Microstructural evolution of Au-Sn solder prepared by laminate rolling during annealing process

The microstructural evolution and inteffacial reaction of the Au/Sn/Au/Sn/Au/Sn/Au couples were investigated during annealing at 453, 523, and 543 K for up to 240 h. The Au/Sn combination formed a rapid diffusion system. Even in rolled Au-Sn solder, three phases, such as AuSn, AuSn2, and AuSn4, were formed. After initial annealing at 453 K, the diffusion layers of AuSn, AuSn2, and AuSn4, which were formed after rolling, expanded gradually and then fully transformed into phase （containing Sn from 10% to 18.5%, mole fraction） and 6 （AuSn） phase. As a whole, the microstmcture of the couple was stable during annealing at 453 K. The solid-state interracial reaction was much faster at 523 K than at 453 K. After annealing at 523 K for 6 h, the AuSn, AuSn2, and AuSn4 were fully transformed into the phase and phase （AuSn）. In spite of the prolonged annealing time for up to 240 h, no significant change of the interfacial microstructure occurred, and the microstructure of the couple was stable during annealing at 523 K. When annealing at 543 K, however, the interfacial of Au/Sn was transformed into solid-liquid state, and the whole couple formed a eutecfic structure rapidly, causing the solder to be brittle. The study results clearly demonstrate that the service temperature of the Au-Sn solder should be lower than 543 K.

Corrosion evolution of high-temperature formed oxide film on pure Sn solder substrate

The evolution of morphology, composition, thickness and corrosion resistance of the oxide film on pure Sn solder substrate submitted to high-temperature aging in 150 °C dry atmosphere was investigated. The results indicate that high-temperature aging accelerates the dehydration of Sn(OH)_(4)in the pre-existing native oxide film to form SnO_(2)and facilitates the oxidation of fresh Sn substrate, resulting in the gradual increase in oxide film thickness and surface roughness with prolonging aging time. However, the corrosion resistance of the film initially is enhanced and then deteriorated with an extending aging time. Besides, the formation and evolution mechanisms of the oxide film with aging time were discussed.

Influence of Bi Addition on Pure Sn Solder Joints: Interfacial Reaction, Growth Behavior and Thermal Behavior

The effects of different Bi contents on the properties of Sn solders were studied. The interfacial reaction and growth behavior of intermetallic compounds（IMCs） layer（η-Cu6 Sn5 + e-Cu3 Sn） for various soldering time and the influence of Bi addition on the thermal behavior of Sn-x Bi solder alloys were investigated. The Cu6 Sn5 IMC could be observed as long as the molten solder contacted with the Cu substrate. However, with the longer welding time such as 60 and 300 s, the Cu3 Sn IMC was formed at the interface between Cu6 Sn5 and Cu substrate. With the increase of soldering time, the thickness of total IMCs increased, meanwhile, the grain size of Cu6 Sn5 also increased. An appropriate amount of Bi element was beneficial for the growth of total IMCs,but excessive Bi（≥ 5 wt%） inhibited the growth of Cu6 Sn5 and Cu3 Sn IMC in Sn-x Bi/Cu microelectronic interconnects. Furthermore, with the Bi contents increasing（Sn-10 Bi solder in this present investigation）, some Bi particles accumulated at the interface between Cu6 Sn5 layer and the solder.

In-situ isothermal aging TEM analysis of a micro Cu/ENIG/Sn solder joint for flexible interconnects

Sn/ENIG has recently been used in flexible interconnects to form a more stable micron-sized metallurgical joint,due to high power capability which causes solder joints to heat up to 200℃.However,Cu_(6)Sn_(5)which is critical for a microelectronic interconnection,will go through a phase transition at temperatures between 186 and 189℃.This research conducted an in-situ TEM study of a micro Cu/ENIG/Sn solder joint under isothermal aging test and proposed a model to illustrate the mechanism of the microstructural evolution.The results showed that part of the Sn solder reacted with Cu diffused from the electrode to formη´-Cu_(6)Sn_(5)during the ultrasonic bonding process,while the rest of Sn was left and enriched in a region in the solder joint.But the enriched Sn quickly diffused to both sides when the temperature reached 100℃,reacting with the ENIG coating and Cu to form(Ni_(x)Cu_(1-x))_(3)Sn_(4),AuSn_(4),and Cu_(6)Sn_(5)IMCs.After entering the heat preservation process,the diffusion of Cu from the electrode to the joint became more intense,resulting in the formation of Cu_(3)Sn.The scallop-type Cu_(6)Sn_(5)and the seahorse-type Cu_(3)Sn constituted a typical two-layered structure in the solder joint.Most importantly,the transition betweenηandη’was captured near the phase transition temperature for Cu_(6)Sn_(5)during both the heating and cooling process,which was accompanied by a volume shifting,and the transition process was further studied.This research is expected to serve as a reference for the service of micro Cu/ENIG/Sn solder joints in the electronic industry.

银含量对快速热冲击下Sn−xAg−0.5Cu焊点显微组织和力学性能的影响

使用高频感应加热设备研究Ag含量对快速热冲击下Sn−xAg−0.5Cu焊点的显微组织和剪切强度的影响。结果表明,Ag含量的增加使焊点表面更致密光滑,减少焊点内部长条状Cu6Sn5金属间化合物(IMC)的产生,从而提高焊点的抗氧化性。Ag能够加快焊点界面IMC层的生长速度,Cu6Sn5层的生长速度由体扩散和晶界扩散共同决定,Cu3Sn层的生长速度由体扩散和界面反应共同决定。在快速热冲击环境下,焊点的断裂模式从韧性断裂转变为脆性断裂,而高Ag含量使得焊点的断裂模式转变时间更短,降低焊点的抗热疲劳性能。

添加不同含量Ga对新型SnInAg无铅焊料合金耐酸碱性的影响研究

为改进Sn-11In-1.5Ag无铅焊料合金焊料的耐蚀性,采用失重法和电化学实验研究了Sn-11In-1.5Ag-xGa(x=0,0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,质量分数,%)焊料合金在腐蚀环境中的腐蚀行为。利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察Sn-11In-1.5Ag-xGa焊料合金的表面形貌,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对焊料表面的腐蚀产物进行表征。结果表明:无论是在酸性还是碱性溶液中,添加的Ga均能提高Sn-11In-1.5Ag焊料合金的耐蚀性。随Ga含量的增加,焊料的耐蚀性也随之增强。对于相同成分的焊料合金,其耐蚀性在碱性溶液中优于酸性溶液。SEM观察表明,在Sn-11In-1.5Ag合金中加入Ga可以明显减轻焊料的腐蚀程度。XRD分析表明,焊料合金在酸性和碱性溶液中的腐蚀产物均为In_(2)O_(3)。

温度梯度下Cu/Sn-58Bi/Cu微焊点热迁移及界面反应行为

探究了焊点平均温度为110℃(时效)及180℃(回流)时,Cu/Sn-58Bi/Cu微焊点在温度梯度作用下的原子热迁移行为及界面反应行为.结果表明,在时效过程中,因Bi相的网状结构,Cu/Sn-58Bi/Cu微焊点冷、热两端界面金属间化合物(intermetallic compound,IMC)呈现对称性生长.在温度梯度为1000℃/cm时,未发生明显的Bi原子迁移现象,但当温度梯度达到或超过1300℃/cm时,Bi原子会由热端向冷端界面迁移,并在冷端界面处偏聚.在回流过程中,温度梯度驱动Cu原子由微焊点热端向冷端界面迁移,导致两端界面IMC呈非对称性生长,而并未发现Bi原子的热迁移行为.因此,当Cu/Sn-58Bi/Cu微焊点中钎料呈液态时,温度梯度仅驱动了Cu原子的热迁移,并未致使Bi原子发生热迁移;当钎料呈固态时,在较低温度梯度下Cu和Bi原子均不发生明显的热迁移,但较高的温度梯度会引发Bi原子的热迁移.

Ge对Sn⁃58Bi焊料合金微观组织和性能的影响

Sn‐Bi焊料是一种低温无铅焊料,在低温焊接领域应用较为广泛,但其存在脆性大和延展性差的缺点。为此,制备不同Ge含量的Sn‐58Bi焊料合金,研究不同Ge添加量对Sn‐58Bi焊料合金的显微组织、熔化特性、润湿性和力学性能的影响。结果表明:添加Ge元素可以显著细化Sn‐58Bi焊料合金的共晶组织。当添加的Ge元素质量分数为0.005%~0.01%时,焊料合金的湿润性有明显提升;Ge的添加量从0增大到0.01%时,Sn‐58Bi合金的拉伸强度和断后伸长率均提升显著,但继续增加Ge的含量,合金拉伸强度和断后伸长率提升缓慢。Ge元素的添加对Sn‐58Bi焊料合金的熔点基本没有影响。

Ag-GNSs/Sn-Ag-Cu复合钎料焊点的润湿性能及界面生长特征研究

采用Ag涂覆石墨烯纳米片(Ag-GNSs)作为增强体,制备Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-(Ag-GNSs)新型复合无铅钎料,然后在Cu基板上制备了钎料焊点,并进行了150℃不同时长的等温时效处理,研究了不同含量的Ag-GNSs对无铅钎料Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu的润湿性、Cu基板/钎料界面金属间化合物(IMC)生长特性的影响。结果表明,适量的Ag-GNSs可以显著地改善钎料的润湿性,当Ag-GNSs含量达到0.05wt%时润湿性最佳,与Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu钎料相比润湿角降低了54.43%。随着等温时效时间的延长,IMC层厚度增大,其生长行为由扩散控制。Ag-GNSs的添加可以抑制IMC层的生长,当Ag-GNSs的含量为0.05wt%时扩散系数达到最小值2.356×10^(-18)m^(2)/s。在0~0.2wt%范围内,Ag-GNSs的最佳添加量为0.05wt%。

精锡和Sn-Ag-Cu合金氧化过程中的微量Zn富集行为

采用纯度为99.9%的精锡原料制备Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu(SAC305)合金,对微量Zn元素在精锡和Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu合金氧化过程中的表面富集行为进行了研究。将精锡与SAC305在300℃条件下分别进行动态氧化试验,结果表明,SAC305的渣率低于精锡。用XPS深度剖析法研究300℃静态条件下氧化后的精锡与SAC305的表面氧化情况。结果表明,氧化后的精锡和SAC305表面Zn元素的浓度是精锡原料中的1000倍以上,且SAC305较精锡表面具有更高的Zn元素浓度和更薄的氧化层厚度。综上,认为精锡原料中微量元素Zn在表面的高度富集会对锡及锡合金的氧化行为产生影响。在制备锡基合金焊料时,原料中的Zn元素应该予以关注。

Sn-Ag-Cu钎料的制备与显微组织性能研究

Sn-Ag-Cu系低银钎料凭借其优良的工艺和力学性能被普遍认为是最有前途的含铅钎料替代品。为了研究低银钎料的制备及其显微组织特性,制备银的质量分数分别为0、0.3%、0.5%、1.0%的四组低银钎料。比较分析熔化温度与银的质量分数对低银钎料的熔化特性、显微组织、抗拉强度及润湿特性的影响。结果表明,添加少量的银可以降低锡铜钎料的熔化温度,使锡铜钎料的晶粒变得细小,晶粒排列得更加紧密。当钎料中银的质量分数为1.0%时,钎料的抗拉强度达到47.4 MPa,在紫铜基体上的铺展面积为39.9 mm2,润湿角为5.01°。

Effect of diode-laser parameters on shear force of micro-joints soldered with Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free solder on Au/Ni/Cu pad

Soldering experiments with Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Cu lead-free solder on Au/Ni/Cu pad were carried out by means of diode-laser and IR reflow soldering methods respectively.The influence of different heating methods as well as output power of diode-laser on shear force of micro-joints was studied and the relationship between the shear force and microstructures of micro-joints was analyzed.The results indicate that the formation of intermetallic compound Ag3Sn is the key factor to affect the shear force and the fine eutectic network structures of micro-joints as well as the dispersion morphology of fine compound Ag3Sn,in which eutectic network band is responsible for the improvement of the shear force of micro-joints soldered with Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free solder.With the increases of output power of diode-laser,the shear force and the microstructures change obviously.The eutectic network structures of micro-joints soldered with diode-laser soldering method are more homogeneous and the grains of Ag3Sn compounds are finer in the range of near optimal output power than those soldered with IR reflow soldering method,so the shear force is also higher than that using IR reflow soldering method.When the output power value of diode-laser is about 41.0 W,the shear force exhibits the highest value that is 70% higher than that using IR reflow soldering method.

Effects of cooling rates on microstructure and microhardness of lead-free Sn-3.5%Ag solders

The microstructure and microhardness of Sn-3.5%Ag solders were explored in the cooling rate ranging from 0.08 to 104 K/s. Under rapid cooling condition, the strong kinetic undercooling effect leads to the actual solidification process starting at the temperature lower than the equilibrium eutectic point, and the actual metastable eutectic point shifts to the higher Ag concentration. Hence, the higher the applied cooling rate is, the more the volume fraction of primary β-Sn crystal forms. At the same time, the separation of primary β-Sn crystal favors restraining the formation of bulk Ag3Sn intermetallic compounds (IMCs) in solder due to the mismatch crystalline orientation relationship, those Ag3Sn phase separating through the eutectic reaction could hardly cling to the primary β-Sn crystal and grow up. Additionally, the Vickers hardness test shows that fine β-Sn and spherical Ag3Sn phase in the rapidly solidified alloy strongly improves the microhardness of the Sn-3.5%Ag solder.

Preparation and Properties of Particle Reinforced Sn-Zn-based Composite Solder

Particle reinforced Sn-Zn based composite solders were obtained by adding Cu powders to Sn-9Zn melts. The microstructure analysis reveals that in situ CusZn8 particles are formed and distributed uniformly in the composite solders. The strength and plasticity of the composite solders were improved, and creep resistance was considerably enhanced. The wettability of these composite solders is also better than that of Sn-9Zn.

铟含量对Sn-Bi-In钎料性能及钎焊界面组织的影响

制备了Sn-(20-x)Bi-xIn(x=0,1,2,3,4,5,质量分数/%)钎料,分析了其熔化性能和润湿性能,并在铜基体上进行了钎焊试验,研究了铟含量对钎焊界面显微组织的影响。结果表明:随着铟含量的增加,钎料的熔点降低,当铟质量分数为5%时钎料中几乎不形成共晶组织;钎料的润湿角随铟含量增加先减小后增大,润湿面积先增大后减小,当铟质量分数为4%时钎料的润湿性最好;随着铟含量增加,钎焊界面金属间化合物层的厚度增大,金属间化合物由Cu_(6)Sn_(5)转变为Cu_(6)Sn_(5)和Cu_(6)(InSn)_(5)。

P元素对Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu钎料抗氧化性、润湿性以及显微组织的影响

为改善Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu钎料抗氧化性和润湿性差的问题,在钎料中添加了P元素,研究了微量P元素对Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu钎料抗氧化性、润湿性以及显微组织的影响。制备了含不同质量分数P元素的Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu-xP(x=0%,0.005%,0.010%,0.015%,0.020%)钎料。以实验的方式测试了钎料的抗氧化性以及润湿性,并使用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)观察了显微组织。结果表明:随着P含量的增加,钎料的抗氧化性和润湿性显著提高。当P含量达到0.020%时,与不添加P元素的钎料相比,在250℃保温30 min后的氧化渣质量由2.25 g减少到0.79 g。此时,钎料的铺展面积和润湿力也达到最大,分别为65.74 mm^(2)和5.04 mN,润湿时间为0.96 s。添加微量P元素未改变钎料的相组成,其显微组织主要由β-Sn、Ag_(3)Sn与Cu_(6)Sn_(5)三种相构成。随着P含量的增加,Ag_(3)Sn的形态由粒状向片状转变。

Influences of Ag and Au Additions on Structure and Tensile Strength of Sn-5Sb Lead Free Solder Alloy

It is important, for electronic application, to decrease the melting point of Sn-5Sb solder alloy because it is relatively high as compared with the most popular eutectic Pb-Sn solder alloy. Adding Au or Ag can decrease the onset melting temperature （233℃） of this alloy to 203,5℃ and 216℃, respectively. The results indicate that the Sn-5Sb-i.5Au alloy has very good ultimate tensile strength （UTS）, ductility, and fusion heat, which are better than both those of the Sn-5Sb-3.SAg and Sn-5Sb alloys. The formation of intermetallic compounds （IMCs） AuSn4 and Ag3Sn enhanced the SbSn precipitates in the solidification microstructure microstructure stability, while retained the formation of thus significantly improved the strength and ductility For all alloys, both UTS and yield stress （σy） increase with increasing strain rate and decrease with increasing temperature in tensile tests, but changes of ductility are generally small with inconsistent trends.

Effects of rare earth element Ce on solderabilities of micron-powdered Sn-Ag-Cu solder

Several important properties of the micron-powdered Sn-Ag-Cu-Ce solder, including the spreadability, spreading ratio, wetting time, and melting point, were investigated for verifying the effects of rare earth element Ce on solderabilities of micron-powdered Sn-Ag-Cu solder. The solidus and the liquidus of the micron-powdered Sn-Ag-Cu-Ce solder are 193.6℃ and 218.4℃, respectively, about 28℃ and 3℃ lower than the melting point of the block Sn-Ag-Cu solder, which reminds the existence of the surface effect of the micron-powdered solder. By adding Ce into Sn-Ag-Cu alloy, its wetting time on pure copper can be obviously decreased. For the Sn-Ag-Cu-0.03%Ce, the soldering temperature is 250℃, and the wetting time on pure copper is close to 1s, with the soldering temperature approaching to 260℃, the wetting time is dropped to 0.8s, which is close to the wetting time, 0.68s, of Sn-Pb solder at 235℃.

Effect of Ce on solderability of Sn-Cu-Ni solder

Abstract A small amount of rare earth Ce was added to Sn-Cu-Ni solder alloy, and the solderability of Sn-0. 5Cu-0. 05Ni- xCe solders on Cu and Au/Ni/Cu substrates was determined by the wetting balance method. The effects of atmosphere, temperature, substrate, and Ce addition on the solderability of Sn-Cu-Ni-xCe solder were studied, respectively, and Auger electron spectroscopy （ AES） analysis in the depth direction of the alloy was carried out to discuss the effect of Ce addition on the solderability. The results indicate that the greatest improvement on the solderability of Sn-Cu-Ni-xCe is obtai^d with around O. 05wt. % -0. 07wt. % Ce addition, for Ce element keeps high content in a specific area in the depth direction from the surface of Sn-Cu-Ni alloy, which decreases the surface tension of molten solder. It is also found that the solderability of Sn-Cu-Ni-xCe solder on Au/Ni/ Cu substrate is better than that on Cu substrate. In N2 atmosphere, the wetting times of Sn- Ca-Ni-xCe alloys are reduced by 10% - 35% , below 1 s at 260 ℃ on Ca substrate, and about 1s at 250 ℃ on Au/Ni/Ca substrate.

A Study on Plastic Deformation Resistance of Sn-Pb-RE Solder

The plastic deformation of solder joint depends on the plastic deformation resistance of solder. The studyon plastic deformation resistance of Sn-Pb-RE solder at room temperature shows that with the increase 0f RE content, theplastic deformation resistance of Sn-Pb-RE solder enhances. The microstructure investigation reveals'that the addition ofRE makes the microstructure of solder fine and homogeneous, which enhances hwher hardening and multi-sliding hardening. Moreover, RE on grain boundaries hinders the grain boundary sliding. Therefore, the deformation resistance ofsolder enhances. However, since it is very hard, the intermetallic compounds of RE near fracture surface will cause intergranular cracks around it.