The snow cover over the Taurus Mountains affects water supply, agriculture, and hydropower generation in the region. In this study, we analyzed the monthly Snow Cover Extent(SCE) from November to April in the Central ...The snow cover over the Taurus Mountains affects water supply, agriculture, and hydropower generation in the region. In this study, we analyzed the monthly Snow Cover Extent(SCE) from November to April in the Central Taurus Mountains(Bolkar, Aladaglar, Tahtali and Binboga Mountains) from 1981 to 2021. Linear trends of snow cover season(November to April) over the last 41 years showed decreases in SCE primarily at lower elevations. The downward trend in SCE was found to be more pronounced and statistically significant for only November and March. SCE in the Central Taurus Mountains has declined about-6.3% per decade for 2500-3000 m in November and about-6.0% per decade for 1000-1500 m and 3000+ m in March over the last 41 years. The loss of SCE has become evident since the 2000s, and the lowest negative anomalies in SCE have been observed in 2014, 2001, and 2007 in the last 41 years, which are consistent with an increase in air temperature and decreased precipitation. SCE was correlated with both mean temperature and precipitation, with temperature having a greater relative importance at all elevated gradients. Results showed that there is a strong linear relationship between SCE and the mean air temperature(r =-0.80) and precipitation(r = 0.44) for all elevated gradients during the snow season. The Arctic Oscillation(AO), the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO), and the Mediterranean Oscillation(MO) winter indices were used to explain the year-to-year variability in SCE over the Central Taurus Mountains. The results showed that the inter-annual variability observed in the winter SCE on the Central Taurus Mountains was positively correlated with the phases of the winter AO, NAO and MO, especially below 2000 m elevation.展开更多
Snowmelt is an important component of any snow-fed river system.The Jhelum River is one such transnational mountain river flowing through India and Pakistan.The basin is minimally glacierized and its discharge is larg...Snowmelt is an important component of any snow-fed river system.The Jhelum River is one such transnational mountain river flowing through India and Pakistan.The basin is minimally glacierized and its discharge is largely governed by seasonal snow cover and snowmelt.Therefore,accurate estimation of seasonal snow cover dynamics and snowmeltinduced runoff is important for sustainable water resource management in the region.The present study looks into spatio-temporal variations of snow cover for past decade and stream flow simulation in the Jhelum River basin.Snow cover extent(SCE) was estimated using MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) sensor imageries.Normalized Difference Snow Index(NDSI) algorithm was used to generate multi-temporal time series snow cover maps.The results indicate large variation in snow cover distribution pattern and decreasing trend in different sub-basins of the Jhelum River.The relationship between SCE-temperature,SCE-discharge and discharge-precipitation was analyzed for different seasons and shows strong correlation.For streamflow simulation of the entire Jhelum basin Snow melt Runoff Model(SRM) used.A good correlation was observed between simulated stream flow and in-situ discharge.The monthly discharge contribution from different sub-basins to the total discharge of the Jhelum River was estimated using a modified version of runoff model based on temperature-index approach developed for small watersheds.Stream power - an indicator of the erosive capability of streams was also calculated for different sub-basins.展开更多
The current work examines the impact of the snow cover extent(SCE)of the Tibetan Plateau(TP)on the interannual variation in the summer(June−July−August)surface air temperature(SAT)over Central Asia(CA)(SAT_CA)during t...The current work examines the impact of the snow cover extent(SCE)of the Tibetan Plateau(TP)on the interannual variation in the summer(June−July−August)surface air temperature(SAT)over Central Asia(CA)(SAT_CA)during the 1979−2019 period.The leading mode of the summer SAT_CA features a same-sign temperature anomalies in CA and explains 62%of the total variance in SAT_CA.The atmospheric circulation associated with a warming SAT_CA is characterized by a pronounced high-pressure system dominating CA.The high-pressure system is accompanied by warm advection as well as descending motion over CA,favoring the warming of the SAT_CA.Analysis shows that the interannual variation in the summer SAT_CA is significantly positively correlated with the April SCE over the central-eastern TP.In April,higher than normal SCE over the central-eastern TP has a pronounced cooling effect on the column of the atmosphere above the TP and can persist until the following early summer.Negative and positive height anomalies appear above and to the west of the TP.In the following months,the perturbation forcing generated by the TP SCE anomalies lies near the western center of the Asian subtropical westerly jet(SWJ),which promotes atmospheric waves in the zonal direction guided by the Asian SWJ.Associated with this atmospheric wave,in the following summer,a significant high-pressure system dominates CA,which is a favorable condition for a warm summer SAT_CA.展开更多
本文主要利用美国冰雪资料中心(The National Snow and Ice Data Center)提供的卫星反演积雪资料和ERA40土壤温度再分析资料,采用相关分析,对欧亚北部冬季新增雪盖面积(冬季TFSE)与我国夏季气候异常关系的可能物理途径进行了初步研究。...本文主要利用美国冰雪资料中心(The National Snow and Ice Data Center)提供的卫星反演积雪资料和ERA40土壤温度再分析资料,采用相关分析,对欧亚北部冬季新增雪盖面积(冬季TFSE)与我国夏季气候异常关系的可能物理途径进行了初步研究。结果表明,春夏季陆面季节演变异常是上述"隔季相关"的重要纽带:当冬季TFSE偏大时,欧亚北部大范围积雪—冻土自西向东、由南向北的融化进程明显减慢,受其影响,至夏季,东亚中高纬区积雪和地表冻土的融化异常强烈,土壤温度明显偏低,这种夏季陆面异常可能通过自身的冷却作用,通过加强东亚中高纬异常北风对东亚中纬区夏季变冷产生直接影响,进而与西太平洋副热带高压,乃至与我国江南夏季降水异常产生关联;冬季TFSE偏小时相反。分析表明,冬季TFSE信号在东亚中高纬局地的春季积雪—冻土融化过程中被加强,并在夏季达到显著。展开更多
利用美国冰雪资料中心(National Snow and Ice Data Center)提供的近40年逐周的卫星反演雪盖资料,定义了各季节新增(融化)雪盖面积指数(fresh snow extent),即增/融雪覆盖率PFSE、增/融雪面积AFSE、欧亚大陆北部增/融雪面积之和TFSE,针...利用美国冰雪资料中心(National Snow and Ice Data Center)提供的近40年逐周的卫星反演雪盖资料,定义了各季节新增(融化)雪盖面积指数(fresh snow extent),即增/融雪覆盖率PFSE、增/融雪面积AFSE、欧亚大陆北部增/融雪面积之和TFSE,针对欧亚大陆各季节平均的雪盖面积本身(snow extent,PSE、ASE、TSE)和其增(融)雪盖面积,分析比较了二者的变化特征。结果表明,欧亚大陆各季节平均的雪盖面积和相应增(融)雪盖面积不论是气候态分布还是其年际、十年际变化均有明显不同,其中以冬、春季差别更为明显;夏、秋季二者虽有较好的一致性,但增(融)雪盖面积的变率明显强于雪盖面积本身;另外,冬季欧洲新增雪盖对欧亚北部冬季雪盖面积以及其后的春季雪盖都有较显著的影响,而春季欧洲和中纬度亚洲地区的融雪则受到冬、春两季雪盖情况的影响。进一步分析欧亚大陆冬、春两季增(融)雪盖与ENSO关系显示,二者除在个别地区(西伯利亚北部、欧洲中东部以及青藏高原)存在较明显关系外,整体上,欧亚大陆北部雪盖变化既不受控于ENSO,也不会显著影响ENSO。展开更多
文摘The snow cover over the Taurus Mountains affects water supply, agriculture, and hydropower generation in the region. In this study, we analyzed the monthly Snow Cover Extent(SCE) from November to April in the Central Taurus Mountains(Bolkar, Aladaglar, Tahtali and Binboga Mountains) from 1981 to 2021. Linear trends of snow cover season(November to April) over the last 41 years showed decreases in SCE primarily at lower elevations. The downward trend in SCE was found to be more pronounced and statistically significant for only November and March. SCE in the Central Taurus Mountains has declined about-6.3% per decade for 2500-3000 m in November and about-6.0% per decade for 1000-1500 m and 3000+ m in March over the last 41 years. The loss of SCE has become evident since the 2000s, and the lowest negative anomalies in SCE have been observed in 2014, 2001, and 2007 in the last 41 years, which are consistent with an increase in air temperature and decreased precipitation. SCE was correlated with both mean temperature and precipitation, with temperature having a greater relative importance at all elevated gradients. Results showed that there is a strong linear relationship between SCE and the mean air temperature(r =-0.80) and precipitation(r = 0.44) for all elevated gradients during the snow season. The Arctic Oscillation(AO), the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO), and the Mediterranean Oscillation(MO) winter indices were used to explain the year-to-year variability in SCE over the Central Taurus Mountains. The results showed that the inter-annual variability observed in the winter SCE on the Central Taurus Mountains was positively correlated with the phases of the winter AO, NAO and MO, especially below 2000 m elevation.
文摘Snowmelt is an important component of any snow-fed river system.The Jhelum River is one such transnational mountain river flowing through India and Pakistan.The basin is minimally glacierized and its discharge is largely governed by seasonal snow cover and snowmelt.Therefore,accurate estimation of seasonal snow cover dynamics and snowmeltinduced runoff is important for sustainable water resource management in the region.The present study looks into spatio-temporal variations of snow cover for past decade and stream flow simulation in the Jhelum River basin.Snow cover extent(SCE) was estimated using MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) sensor imageries.Normalized Difference Snow Index(NDSI) algorithm was used to generate multi-temporal time series snow cover maps.The results indicate large variation in snow cover distribution pattern and decreasing trend in different sub-basins of the Jhelum River.The relationship between SCE-temperature,SCE-discharge and discharge-precipitation was analyzed for different seasons and shows strong correlation.For streamflow simulation of the entire Jhelum basin Snow melt Runoff Model(SRM) used.A good correlation was observed between simulated stream flow and in-situ discharge.The monthly discharge contribution from different sub-basins to the total discharge of the Jhelum River was estimated using a modified version of runoff model based on temperature-index approach developed for small watersheds.Stream power - an indicator of the erosive capability of streams was also calculated for different sub-basins.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42075050).
文摘The current work examines the impact of the snow cover extent(SCE)of the Tibetan Plateau(TP)on the interannual variation in the summer(June−July−August)surface air temperature(SAT)over Central Asia(CA)(SAT_CA)during the 1979−2019 period.The leading mode of the summer SAT_CA features a same-sign temperature anomalies in CA and explains 62%of the total variance in SAT_CA.The atmospheric circulation associated with a warming SAT_CA is characterized by a pronounced high-pressure system dominating CA.The high-pressure system is accompanied by warm advection as well as descending motion over CA,favoring the warming of the SAT_CA.Analysis shows that the interannual variation in the summer SAT_CA is significantly positively correlated with the April SCE over the central-eastern TP.In April,higher than normal SCE over the central-eastern TP has a pronounced cooling effect on the column of the atmosphere above the TP and can persist until the following early summer.Negative and positive height anomalies appear above and to the west of the TP.In the following months,the perturbation forcing generated by the TP SCE anomalies lies near the western center of the Asian subtropical westerly jet(SWJ),which promotes atmospheric waves in the zonal direction guided by the Asian SWJ.Associated with this atmospheric wave,in the following summer,a significant high-pressure system dominates CA,which is a favorable condition for a warm summer SAT_CA.
文摘本文主要利用美国冰雪资料中心(The National Snow and Ice Data Center)提供的卫星反演积雪资料和ERA40土壤温度再分析资料,采用相关分析,对欧亚北部冬季新增雪盖面积(冬季TFSE)与我国夏季气候异常关系的可能物理途径进行了初步研究。结果表明,春夏季陆面季节演变异常是上述"隔季相关"的重要纽带:当冬季TFSE偏大时,欧亚北部大范围积雪—冻土自西向东、由南向北的融化进程明显减慢,受其影响,至夏季,东亚中高纬区积雪和地表冻土的融化异常强烈,土壤温度明显偏低,这种夏季陆面异常可能通过自身的冷却作用,通过加强东亚中高纬异常北风对东亚中纬区夏季变冷产生直接影响,进而与西太平洋副热带高压,乃至与我国江南夏季降水异常产生关联;冬季TFSE偏小时相反。分析表明,冬季TFSE信号在东亚中高纬局地的春季积雪—冻土融化过程中被加强,并在夏季达到显著。
文摘利用美国冰雪资料中心(National Snow and Ice Data Center)提供的近40年逐周的卫星反演雪盖资料,定义了各季节新增(融化)雪盖面积指数(fresh snow extent),即增/融雪覆盖率PFSE、增/融雪面积AFSE、欧亚大陆北部增/融雪面积之和TFSE,针对欧亚大陆各季节平均的雪盖面积本身(snow extent,PSE、ASE、TSE)和其增(融)雪盖面积,分析比较了二者的变化特征。结果表明,欧亚大陆各季节平均的雪盖面积和相应增(融)雪盖面积不论是气候态分布还是其年际、十年际变化均有明显不同,其中以冬、春季差别更为明显;夏、秋季二者虽有较好的一致性,但增(融)雪盖面积的变率明显强于雪盖面积本身;另外,冬季欧洲新增雪盖对欧亚北部冬季雪盖面积以及其后的春季雪盖都有较显著的影响,而春季欧洲和中纬度亚洲地区的融雪则受到冬、春两季雪盖情况的影响。进一步分析欧亚大陆冬、春两季增(融)雪盖与ENSO关系显示,二者除在个别地区(西伯利亚北部、欧洲中东部以及青藏高原)存在较明显关系外,整体上,欧亚大陆北部雪盖变化既不受控于ENSO,也不会显著影响ENSO。
