Effects of rare earth element Ce on solderabilities of micron-powdered Sn-Ag-Cu solder

Several important properties of the micron-powdered Sn-Ag-Cu-Ce solder, including the spreadability, spreading ratio, wetting time, and melting point, were investigated for verifying the effects of rare earth element Ce on solderabilities of micron-powdered Sn-Ag-Cu solder. The solidus and the liquidus of the micron-powdered Sn-Ag-Cu-Ce solder are 193.6℃ and 218.4℃, respectively, about 28℃ and 3℃ lower than the melting point of the block Sn-Ag-Cu solder, which reminds the existence of the surface effect of the micron-powdered solder. By adding Ce into Sn-Ag-Cu alloy, its wetting time on pure copper can be obviously decreased. For the Sn-Ag-Cu-0.03%Ce, the soldering temperature is 250℃, and the wetting time on pure copper is close to 1s, with the soldering temperature approaching to 260℃, the wetting time is dropped to 0.8s, which is close to the wetting time, 0.68s, of Sn-Pb solder at 235℃.

Effect of diode-laser parameters on shear force of micro-joints soldered with Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free solder on Au/Ni/Cu pad

Soldering experiments with Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Cu lead-free solder on Au/Ni/Cu pad were carried out by means of diode-laser and IR reflow soldering methods respectively.The influence of different heating methods as well as output power of diode-laser on shear force of micro-joints was studied and the relationship between the shear force and microstructures of micro-joints was analyzed.The results indicate that the formation of intermetallic compound Ag3Sn is the key factor to affect the shear force and the fine eutectic network structures of micro-joints as well as the dispersion morphology of fine compound Ag3Sn,in which eutectic network band is responsible for the improvement of the shear force of micro-joints soldered with Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free solder.With the increases of output power of diode-laser,the shear force and the microstructures change obviously.The eutectic network structures of micro-joints soldered with diode-laser soldering method are more homogeneous and the grains of Ag3Sn compounds are finer in the range of near optimal output power than those soldered with IR reflow soldering method,so the shear force is also higher than that using IR reflow soldering method.When the output power value of diode-laser is about 41.0 W,the shear force exhibits the highest value that is 70% higher than that using IR reflow soldering method.

Effects of bismuth on growth of intermetallic compounds in Sn-Ag-Cu Pb-free solder joints

The effects of Bi addition on the growth of intermetallic compound (IMC) formation in Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu solder joints were investigated. The test samples were prepared by conventional surface mounting technology. To investigate the element diffusion and the growth kinetics of intermetallics formation in solder joint, isothermal aging test was performed at temperatures of 100, 150, and 190℃, respectively. The optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to observe microstructure evolution of solder joint and to estimate the thickness and the grain size of the intermetallic layers. The IMC phases were identified by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The results clearly show that adding about 1.0% Bi in Sn-Ag-Cu solder alloy system can refine the grain size of the IMC and inhibit the excessive IMC growth in solder joints, and therefore improve the reliability of the Pb-free solder joints. Through observation of the microstructural evolution of the solder joints, the mechanism of inhibition of IMC growth due to Bi addition was proposed.

Wetting behavior and interfacial characteristic of Sn-Ag-Cu solder alloy on Cu substrate

Wettability of molten Sn-Ag-Cu alloy on Cu substrate has been determined by sessile drop method, as well as its dependence on time and temperature. It was found that the evolution of contact angle at the alloy’s melting point experienced four different stages. Especially, the contact angle was unstable and fluctuant in stage II, and gradually decreased in stage III mainly due to a chemical reaction between Sn-Ag-Cu alloy and Cu substrate. The contact angle decreased with increasing temperature, but increased slightly at 629 K, for another chemical reaction occurred. Interfacial characteristic has been further investigated by examining the sample’s cross section. Intermetallic compounds of Cu6Sn5 and β-Sn phase were found at the interface of Sn-Ag-Cu/Cu.

Effect of cerium on microstructure and mechanical properties of Sn-Ag-Cu system lead-free solder alloys

The melting point, spreading property, mechanical properties and microstructures of Sn-3.0Ag-2.8Cu solder alloys added with micro-variable-Ce were studied by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray(EDX). The results indicate that the melting point of Sn-3.0Ag-2.8Cu solder is enhanced by Ce addition; a small amount of Ce will remarkably prolong the creep-rupture life of Sn-3.0Ag-2.8Cu solder joint at room temperature, especially when the content of Ce is 0.1%, the creep-rupture life will be 9 times or more than that of the solder joint without Ce addition; the elongation of Sn-3.0Ag-2.8Cu solder is also obviously improved even up to 15.7%. In sum, the optimum content of Ce is within 0.05%-0.1 %.

EVOLUTION OF MICROSTRUCTURE OF Sn-Ag-Cu LEAD-FREE FLIP CHIP SOLDER JOINTS DURING AGING PROCESS

Flip chip bonding has become a primary technology that has found application in the chip interconnection process in the electronic manufacturing industry in recent years. The solder joints of the flip chip bonding are small and consist of complicated microstructures such as Sn solution, eutectic mixture, and intermetallic compounds （IMCs）, whose mechanical performance is quite different from the original solder bulk. The evolution of microstructure of the flip chip solder joints under thermal aging was analyzed. The results show that with an increase in aging time, coarsening of solder bulk matrix and AuSn4 IMCs occurred within the solder. The IMCs that are formed at the bottom side of the flip chip bond were different from those on the top side during the aging process. （Cu, Ni, Au）0Sn5 were formed at the interfaces of both sides, and large complicated （Au,Ni, Cu）Sn4 IMCs appeared for some time near the bottom interface after aging, but they disappeared again and thus （Cu,Ni, Au ）0Sn5 IMC thickness increased considerably. The influence of reflow times during the flip chip bonding （as-bonded condition） on the characteristics of interfacial IMCs was weakened when subjected to the aging process.

Microstructures and properties of Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free solder alloys containing La

Trace amounts of La were utilized to improve the melting behaviors,microstructures,tensile properties and microhardness of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu lead-free solder alloy. La has little effect on the melting behavior of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu alloy according to the differential thermal analysis(DTA) tests. The X-ray diffraction(XRD) patterns show that β-Sn,Ag3Sn and Cu6Sn5 coexist in the as-cast solder alloys and LaSn3 phases emerge when adding 0.4% La. The microstructures modified by La are more uniform and much finer than that of baseline alloy,and the coarse LaSn3 particles with complex dendrites are observed by optical microscopy(OM) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) when the addition of La is up to 0.4%. The composition of the LaSn3 phases is identified by energy-dispersive spectroscopy(EDS). There are considerable improvements in mechanical properties with 0.05% and 0.1% addition,but degenerations by adding 0.4%La. The Vickers microhardness of β-Sn and eutectic area are both enhanced with the addition of La and the microhardness of LaSn3 is much larger than those of β-Sn and eutectic area.

电镀参数对电沉积Sn-Ag-Cu合金镀层的影响

采用自主研发的甲磺酸锡银铜电镀液在黄铜基体上制备了Sn-Ag-Cu合金镀层。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及其自带的能谱仪(EDS)分析了电镀工艺参数对Sn-Ag-Cu合金镀层的成分、表面形貌以及镀层厚度产生的影响。结果表明,当电流密度为4 A/dm^(2)、温度为25℃及pH为5.5时,可获得结晶较细且致密,表面平整光亮且厚度均匀的Sn-Ag-Cu合金镀层。

A comprehensive review of radiation effects on solder alloys and solder joints

In the realm of military and defence applications, exposure to radiation significantly challenges the performance and reliability of solder alloys and joints in electronic systems. This comprehensive review examines radiation-induced effects on solder alloys and solder joints in terms of microstructure and mechanical properties. In this paper, we evaluate the existing literature, including experimental studies and fundamental theory, to provide a comprehensive overview of the behavior of solder materials under radiation. A review of the literature highlights key mechanisms that contribute to radiation-induced changes in the microstructure, such as the formation of intermetallic compounds, grain growth,micro-voids and micro-cracks. Radiation is explored as a factor influencing solder alloy hardness,strength, fatigue and ductility. Moreover, the review addresses the challenges and limitations inherent in studying the effects of radiation on solder materials and offers recommendations for future research. It is crucial to understand radiation-induced effects on solder performance to design robust and radiationresistant electronic systems. A review of radiation effects on solder materials and their applications in electronics serves as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and practitioners in that field.

A review of extreme condition effects on solder joint reliability:Understanding failure mechanisms

Solder joint,crucial component in electronic systems,face significant challenges when exposed to extreme conditions during applications.The solder joint reliability involving microstructure and mechanical properties will be affected by extreme conditions.Understanding the behaviour of solder joints under extreme conditions is vital to determine the durability and reliability of solder joint.This review paper aims to comprehensively explore the underlying failure mechanism affecting solder joint reliability under extreme conditions.This study covers an in-depth analysis of effect extreme temperature,mechanical stress,and radiation conditions towards solder joint.Impact of each condition to the microstructure including solder matrix and intermetallic compound layer,and mechanical properties such as fatigue,shear strength,creep,and hardness was thoroughly discussed.The failure mechanisms were illustrated in graphical diagrams to ensure clarity and understanding.Furthermore,the paper highlighted mitigation strategies that enhancing solder joint reliability under challenging operating conditions.The findings offer valuable guidance for researchers,engineers,and practitioners involved in electronics,engineering,and related fields,fostering advancements in solder joint reliability and performance.

Preventing formation of intermetallic compounds in ultrasonic-assisted Sn soldering of Mg/Al alloys through pre-plating a Ni coating layer on the Mg substrate

Magnesium and aluminum alloys are widely used in various industries because of their excellent properties,and their reliable connection may increase application of materials.Intermetallic compounds(IMCs)affect the joint performance of Mg/Al.In this study,AZ31 Mg alloy with/without a nickel(Ni)coating layer and 6061 Al alloy were joined by ultrasonic-assisted soldering with Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu(SAC)filler.The effects of the Ni coating layer on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg/Al joints were systematically investigated.The Ni coating layer had a significant effect on formation of the Mg_(2)Sn IMC and the mechanical properties of Mg/Al joints.The blocky Mg_(2)Sn IMC formed in the Mg/SAC/Al joints without a Ni coating layer.The content of the Mg_(2)Sn IMC increased with increasing soldering temperature,but the joint strength decreased.The joint without a Ni coating layer fractured at the blocky Mg_(2)Sn IMC in the solder,and the maximum shear strength was 32.2 MPa.By pre-plating Ni on the Mg substrate,formation of the blocky Mg_(2)Sn IMC was inhibited in the soldering temperature range 240–280℃and the joint strength increased.However,when the soldering temperature increased to 310℃,the blocky Mg_(2)Sn IMC precipitated again in the solder.Transmission electron microscopy showed that some nano-sized Mg_(2)Sn IMC and the(Cu,Ni)_(6)Sn_(5)phase formed in the Mg(Ni)/SAC/Al joint soldered at 280℃,indicating that the Ni coating layer could no longer prevent diffusion of Mg into the solder when the soldering temperature was higher than 280℃.The maximum shear strength of the Mg(Ni)/SAC/Al joint was 58.2 MPa for a soldering temperature of 280℃,which was 80.7%higher than that of the Mg/SAC/Al joint,and the joint was broken at the Mg(Ni)/SAC interface.Pre-plating Ni is a feasible way to inhibit formation of IMCs when joining dissimilar metals.

Industrial Fusion Cascade Detection of Solder Joint

With the remarkable advancements in machine vision research and its ever-expanding applications,scholars have increasingly focused on harnessing various vision methodologies within the industrial realm.Specifically,detecting vehicle floor welding points poses unique challenges,including high operational costs and limited portability in practical settings.To address these challenges,this paper innovatively integrates template matching and the Faster RCNN algorithm,presenting an industrial fusion cascaded solder joint detection algorithm that seamlessly blends template matching with deep learning techniques.This algorithm meticulously weights and fuses the optimized features of both methodologies,enhancing the overall detection capabilities.Furthermore,it introduces an optimized multi-scale and multi-template matching approach,leveraging a diverse array of templates and image pyramid algorithms to bolster the accuracy and resilience of object detection.By integrating deep learning algorithms with this multi-scale and multi-template matching strategy,the cascaded target matching algorithm effectively accurately identifies solder joint types and positions.A comprehensive welding point dataset,labeled by experts specifically for vehicle detection,was constructed based on images from authentic industrial environments to validate the algorithm’s performance.Experiments demonstrate the algorithm’s compelling performance in industrial scenarios,outperforming the single-template matching algorithm by 21.3%,the multi-scale and multitemplate matching algorithm by 3.4%,the Faster RCNN algorithm by 19.7%,and the YOLOv9 algorithm by 17.3%in terms of solder joint detection accuracy.This optimized algorithm exhibits remarkable robustness and portability,ideally suited for detecting solder joints across diverse vehicle workpieces.Notably,this study’s dataset and feature fusion approach can be a valuable resource for other algorithms seeking to enhance their solder joint detection capabilities.This work thus not only presents a novel and effective solution for industrial solder joint detection but lays the groundwork for future advancements in this critical area.

Effect of Mo and ZrO_(2)nanoparticles addition on interfacial properties and shear strength of Sn58Bi/Cu solder joint

The influence of Mo and ZrO_(2)nanoparticles addition on the interfacial properties and shear strength of Sn58Bi solder joint was investigated.The interfacial microstructures of Sn58Bi/Cu,Sn58Bi+Mo/Cu and Sn58Bi+ZrO_(2)/Cu solder joints were analysed using a scanning electron microscope(SEM)coupled with energy dispersive X-ray(EDX)and the X-ray diffraction(XRD).Intermetallic compounds(IMCs)of MoSn_(2)are detected in the Sn58Bi+Mo/Cu solder joint,while SnZr,Zr_(5)Sn_(3),ZrCu and ZrSn_(2)are detected in Sn58Bi+ZrO_(2)/Cu solder joint.IMC layers for both composite solders comprise of Cu_(6)Sn_(5) and Cu_(3)Sn.The SEM images of these layers were used to measure the IMC layer’s thickness.The average IMC layer’s thickness is 1.4431μm for Sn58Bi+Mo/Cu and 0.9112μm for Sn58Bi+ZrO_(2)/Cu solder joints.Shear strength of the solder joints was investigated via the single shear lap test method.The average maximum load and shear stress of the Sn58Bi+Mo/Cu and Sn58Bi+ZrO_(2)/Cu solder joints are increased by 33%and 69%,respectively,as compared to those of the Sn58Bi/Cu solder joint.By comparing both composite solder joints,the latter prevails better as adding smaller sized ZrO_(2)nanoparticles improves the interfacial properties granting a stronger solder joint.

精锡和Sn-Ag-Cu合金氧化过程中的微量Zn富集行为

采用纯度为99.9%的精锡原料制备Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu(SAC305)合金,对微量Zn元素在精锡和Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu合金氧化过程中的表面富集行为进行了研究。将精锡与SAC305在300℃条件下分别进行动态氧化试验,结果表明,SAC305的渣率低于精锡。用XPS深度剖析法研究300℃静态条件下氧化后的精锡与SAC305的表面氧化情况。结果表明,氧化后的精锡和SAC305表面Zn元素的浓度是精锡原料中的1000倍以上,且SAC305较精锡表面具有更高的Zn元素浓度和更薄的氧化层厚度。综上,认为精锡原料中微量元素Zn在表面的高度富集会对锡及锡合金的氧化行为产生影响。在制备锡基合金焊料时,原料中的Zn元素应该予以关注。

Ag-GNSs/Sn-Ag-Cu复合钎料焊点的润湿性能及界面生长特征研究

采用Ag涂覆石墨烯纳米片(Ag-GNSs)作为增强体,制备Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-(Ag-GNSs)新型复合无铅钎料,然后在Cu基板上制备了钎料焊点,并进行了150℃不同时长的等温时效处理,研究了不同含量的Ag-GNSs对无铅钎料Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu的润湿性、Cu基板/钎料界面金属间化合物(IMC)生长特性的影响。结果表明,适量的Ag-GNSs可以显著地改善钎料的润湿性,当Ag-GNSs含量达到0.05wt%时润湿性最佳,与Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu钎料相比润湿角降低了54.43%。随着等温时效时间的延长,IMC层厚度增大,其生长行为由扩散控制。Ag-GNSs的添加可以抑制IMC层的生长,当Ag-GNSs的含量为0.05wt%时扩散系数达到最小值2.356×10^(-18)m^(2)/s。在0~0.2wt%范围内,Ag-GNSs的最佳添加量为0.05wt%。

Sn-Cu、Sn-Ag-Cu系无铅钎料的钎焊特性研究

制备了Sn-0.7Cu、Sn-3.5Ag-0.6Cu钎料,用润湿平衡法测量了钎料对铜的润湿曲线,研究了温度、钎剂活性、钎焊时间对润湿行为的影响,并与Sn-37Pb钎料进行了比较。结果表明:升高温度能显著改善无铅钎料对铜的钎焊性。当温度<270℃时,Sn-0.7Cu的钎焊性明显低于Sn-3.5Ag-0.6Cu钎料;而当温度≥270℃时,两种钎料对铜都会显示较好的润湿性,而Sn-0.7Cu略优于Sn-3.5Ag-0.6Cu钎料。提高钎剂活性能显著增强钎料对铜的润湿性,其卤素离子的最佳质量分数均为0.4%左右。随着浸渍时间的延长,熔融钎料与铜的界面间产生失润现象。无铅钎料的熔点和表面张力较高,是钎焊性较差的根本原因。

半导体激光软钎焊Sn-Ag-Cu焊点微观组织

采用90 W半导体激光焊接系统对Sn-Ag-Cu无铅钎料在纯铜基板上进行钎焊试验。针对在不同激光输出功率下形成的微焊点形貌,分析Sn-Ag-Cu钎料在纯铜基板上的润湿、铺展规律和微焊点的微观组织特征。通过分析比较在激光软钎焊和红外再流焊2种再流焊加热方式的Sn-Ag-Cu钎料微焊点的微观组织,发现:当采用半导体激光软钎焊时存在最佳输出功率,在此功率下得到的微焊点组织均匀,晶粒细小,没有产生空洞缺陷,力学性能最佳。

La对Sn-Ag-Cu无铅钎料与铜钎焊接头金属间化合物的影响

研究微量稀土La在钎焊和时效过程中对Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu无铅钎料与铜基板的钎焊界面及钎料内部金属间化合物(IMC)的形成与生长行为的影响。结果表明:钎焊后钎焊界面形成连续的扇形Cu6Sn5化合物层,其厚度随La含量的增加而减小;在150℃时效100h后,连续的Cu3Sn化合物层在Cu6Sn5化合物层和铜基板之间析出,且Cu6Sn5层里嵌有Ag3Sn颗粒;界面金属间化合物总厚度随时效时间的延长而增厚,且在相同时效条件下随La含量的增加而减小;时效过程中金属间化合物生长动力学的时间系数(n)随着La含量的增加逐渐增大;钎焊后钎料内部Ag仍以共晶形式存在,时效后Ag3Sn颗粒沿钎料内部的共晶组织网络析出。

Sn-Ag-Cu无铅焊料的发展现状与展望

Sn-Ag-Cu系无铅焊料由于具有良好的焊接性能和使用性能,已逐渐成为一种通用电子无铅焊料;综述了Sn-Ag-Cu系焊料从无到有、从二元发展至三元乃至多元的发展历程,及其研究现状和当前应用较多的几个典型成分的各自应用水平,对当前Sn-Ag-Cu系焊料的熔化温度、润湿性、组织结构和力学性能研究方面以及存在的超电势问题、抗氧化和抗腐蚀性不足、使用的可靠性等主要问题作了总结,并根据国情对其在国内外的发展前景作了预测和展望,提出在发展无铅焊料过程中需要着重注意研究的几个方面,并指出今后较长一段时间内不会出现某一种无铅焊料能像Sn-Pb系那样独断电子封装行业的状态。

主盐浓度和工艺条件对Sn-Ag-Cu合金镀层组成和形貌的影响

在弱酸性镀液中电沉积得到无铅Sn-Ag-Cu可焊性合金镀层。采用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了镀液中主盐浓度和电镀工艺条件对镀层的组成和形貌的影响。研究表明,Sn-Ag-Cu合金的电沉积是正则共沉积。镀液中Sn2+和Ag+浓度改变对镀层晶粒大小影响较大,Cu2+浓度的改变对镀层的平整度影响较大。电流密度增加、pH值下降、温度降低,都能使镀层结晶细致。