Cone penetration testing (CPT) is a widely used geotechnical engineering </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in-situ</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;...Cone penetration testing (CPT) is a widely used geotechnical engineering </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in-situ</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> test for mapping soil profiles and assessing soil properties. In CPT, a cone on the end of a series of rods is pushed into the ground at a constant rate and resistance to the cone tip is measured (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">m</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">). The </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">m</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> values are utilized to characterize the soil profile. Unfortunately, the measured cone tip resistance </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> blurred and/or averaged which can result in the distortion of the soil profile characterization and the inability to identify thin layers. This paper outlines a novel and highly effective algorithm for obtaining cone bearing estimates </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">t</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> from averaged or smoothed </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">m</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> measurements. This </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">t</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> optimal filter estimation technique is referred to as the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">t</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">HMM-IFM</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> algorithm and it implements a hybrid hidden Markov model and iterative forward modelling technique. The mathematical details of the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">t</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">HMM-IFM</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> algorithm are outline</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">d in this paper along with the results from challenging test</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">bed. The test</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">b</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ed simulations have demonstrated that the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">t</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">HMM-IFM</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> algorithm can derive accurate </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">t</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> values from challenging averaged </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">m</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> profiles. This allows for greater soil resolution and the identification and quantification of thin layers in a soil profile.展开更多
文摘Cone penetration testing (CPT) is a widely used geotechnical engineering </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in-situ</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> test for mapping soil profiles and assessing soil properties. In CPT, a cone on the end of a series of rods is pushed into the ground at a constant rate and resistance to the cone tip is measured (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">m</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">). The </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">m</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> values are utilized to characterize the soil profile. Unfortunately, the measured cone tip resistance </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> blurred and/or averaged which can result in the distortion of the soil profile characterization and the inability to identify thin layers. This paper outlines a novel and highly effective algorithm for obtaining cone bearing estimates </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">t</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> from averaged or smoothed </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">m</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> measurements. This </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">t</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> optimal filter estimation technique is referred to as the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">t</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">HMM-IFM</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> algorithm and it implements a hybrid hidden Markov model and iterative forward modelling technique. The mathematical details of the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">t</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">HMM-IFM</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> algorithm are outline</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">d in this paper along with the results from challenging test</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">bed. The test</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">b</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ed simulations have demonstrated that the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">t</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">HMM-IFM</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> algorithm can derive accurate </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">t</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> values from challenging averaged </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">m</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> profiles. This allows for greater soil resolution and the identification and quantification of thin layers in a soil profile.
