Effects of vertical excitation on the seismic performance of a seismically isolated bridge with sliding friction bearings

A finite element model is constructed for a sliding friction bearing in a seismically isolated bridge under vertical excitation with contact/friction elements. The effects of vertical excitation on the seismic performance of a seismically isolated bridge with sliding friction bearings and different bearing friction coefficients and different stiffness levels （pier diameter） are discussed using example calculations, and the effects of excitation direction for vertical excitation on the analysis results are explored. The analysis results shows that vertical excitation has a relatively large impact on seismic performance for a seismically isolated bridge with sliding friction bearings, which should be considered when designing a seismically isolated bridge with sliding friction bearings where vertical excitation dominates.

Research on a Rigid Rotor-Sliding Bearing System with a Squeeze Film Damper

In this paper, a dynamic model on a rigid rotor sliding bearing system with a SFD is established. The stability and bifurcation behaviors of the system are studied. On the basis of the differential equations of fluid momentum and mass continuity, the distribution pressure function is derived by taking oil film inertia force into consideration. Damping force, clearance excitation force, interference force of different frequencies and static load are also considered in the model. Finally, the governing equations of the stability and bifurcation behaviors of the system are solved by Floquet theory. Simulation of dynamic model shows that the rigid rotor sliding bearing system can maintain stability and exhibit a Hopf bifurcation phenomenon in a certain range.

Nonlinear Vibration Induced by the Water-film Whirl and Whip in a Sliding Bearing Rotor System

Many industrial applications and experiments have shown that sliding bearings often experience fluid film whip due to nonlinear fluid film forces which can cause rotor-stator rub-impact failures. The oil-film whips have attracted many studies while the water-film whips in the water lubricated sliding bearing have been little researched with the mechanism still an open problem. The dynamic fluid film forces in a water sliding bearing are investigated numerically with rotational, whirling and squeezing motions of the journal using a nonlinear model to identify the relationships between the three motions. Rotor speed-up and slow-down experiments are then conducted with the rotor system supported by a water lubricated sliding bearing to induce the water-film whirl/whip and verify the relationship. The experimental results show that the vibrations of the journal alternated between increasing and decreasing rather than continuously increasing as the rotational speed increased to twice the first critical speed, which can be explained well by the nonlinear model. The radial growth rate of the whirl motion greatly affects the whirl frequency of the journal and is responsible for the frequency lock in the water-film whip. Further analysis shows that increasing the lubricating water flow rate changes the water-film whirl/whip characteristics, reduces the first critical speed, advances the time when significant water-film whirling motion occurs, and also increases the vibration amplitude at the bearing center which may lead to the rotor-stator rub-impact. The study gives the insight into the water-film whirl and whip in the water lubricated sliding bearing.

Seismic performance of cable-sliding friction bearing system for isolated bridges

During past strong earthquakes, highway bridges have sustained severe damage or even collapse due to excessive displacements and/or very large lateral forces. For commonly used isolation bearings with a pure friction sliding surface, seismic forces may be reduced but displacements are often unconstrained. In this paper, an alternative seismic bearing system, called the cable-sliding friction bearing system, is developed by integrating seismic isolation devices with displacement restrainers consisting of cables attached to the upper and lower plates of the bearing. Restoring forces are provided to limit the displacements of the sliding component. Design parameters including the length and stiffness of the cables, friction coefficient, strength of the shear bolt in a fixed-type bearing, and movements under earthquake excitations are discussed. Laboratory testing of a prototype bearing subjected to vertical loads and quasi-static cyclic lateral loads, and corresponding numerical finite element simulation analysis, were carried out. It is shown that the numerical simulation shows good agreement with the experimental force-displacement hysteretic response, indicating the viability of the new bearing system. In addition, practical application of this bearing system to a multi-span bridge in China and its design advantages are discussed.

Optimization of a Flexible Rotor-Sliding Bearing System With a Squeeze Film Damper

A dynamic model of a flexible rotor-sliding bearing system ( FRSBS ) with asqueeze film damper ( SFD) is established. Considered in the model are oil film inertia force,damping farce, clearance excitation force, interference force of different frequencies and staticload, as opposed to previous research. On the basis of this model, the optimal design of the systemis deeply studied. Simulation shows that the system optimization design can effectively improve thesystem stability.

The Production and Fracture Characteristrics of Particles in Radial Sliding Bearing

Based on the running characteristics,the experimental results show that wear particles appear on the normal running stage.The fractural characteristics of wear particles were investigated, it is found there exists a relation between the wear characters and bear conditions.

Experimental and numerical study on hysteretic performance of SMA spring-friction bearings

This paper presents an experimental and numerical study to investigate the hysteretic performance of a new type of isolator consisting of shape memory alloy springs and friction bearing called an SMA spring-friction bearing （SFB）. The SFB is a sliding-type isolator with SMA devices used for the seismic protection of engineering structures. The principle of operation of the isolation bearing is introduced. In order to explore the possibility of applying SMA elements in passive seismic control devices, large diameter superelastic tension/compression NiTi SMA helical springs used in the SFB isolator were developed. Mechanical experiments of the SMA helical spring were carried out to understand its superelastic characteristics. After that, a series of quasi-static tests on a single SFB isolator prototype were conducted to measure its force-displacement relationships for different loading conditions and study the corresponding variation law of its mechanical performance. The experimental results demonstrate that the SFB exhibits full hysteretic curves, excellent energy dissipation capacity, and moderate recentering ability. Finally, a theoretical model capable of emulating the hysteretic behavior of the SMA-based isolator was then established and implemented in MATLAB software. The comparison of the numerical results with the experimental results shows the efficacy of the proposed model for simulating the response of the SFB.

A New Method to Calculate Water Film Stiffness and Damping for Water Lubricated Bearing with Multiple Axial Grooves

Water lubricated guide bearings for hydro turbines and pumps are conventionally designed with multiple axial grooves to provide effectively cooling and flushing away abrasives.Due to the variety of groove configuration in terms of number and size,a predication of their performance is difficult.This paper deals with an analytical procedure to investigate groove effect on load capacity,stiffness and damping for this type of bearing where it is considered as an assembly of many inclined slide bearings.The result can be applied to bearings made of hard materials combined with low bearing pressure.

无轴承电动机神经网络逆系统解耦控制关键技术发展

无轴承电动机利用一套新的悬浮力绕组产生悬浮力,使无轴承电动机成为一种多变量、强耦合的非线性系统,如何实现转速与径向位移以及径向位移之间的动态解耦控制是无轴承电动机稳定运行的关键要素之一。神经网络逆系统具有以任意精度逼近非线性函数的能力,可以有效实现无轴承电动机的解耦控制。阐述了无轴承电动机悬浮力产生的原理以及神经网络逆系统解耦原理,从纯神经网络逆系统、神经网络逆系统结合智能控制器等方面分析了国内外无轴承电动机神经网络逆系统解耦控制策略的研究现状,归纳了无轴承电动机在使用神经网络逆系统进行解耦控制时的共同和不足之处,总结了无轴承电动机神经网络逆系统解耦控制的一般设计方法,并对神经网络优化、在线训练、抗干扰能力等关键技术发展趋势进行了展望。

寒区环境温度对板式橡胶支座连续梁桥地震易损性影响研究

针对现行规范对寒区桥梁减隔震设计中仅考虑橡胶支座力学特性受环境温度作用影响,而忽略桥墩混凝土材料特性受温度影响的不足,以高寒地区一座两联3×30 m混凝土连续梁桥为背景,开展不同环境温度下桥墩混凝土材料抗压性能试验,确定温度对其力学参数的影响,基于试验结果对不同环境温度下的桥墩混凝土力学参数进行修正,从而建立不同环境温度下的全桥精细化非线性有限元模型,并基于增量动力分析(IDA)法探究不同环境温度下该桥的地震易损性。结果表明:极端温度引起桥墩混凝土材料参数和支座刚度的改变,使得该桥自振频率随着温度的升高而降低;地震作用下,极端低温时桥墩墩顶位移较常温增大了26.8%,而极端高温时支座位移增大了19.4%;根据现行规范计算的极端低温时支座和桥梁系统的损伤概率偏小,极端高温时结构和构件的损伤概率偏大,在设计中应予以重视;极端低温下桥墩、支座及桥梁系统的损伤概率,较常温分别增大45.0%、35.2%和27.5%,对于高寒地区该类桥梁设计时需考虑低温对其抗震性能的影响。

变速条件下流体动压效应稳健性分析

以油膜作为中间介质,对于高速旋转机械传动系统的可靠性、稳定性的提升有显著优势。而高速轴承-转子系统在加工制造和运行过程中,不可避免地存在影响系统承载性能的不确定性因素,影响油膜形状,导致承载性能发生变化,实际工作性能偏离设计目标。以高速动压油膜为研究对象,为掌握几何参数和转速对油膜承载性能波动的影响,进行稳健优化和分析,提取油膜性能稳健优化结果的特征区域。针对传动系统的不同需求,采用计算流体力学方法求解不同转速下的动压滑动轴承油膜压力场,进而求解其主要性能指标:承载力和摩擦功耗。建立研究目标的Kriging近似模型,并在样本点临近区域选择稳健目标计算的子空间,计算目标均值和方差。利用非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-II)求解不同目标组合的Pareto最优解集。结合自组织映射图(SOM)方法进行相关性分析,提取设计目标与几何参数、转速之间的相关性特征,分析最优特征区域中偏心率对目标稳健性的影响,最终确定稳健性好的特征区域,并选择个别结果进行仿真计算验证。结果表明:所提出的最优性分析方法能够清晰展现出稳健最优性区域在设计空间中的分布情况,便于降低几何参数和转速的波动对油膜性能的影响;所提方法能提升优化设计结果的可实现性,有效促进理论设计与工程实际的衔接。

大功率风机主轴滑动轴承研究现状及发展趋势

风电机组大型化步伐加快,核心零部件的可靠性对风机运行的影响越来越大。滑动轴承具有高承载、长寿命、易维护、可扩展、小体积等优点,对风机主轴承关键零部件的国产安全可靠替代水平提高具有显著作用和很大潜力。分析了大功率风机主轴滚动轴承存在的问题与主轴应用滑动轴承的优势,并详细论述了风机主轴滑动轴承设计、材料、润滑、试验验证等多方面的技术方法和应用现状,总结了大功率风机主轴滑动轴承存在的问题及未来的发展趋势,为大功率风电主轴承数字化设计与产业发展提供参考。

试验台约束对滑动轴承动特性识别精度的影响

在滑动轴承的动特性测试中,试验台参数对动特性测试精度有重要的影响。以某倒置式轴承动特性试验台为研究对象,基于轴承动力学正反问题,提出滑动轴承动特性系数识别精度的仿真评估方法,分析不同激振频率时试验台约束参数对轴承动特性系数识别精度的影响规律,并对激振频率和约束参数的取值范围进行优选。结果表明:在较低激振频率的条件下,当约束刚度和约束阻尼取值较小时,动特性系数的识别精度受测试误差的影响不大,随着约束刚度和约束阻尼取值增大到一定值,动特性系数的识别精度受测试误差的影响迅速增大。针对研究的试验台,选择激振频率在30~300 Hz之间,选择试验台约束刚度小于试验轴承刚度的0.3%,试验台约束阻尼小于试验轴承阻尼的7%时,能够保证较好的轴承动特性系数的测试精度。

积石山6.2级地震桥梁典型震害特征

调查了306省道、310国道以及川亭公路上位于地震烈度8度和7度区的桥梁。GS.N0028台站记录到的大河家镇加速度峰值超过900 cm/s~2,远超当地罕遇地震设防标准,但从调查的结果看,本次地震中,8度区的桥梁震害主要以轻微破坏为主,包括挡块破坏、主梁侧移和支座滑移,除了川亭公路上发现一桥梁的桥墩出现剪切裂缝外,其他桥梁未发现主体结构发生破坏。7度区的桥梁基本完好,橡胶支座中橡胶有变形无法恢复以及主梁位移导致挡块间距发生变化,但都不影响功能。混凝土挡块作为主梁防侧移装置,震害虽然表明其有效性,但缺乏快速恢复的特性,同时设置缓冲橡胶垫的挡块仍然发生了较严重的破坏,因此,以后需要进一步加强挡块的缓冲装置和考虑可快速恢复性能的研究。

巨型臂式离心机的试验不平衡量识别方法与试验

针对滑动轴承转子系统非线性动力学特性强,传统不平衡量识别方法应用于采用液压滑动轴承的巨型臂式离心机不平衡量监测时局限性较大的问题,提出一种基于径向轴承反力实时识别巨型臂式离心机试验不平衡量的方法.首先,根据臂式离心机的结构特点与其不平衡量的组成,通过受力分析获得径向轴承反力与试验不平衡量之间的关系;其次,对轴承刚度变化对径向轴承反力的影响规律进行分析,结果表明轴承荷载分担比受轴承刚度非线性影响较小,理论上证明了基于径向轴承反力识别试验不平衡量的可行性;最后,通过台架试验对识别方法进行了初步验证.试验结果表明,该方法受系统非线性特性影响小,在工作转速范围内能够有效识别试验不平衡量.

基于等价输入干扰滑模观测器的磁悬浮轴承控制

针对磁悬浮轴承受到未知干扰而使转子偏离理想位置导致控制性能下降的问题,建立了存在未知干扰的磁悬浮轴承模型,基于模型设计了等价输入干扰系统,利用积分滑模观测器对系统状态量进行观测并结合等价输入干扰估计器协同实现对未知干扰的实时精准估计,通过控制端对等价输入干扰估计值进行前馈补偿,设计转子位置环的滑模控制器,通过复合控制提高系统的鲁棒性。与其他方法的仿真对比结果表明,所提方法能够提高轴承系统的抗扰性能,实现对转子位置的高精度控制。

平钢板-UHPC组合桥面板纵向抗负弯性能试验研究

某大桥次边跨及中跨主梁为钢-UHPC组合梁,钢-UHPC组合梁的桥面板首次采用一种通过PBL剪力键将8 mm平钢板与15 cm的UHPC层连接起来的新型组合桥面体系。为了探究该桥新型钢-UHPC组合桥面板抗负弯矩性能与安全性,完成了2块足尺模型的静力性能试验,进行了桥梁整体受力和桥面板局部受力计算,以及桥面板抗负弯矩极限承载力构成分析。结果表明:UHPC名义开裂强度达8.90 MPa以上,其值远大于实桥荷载作用下UHPC层上缘的纵桥向最大拉应力,组合桥面板负弯矩抗裂性能良好,能满足工程需求;组合桥面板抗负弯承载力的计算,UHPC受拉本构宜采用三折线模型,抗负弯承载力简化计算的UHPC受拉区等效均布应力折减系数可取0.76,抗负弯承载力状态的受压钢板受力仍处于线弹性阶段,抗负弯破坏模式与抗正弯明显不同,为受拉钢筋拉断;PBL剪力键能保证了钢板与UHPC板整体共同受力;组合桥面板在负弯矩作用下的延性良好,裂宽增长缓慢,UHPC的名义极限强度达名义开裂强度的4.1倍以上,到达极限荷载后,组合板承载力没有明显下降。

喷油润滑球轴承流动特性的数值研究

基于流体体积(VOF)方法建立了喷油润滑球轴承的数值仿真模型.分别采用滑移网格法和多重参考系(MRF)方法对轴承油气两相流动进行了数值计算,得到了轴承内部流场分布和搅油力矩.搭建了轴承流场可视化试验台,对比分析了仿真流场与高速摄影实测流场.结果表明:滑移网格下的轴承内部油液体积分数大于用MRF方法的计算结果,且当转速逐渐增大时,轴承内部油液体积分数均逐渐减小,且在离心力作用下,润滑油更多地分布在轴承外圈滚道.滑移网格下的轴承内部流场油液分布更接近实测流场.仿真计算的搅油力矩随转速增大而增大,MRF方法下搅油力矩大于滑移网格下的搅油力矩,平均误差约为12.3%.两种方法对搅油力矩的计算均具有较好的一致性,但MRF时间成本更低.

微造型形状对滑动轴承摩擦特性的影响

利用激光微造型技术在滑动轴承轴颈表面加工出三角形、圆形和正方形微造型,分析不同形状微造型化滑动轴承的摩擦特性,并表征表面形貌,研究表征参数和摩擦特性的关系。结果表明:与未造型的滑动轴承相比,随着载荷增加,微造型后滑动轴承的摩擦系数逐渐减小,三角形微造型的滑动轴承摩擦系数最小,其次是圆形,最后是正方形。当表面偏态增加,摩擦系数升高,而表面峰态增加时,摩擦系数变化正好相反;当表面谷处和中心处平均空体体积增加时,摩擦系数先降低后升高,表面谷处及中心处平均空体体积分别为6.148×10^(-4)mm^(3)和5.418×10^(-3)mm^(3)时,摩擦系数最低;当表面峰和谷平均体积增加时,摩擦系数降低。在载荷3200 N及600 r/min时,微造型后滑动轴承的摩擦系数随着连通性系数的增加而降低。

自然老化服役后板式橡胶支座摩擦滑移性能试验研究

为了解自然老化服役后板式橡胶支座的摩擦滑移性能,取实际桥梁中服役10年的7个板式橡胶支座进行摩擦滑移试验,分析不同竖向压应力下支座摩擦滑移规律,研究自然老化板式橡胶支座的水平弹性刚度、摩擦系数及耗能能力等,并对比人工热老化支座的相关性能。结果表明:相同服役年限的自然老化板式橡胶支座老化程度并不相同;自然老化板式橡胶支座摩擦系数随着竖向压应力的增大而减小,水平弹性刚度随着竖向压应力的增大而增大;压剪作用对老化板式橡胶支座的耗能能力影响较小,但需要注意累积的摩擦滑移会使支座耗能能力降低。自然老化板式橡胶支座(试验值)相较于未老化支座(理论值)的表面摩擦系数有所降低,但水平弹性刚度明显增大;自然老化板式橡胶支座水平弹性刚度增大幅度远高于人工热老化的板式橡胶支座,人工热老化研究严重低估了自然老化对板式橡胶支座的危害。