 104 plants ha 1 provided the highest water use efficiency and grain yield. Tridimensional uniform sowing will benefit farmers by forming stronger overall crops, promoting the coordinated improvement of yield, nitrogen uptake and efficiency, and increasing grain protein content at higher planting densities.

Response of yield increase for dryland winter wheat to tillage practice during summer fallow and sowing method in the Loess Plateau of China

Soil moisture is the most critical limiting factor impacting yields of dryland winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) and it is strongly affected by tillage practice and sowing methods. This study was to assess the link between sowing method and tillage practice during summer fallow and their subsequent effect on soil moisture and grain yield. Furthermore, we sought to identify a more appropriate farming management practice for winter wheat production in Loess Plateau region of China. The experiment was conducted from 2011 to 2013, using a two-factor split plot design, including subsoiling(SS) or no tillage(NT) during summer fallow for main plots, and conventional drill sowing(DS) or plastic film drill sowing(FM) for subplots. Results showed that the maximum soil water storage(SWS) was under SS×FM treatment with values of 649.1 mm(2011–2012) and 499.4 mm(2012–2013). The SWS during the 2011–2012 growing season were 149.7 mm higher than that in the 2012–2013 growing season. And adoption of SS×FM significantly increased precipitation use efficiency(PUE) and water use efficiency(WUE) compared to other treatments for both seasons. Moreover, adoption of SS×FM significantly increased yield by 13.1, 14.4, 47.3% and 25.9, 39.1, 35.7% than other three treatments during the two growing seasons, respectively. In summary, combining subsoiling during summer fallow with plastic film drill sowing(SS×FM) increased SWS at sowing and effectively improved WUE, thus representing a feasible technology to improve grain yield of dryland winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China.

Light interception and radiation use efficiency response to tridimensional uniform sowing in winter wheat

Improving radiation use efficiency （RUE） of the canopy is necessary to increase wheat （Triticum aesfivum） production. Tridimensional uniform sowing （U） technology has previously been used to construct a uniformly distributed population structure that increases RUE. In this study, we used tridimensional uniform sowing to create a wheat canopy within which light was spread evenly to increase RUE. This study was done during 2014-2016 in the Shunyi District, Beijing, China. The soil type was sandy loam. Wheat was grown in two sowing patterns： （1） tridimensional uniform sowing （U）; （2） conventional drilling （D）. Four planting densities were used： 1.8, 2.7, 3.6, and 4.5 million plants ha-1. Several indices were measured to compare the wheat canopies： photosynthetic active radiation intercepted by the canopy （IPAR）, leaf area index （LAI）, leaf mass per unit area （LMA）, canopy extinction coefficient （K）, and RUE. In two sowing patterns, the K values decreased with increasing planting density, but the K values of U were lower than that of D. LMA and IPAR were higher for U than for D, whereas LAI was nearly the same for both sowing patterns. IPAR and LAI increased with increasing density under the same sowing pattern. However, the difference in IPAR and LAI between the 3.6 and 4.5 million plants ha-1 treatments was not significant for both sowing patterns. Therefore, LAI within the same planting density was not affected by sowing pattern. RUE was the largest for the U mode with a planting density of 3.6 million plants ha-1 treatment. For the D sowing pattern, the lowest planting density （1.8 million plants ha-1） resulted in the highest yield. Light radiation interception was minimal for the D mode with a planting density of 1.8 million plants ha-1 treatment, but the highest RUE and highest yield were observed under this condition. For the U sowing pattern, IPAR increased with increasing planting density, but yield and RUE were the highest with a planting density of 3.6 million plants ha-1. These results indicated that the optimal planting density for improving the canopy light environment differed between the sowing patterns. The effect of sowing patternxplanting density interaction on grain yield, yield components, RUE, IPAR, and LMA was significant （P〈0.05）. Correlation analysis indicated that there is a positive significant correlation between grain yield and RUE （t=0.880, P〈0.01）, LMA （r=0.613, P〈0.05）, andspike number （t=0.624, P〈0.05）. These results demonstrated that the tridimensional uniform sowing technique, particularly at a planting density of 3.6 million plants ha-0, can effectively increase light interception and utilization and unit leaf area. This leads to the production of more photosynthetic products that in turn lead to significantly increased spike number （P〈0.05）, kernel number, grain weight, and an overall increase in yield.

A Dynamic Knowledge Model for Design of Suitable Sowing Date and Sowing Rate in Winter Wheat

Based on research concerning dynamic relationships of winter wheat growth to environments and production conditions, a winter wheat model for selecting suitable sowing date, population density and sowing rate under different varieties, spatial and temporal environments was developed. Case studies on sowing date with the data sets of five different eco-sites, three climatic years and soil fertility levels, and on population density and sowing rate with the data sets of two different variety types, three different soil types, soil fertility levels, sowing dates and grain yield levels indicate a good model performance for decision-making.

Yield and Yield Components of Bread Wheat as Influenced by Water Stress, Sowing Date and Cultivar in Sokoto, Sudan Savannah, Nigeria

Field experiments were conducted during 2009/10 and 2010/2011 dry seasons at the Fadama Teaching and Research Farm of the Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, in the Sudan Savanna ecological zone of Nigeria (latitude 13°01'N;longitude 5°15'E, altitude of 350 m above sea level) to study the effect of water stress, sowing date and cultivar on yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The treatments consisted of factorial combination of water stress at three critical growth stages which was imposed by withholding water at tillering, flowering, grain filling and control (no stress), four sowing dates (21st November, 5th December, 19th December and 2nd January) and two bread wheat cultivar (Star 11 TR 77173/SLM and Kuaz/Weaver), laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. Water stress and date of sowing were assigned to the main-plot, while variety was assigned to the sub-plots. Result revealed that water stress at tillering significantly reduced spike length and grains per spike. Whereas, water stress at flowering and grain filling significantly reduced 1000-grain weight, grain yield and harvest index. Results also indicated significant (P st November and 5th December and lowest at 19th December and 2nd January, therefore wheat should be sown in November or at least first week of December in this area and other area with similar climate. Variety had significant effect on spike per m-2, grain yield and harvest index. Water stress at flowering and grain filling should be avoided as they are the most critical growth stages in yield determination in wheat, because plants cannot recover, while delay in sowing resulted in reduction in yield and yield components. Star II TR 77173/SLM is therefore recommended for the area.

氮肥运筹对晚播强筋小麦产量及品质的效应

为探索适宜的稻茬晚播小麦高产优质栽培技术,于2019-2021年在晚播条件下(较适播期推迟20 d播种),以强筋小麦扬麦29为材料,设置二因素随机区组试验,探究两种施氮量(210 kg·hm^(-2)和270 kg·hm^(-2))和3种基追比(基肥∶分蘖肥∶拔节肥分别为7∶1∶2、5∶1∶4和3∶3∶4)对晚播强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响及其较优组合。结果表明,施氮量和氮肥基追比对扬麦29籽粒产量的影响均达极显著水平(P<0.01)。施氮量由210 kg·hm^(-2)增至270 kg·hm^(-2),扬麦29穗数、穗粒数及产量增加;随氮肥后移,穗粒数、千粒重、产量均呈增加趋势,其中基追比3∶3∶4处理两年平均产量分别比5∶1∶4和7∶1∶2高2.27%和7.69%。施氮量和氮肥基追比对蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面团形成时间、稳定时间、面包体积和面包评分等品质指标有极显著影响,而对籽粒硬度、吸水率、水SRC和蔗糖SRC影响不显著。增加施氮量或氮肥后移有利于提高蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面团形成时间、稳定时间、面包体积和面包评分等指标,在270 kg·hm^(-2)施氮量或210 kg·hm^(-2)施氮量、基追比3∶3∶4运筹下的面包评分均大于80分,达到优质强筋小麦标准。综上所述,晚播条件下,强筋小麦扬麦29在施氮量270 kg·hm^(-2)、基肥:壮蘖肥:拔节肥为3∶3∶4可实现产量与品质的协同提高。

播期调整对华北北部冬小麦、夏玉米产量和品质的影响

【目的】基于田间分期播种试验,研究华北北部冬小麦、夏玉米播期调整,其生长发育、光合生理特性、籽粒灌浆和产量形成及品质对气候变暖的不同响应,为华北平原农业生产采取措施应对气候变化提供科学依据。【方法】采用分期播种方法,于2017—2023年在华北北部的河北固城农业气象国家野外科学观测研究站开展冬小麦和夏玉米的大田分期(早播10 d、正常播期、晚播10 d、晚播20 d)播种试验,获取冬小麦和夏玉米的生育进程、地上干物质累积和分配、叶片光合特性、籽粒灌浆速率以及产量农艺性状和籽粒营养成分等资料。【结果】冬小麦全生育期随播期推迟而缩短,主要原因在于冬前幼苗期缩短;夏玉米全生育期与播期呈抛物线关系,播期每推迟10 d,幼苗期缩短1.3 d,花粒期和籽粒形成-灌浆期分别延长1.5和1.6 d。冬小麦、夏玉米籽粒灌浆过程对播期调整的响应完全不同,冬小麦籽粒灌浆特征在播期间反应并不敏感,夏玉米籽粒灌浆速率在播期间差异较小,但籽粒形成期、灌浆结束日期和峰值日期因播期推迟顺次延后,且灌浆持续日数因播期每推迟10 d,灌浆持续日数缩短4 d。北方麦区在秋暖和冬暖背景下,冬小麦播种期界限延宽,播期对产量的影响明显减弱,播期推迟配套增加播种量,产量不减且会小幅增产;夏玉米产量随播期推迟明显递减,理论产量播期每推迟10 d递减率1381.50 kg·hm^(-2),但冬小麦和夏玉米晚播20 d产量都凸显跳跃变小。播期每推迟10 d,冬小麦籽粒分配率递增1.67%,夏玉米则递减1.57%,冬小麦收获指数提高0.017,而夏玉米降低0.016。冬小麦和夏玉米叶片光合速率(Pn)对播期的响应亦不同,冬小麦播期间的Pn较为相近,而夏玉米播期每推迟10 d Pn递减率1.21μmol·m^(-2)·s-1。播期调整对华北北部冬小麦、夏玉米籽粒品质不会产生明显影响。【结论】气候变暖背景下我国北方冬小麦延迟播种,延宽适宜播种期是适应气候变暖的积极有效措施,华北平原夏玉米适期早播可避免高温热害影响,有助于稳产增产。

药剂拌种对沿淮地区迟播小麦壮苗效应及产量的影响

播期延迟易使小麦产量下降,为了探讨药剂拌种对迟播小麦的壮苗效应及产量的影响,以‘淮麦40’为试验材料,设置4组不同药剂拌种处理,调查分析了小麦生长素质、籽粒产量等方面的数据。结果表明:通过药剂拌种能提高小麦成苗率;降低麦苗高度,增加叶龄,促进根系生长及生物量积累;可以促进分蘖,增加有效穗数,提高大穗比例,具有增产效应。其中药剂Y3表现最优,与对照处理比较,成苗率提高了2.1个百分点,在越冬前使小麦株高降低11.9%,叶龄增加16.4%,茎基部宽度增加58.2%,地上部及根系干重分别增加35.8%和45.9%;分蘖能力显著增强,有效穗数增加12.4%,穗粒数及千粒重得到提高,产量增加19.4%。综上表明,在小麦迟播情况下,使用药剂Y3拌种可以增强小麦生长素质,实现稳产增产。

基于SWAP模型分析青铜峡灌区春小麦播期优化及其对灌溉需水量的影响

以宁夏青铜峡灌区春小麦为研究对象,基于2a田间观测试验和率定后的SWAP模型,构建旱作区春小麦模型参数集,以偏差校正后的7个大气环流模式(General Circulation Models,GCMs)数据驱动模型,评估未来不同气候情景下(SSP2-45和SSP5-85)春小麦产量和灌溉需水量变化,定量分析播期调整对青铜峡灌区春小麦生长和耗水过程的影响。结果表明:参数校正后的SWAP模型能有效模拟青铜峡灌区春小麦生长过程;SSP2-45情景下未来两个时期(2021-2050年和2051-2080年)青铜峡灌区多模式平均最高温度相对于历史基准期(1991-2020年)分别增加1.6℃和2.6℃,两个时期SSP5-85情景下最高温度将分别增加1.8℃和3.6℃。在不改变播期和品种条件下,未来春小麦全生育期长度将随温度升高而缩短,最大缩短天数达14.2d,出现在SSP5-85情景下2051-2080年。SSP2-45情景下未来两个时期春小麦多模式平均产量将分别下降9.6%和12.9%,SSP5-85情景下则分别下降12.1%和17.2%;不同情景不同时期春小麦灌溉需水量变化幅度相对较小,均不超过3.5%;提前播种可有效减少青铜峡灌区春小麦产量损失,但不能完全抵消气候变化的负面影响,其中,SSP2-45情景下未来两个时期分别提前23d和33d播种,产量损失可控制在1.5%和5.3%,在SSP5-85情景下分别提前30d和42d播种,产量损失可分别控制在2.9%和5.4%。优化播种日期后,青铜峡灌区春小麦收获日期平均提前5d左右。未来不同情景不同时期下春小麦灌溉需水量增加明显,增加比例在4.0%~8.0%。

不同带宽与行距配置对垄作冬小麦农艺性状、品质及水分利用的影响

为筛选出适宜强筋冬小麦高效的垄作栽培模式,在大田试验条件下,研究常规条播(TCK)、垄作2条带宽幅播种(T2)、垄作常规条播的3条带(T3)及垄作常规条播4条带(T4)不同结构配置处理方式对冬小麦群体分蘖、茎秆特性、光合特性、品质和水分利用效率等方面的影响。结果表明:在冬小麦整个生育时期T4处理下的分蘖数量显著低于其他处理,成熟期时T2处理的冬小麦群体数量显著高于其他处理。4种处理下的叶面积指数随着生育进程的推进呈先升高后降低的单峰曲线波动,在孕穗期出现峰值。在花后7,14,21d,以及TCK处理下的光合作用参数显著低于T2、T3处理,但显著高于T4处理。垄作栽培有助于降低冬小麦株高、重心高度、节间长度,均显著低于TCK处理。随着垄台上冬小麦行距的减少,冬小麦的株高、重心高度、节间长度逐渐升高,三者均表现为T2<T3<T4。T2与TCK、T3、T4处理相比较,其籽粒产量分别提高3.0%、1.5%和14.0%,水分利用效率分别提4.2%、0.6%和10.1%。综上所述,T2是有利于强筋小麦稳产保质节水抗倒的较优栽培方式。

播种量对浅埋滴灌宽幅匀播春小麦农艺性状及产量的影响

为研究筛选甘肃河西地区浅埋滴灌条件下春小麦最佳播种量,以宁春4号为试材,研究了不同播种量对浅埋滴灌条件下春小麦产量构成、农艺性状及产量的影响。结果表明,在浅埋滴灌宽幅匀播栽培条件下,随着播种量的增加春小麦的株高也随之逐渐提高,穗长和穗粒数随播种量增加均呈先增后降趋势。春小麦播种量为675万粒/hm^(2)时,穗长最长,为8.02 cm;穗粒数最多,为38.05粒;千粒重也较高,为39.4 g;折合产量最高,为8175.0 kg/hm^(2),且均显著或极显著高于其余处理。建议在甘肃河西地区春小麦浅埋滴灌宽幅匀播栽培中播种量以675万粒/hm^(2)为宜。

基于APSIM模型的未来气候变化对干旱区雨养春小麦播期和种植密度的影响

气候变化评估对智慧农业的影响至关重要。通过2010—2017年实测陇中地区小麦田间数据对APSIM (Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator)模型进行参数校正和验证,结合CMIP5(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5)模式的未来气候情景数据和验证后的APSIM模型对播期和种植密度变化下的小麦产量及生物量进行模拟。结果表明,APSIM模型在调参验证后,模拟精度较高;在气候变化情景下,增加种植密度处理春小麦产量和生物量较高,提前播种处理春小麦产量和生物量较高;增加种植密度且早播处理有利于产量形成。未来气候变化情景下,播种密度为237 kg·hm^(-2)、播种日期为3月10日时,可提高4%的春小麦籽粒产量。模拟结果可为未来气候变化下的甘肃陇中旱区雨养小麦播期及种植密度管理提供借鉴。