Evolutionary snowdrift game on heterogeneous Newman-Watts small-world network

We study the evolutionary snowdrift game in a heterogeneous Newman-Watts small-world network. The heterogeneity of the network is controlled by the number of hubs. It is found that the moderate heterogeneity of the network can promote the cooperation best. Besides, we study how the hubs affect the evolution of cooperative behaviours of the heterogeneous Newman-Watts small-world network. Simulation results show that both the initial states of hubs and the connections between hubs can play an important role. Our work gives a further insight into the effect of hubs on the heterogeneous networks.

Evolutionary snowdrift game with disordered environments in mobile societies

We investigate an evolutionary snowdrift game on a square N ： L × L lattice with periodic boundary conditions, where a population of no （no ≤ N） players located on the sites of this lattice can either cooperate with or defect from their nearest neighbours. After each generation, every player moves with a certain probability p to one of the player＇s nearest empty sites. It is shown that, when p = 0, the cooperative behaviour can be enhanced in disordered structures. When p 〉 0, the effect of mobility on cooperation remarkably depends on the payoff parameter r and the density of individuals ρ （ρ = no/N）. Compared with the results of p = 0, for small r, the persistence of cooperation is enhanced at not too small values of p; whereas for large r, the introduction of mobility inhibits the emergence of cooperation at any p 〈 1; for the intermediate value of r, the cooperative behaviour is sometimes enhanced and sometimes inhibited, depending on the values of p and p. In particular, the cooperator density can reach its maximum when the values of p and p reach their respective optimal values. In addition, two absorbing states of all cooperators and all defectors can emerge respectively for small and large r in the case of p 〉 0.

Spatial snowdrift game in heterogeneous agent systems with co-evolutionary strategies and updating rules

We propose an evolutionary snowdrift game model for heterogeneous systems with two types of agents, in which the inner-directed agents adopt the memory-based updating rule while the copycat-like ones take the unconditional imitation rule; moreover, each＇agent can change his type to adopt another updating rule once the number he sequentially loses the game at is beyond his upper limit of tolerance. The cooperative behaviors of such heterogeneous systems are then investigated by Monte Carlo simulations. The numerical results show the equilibrium cooperation frequency and composition as functions of the cost-to-benefit ratio r are both of plateau structures with discontinuous steplike jumps, and the number of plateaux varies non-monotonically with the upper limit of tolerance VT as well as the initial composition of agents faO. Besides, the quantities of the cooperation frequency and composition are dependent crucially on the system parameters including VT, faO, and r. One intriguing observation is that when the upper limit of tolerance is small, the cooperation frequency will be abnormally enhanced with the increase of the cost-to-benefit ratio in the range of 0 〈 r 〈 1/4. We then probe into the relative cooperation frequencies of either type of agents, which are also of plateau structures dependent on the system parameters. Our results may be helpful to understand the cooperative behaviors of heterogenous agent systems.

Dormancy Characteristics of Malus ‘Snowdrift’ and Effects of Spraying 6-benzyladenine on Its Germination and Flowering in Long-day Treatment

[Objective] The dormancy characteristics of Malus ‘Snowdrift’ in long-day treatment were studied, and 6-BA was used to break the dormancy, with the aim to achieve the purpose of flowering in autumn. [Method] The new shoots of ‘Snowdrift’ in long-day treatment were conducted with hydroponics to investigate their dormancy time. And cytokinin 6-benzyladenine(6-BA)was used to treat the dormant shoots, to investigate the budding, flowering and flower bud differentiation. [Result] The shoots in long-day treatment entered endodormancy after August 7^(th) and the shoots in the natural daylight entered endodormancy before July 18^(th). In long-day treatment, 116 buds, 198 flowers were observed after 6-BA spraying. [Conclusion] The optimum concentration of 6-BA was 300 mg/L. And the flower bud differentiation of ‘Snowdrift’ in long-day treatment was faster than those in natural daylight after 6-BA spraying.

Cooperation and Phase Separation Driven by a Coevolving Snowdrift Game

We investigate the cooperative behavior and the phase separation in a coevolving system. Agents in the system constructed by a regular random network initially play the snowdrift game with their neighbors. They try to obtain a better competing environment by imitating a neighbor＇s more successful strategy or cutting the connection to a defective neighbor and randomly rewiring to another agent so as to seek a better neighborhood. The dynamic process of strategy imitation and relationship among agents due to rewiring neighbors may drive the system into different states. The simulation results show that there are three different phases in the q-r plane, where q is the rewiring probability and r is the cost-to-benefit ratio. One is a static phase of a pure cooperative cluster with a few isolated defectors. The other two belong to active phases with one of a main mixed-strategy cluster and the other of a pure defective state. We find that a simple mean field theory can predict correctly the static phase and the active phase of the main mixed-strategy cluster. The theoretical boundary line between the two phases is in good agreement with the simulation result.

Similarity Study on Snowdrift Wind Tunnel Test

The model for snowdrift wind tunnel test needs to be similar with the prototype. Based on detailed analysis in aspects of geometry, kinematics and dynamics, the major similarity parameters that need to be satisfied are gained. The contradiction between the Reynolds number and Froude number as well as the problem of time scale is introduced, and the selections of the model parameters are specified. Lastly, an example of snowdrift wind tunnel test by adoption of quartz sand as the model of snow grains is presented. The flow field and the snow distributions on a typical stepped roof were investigated. The results show that the flow filed characters are in good agreement with the field observations, and the stepped roof snow depth distributions are basically consistent with the observation results.

A novel snowdrift game model with edge weighting mechanism on the square lattice

We propose a novel snowdrift game model with edge weighting mechanism to explore the cooperative behaviors among the players on the square lattice. Based on the assumption of three types of weight distribution including uniform, exponential and power-law schemes, the cooperation level is largely boosted in contrast with the traditional snowdrift game on the unweighted square lattice. Exten- sive numerical simulations indicate that the fraction of cooperators greatly augments, especially for the intermediate range of cost-to-benefit ratio r. Furthermore, we investigate how the cooperative behaviors are affected by the undulation amplitude of weight distribution and noise strength of strat- egy selection, respectively. The simulation results will be conducive to further understanding and analyzing the emergence of cooperation, which is a ubiquitous phenomenon in social and biological science.

Effect of Growing Size of Interaction Neighbors on the Evolution of Cooperation in Spatial Snowdrift Game

In this paper,we study the influence of the size of interaction neighbors(k) on the evolution of cooperation in the spatial snowdrift game.At first,we consider the effects of noise K and cost-to-benefit ratio r,the simulation results indicate that the evolution of cooperation depends on the combined action of noise and cost-to-benefit ratio.For a lower r,the cooperators are multitudinous and the cooperation frequency ultimately increases to 1 as the increase of noise.However,for a higher r,the defectors account for the majority of the game and dominate the game if the noise is large enough.Then we mainly investigate how k influences the evolution of cooperation by varying the noise in detail.We find that the frequency of cooperators is closely related to the size of neighborhood and cost-to-benefit ratio r.In the case of lower r,the augmentation of k plays no positive role in promoting the cooperation as compared with that of k = 4,while for higher r the cooperation is improved for a growing size of neighborhood.At last,based on the above discussions,we explore the cluster-forming mechanism among the cooperators.The current results are beneficial to further understand the evolution of cooperation in many natural,social and biological systems.

防雪栅对铁路路堑风致雪堆积防治效果研究

针对铁路路堑易发生严重积雪灾害的问题,采用风洞试验方法,研究了防雪栅在减轻风致积雪灾害方面效果,为铁路线路防灾工程设计提供参考。在风洞中,首先分别试验了在6.5、7.5、8.5 m/s风速下边坡比为1∶4和1∶1.5的路堑内雪粒堆积演化过程;然后布置防雪栅,在相同试验条件下观测其在减轻路堑积雪灾害方面的效果;最后根据测量数据计算对比有无防雪栅时路堑路面积雪量差异,定量评估防雪栅防治效果。此外,采用数值模拟手段分析防雪栅、路堑周围流场变化情况,进一步解释防雪栅的防雪机理。结果表明:上风侧坡度较缓的半开敞式路堑积雪严重;防雪栅能有效减轻路堑积雪灾害;漂移雪粒首先在背风侧距离防雪栅较远处沉积,随吹风持续积雪范围向两端延伸;防雪栅使来流风速在其背风侧急剧减弱致使漂移雪粒发生沉积,雪粒输运强度减小,从而实现挡雪减灾目的。

基于WRF模式的康定地区风吹雪易发性判断

为给通过地形复杂,缺少气象资料的西南艰险山区的铁路研究风吹雪易发性提供方法,以位于该区域的四川省康定市为例,采用中尺度数值天气预报模式(The Weather Research and Forecasting Mode,WRF)对该区域气象要素的时空分布进行模拟.基于WRF模式中各种参数的特点,设计4种参数方案进行计算,采用双层网格嵌套达到降尺度模拟,为了高精度解析大气边界层过程,在竖直方向、近地面1.5km高度内加密为15层,提取康定站计算结果与观测结果进行比较.结果表明,WRF模式的计算结果符合康定市气候特征,气象要素的相关系数均高于0.5;风吹雪发生概率从高到低的区域依次为康定市东部和南部边缘的贡嘎山区,内部的大雪山段,以及位于101.7°E~102.0°E位置处的铁路线路,概率分别为19%、14%和12%,其他区域的概率低于4%.

公路风吹雪植物防治技术

公路风吹雪对积雪寒冷地区公路交通的影响比较普遍且相对严重,与成本较高的金属或圬工类风吹雪防治设施相比,植物防治技术有其独特的优势。根据公路风吹雪的形成条件,营造防雪林、种植植被,或者适当利用路线两侧既有的草木植被,对风吹雪进行有效干扰,能够在防止风吹雪影响交通的同时,绿化公路环境,协调路线景观。综合分析,可采用适当的树木、合适的间距、合理的乔灌混种等方式来营造防雪林、防雪植被等,通过植物防治技术避免或减轻公路风吹雪雪害。

黑龙江省公路风吹雪灾害形成机理与分布特征

分析了风吹雪灾害形成的因素和机理,并结合黑龙江省4条主要公路的风吹雪灾害调查数据,对该省公路风吹雪灾害的分布特征进行了分析。结果指出,气候和地形条件,特别是公路路线走向、路基横断面形式以及路基高度对风吹雪灾害的形成具有主导作用。

低矮建筑屋盖风雪流作用场地实测与数值模拟

为了研究风雪流对低矮建筑屋盖的作用,制作了6组缩尺模型,在常遇雪天气候下,开展了屋盖积雪特性场地实测与模化分析,考虑了典型的阶梯型屋面以及平屋面、双坡屋面、女儿墙等因素的影响,提出了典型低矮建筑屋盖积雪荷载模化模型。研究表明:阶梯型屋面的积雪分布与已有的场地实测及风洞试验结果相似;平屋面雪荷载沿来流方向呈倒U型分布,可模化为均匀分布,但随着风速变化,积雪漂移使积雪形态可能向倒V型演化,建议考虑其线性非均匀分布对结构的不利影响;风速较低时,双坡屋面的积雪漂移量较少,对迎风侧屋盖更不利,国内外规范均侧重考虑了积雪漂移对背风侧的影响,建议考虑弱风条件下积雪漂移对迎风侧的不利影响;女儿墙的存在使屋面积雪量有较大的增加,屋盖前缘和后缘区域的漂移长度差异较大。结合风洞试验与场地实测,考虑雪粒子与风场的双向耦合、雪粒碰撞、黏结,探索性地对阶梯型屋面的积雪分布进行了二维数值模拟,论证了DEM-CFD风雪流模拟方法的可行性。

公路风吹雪积雪力学原理与积雪深模型

从流体力学原理出发,结合雪害野外观测、风洞实验和数值仿真结果,系统阐释了公路风吹雪积雪原理,并在此基础上,对公路积雪深定量化问题进行了研究,提出了数学模型,并给出了模型的参数标定与求解方法。

复杂网络演化博弈理论研究综述

综述复杂网络的结构特性对演化博弈动力学的影响的最新研究成果,研究个体在相互作用和冲突中的策略选择和演化问题,关注自私个体中合作现象的涌现。着重介绍了受到广泛关注的囚徒困境和雪堆博弈两个简单的博弈模型,并利用复杂网络刻画了个体间的联系,研究了空间结构与博弈动力学之间的关系,探讨了未来工作的研究方向。

风致积雪漂移堆积效应的研究进展

屋盖表面的雪颗粒在风力作用下发生复杂的漂移堆积运动,对建筑结构、交通、环境等方面造成很大的影响。雪粒在风力作用的运动形式包含蠕移、跃移、悬移运动以及雪粒与地表的碰撞运动。从实地观测、风洞试验和数值方法等方面详细评述了风致积雪的漂移堆积效应研究进展:通过实地观测细致分析了临界摩阻速度,并建立了计算雪流量的理论模型;风雪两相运动的风洞试验涉及相似参数多,该文根据前人经验总结了可以放松的相似参数,并指出了试验中的技术难点;数值研究方面一般基于Euler-Euler方法进行模拟,越来越多的因素在数值模拟中得到考虑。通过上述三方面的总结分析:指出了目前风雪研究中的不足之处,给出了今后研究的建议。

基于惩罚机制的产学研合作演化博弈分析

产学研合作对构建国家创新体系和实现向创新驱动型经济体转变具有重要的作用,而在新形势下,多方参与的产学研合作模式成为主流,为保证各方的利益及合作顺利进行,在长期合作中需要有一定的约束惩罚机制。首先建立多人多策略的演化博弈模型,并对各情况下的收益进行分析计算;然后建立惩罚机制,并把惩罚和收益关联起来,调整各方不同情况下的收益;之后使用粒子群优化算法进行模拟仿真,摒弃传统固定好数值的静态模拟方法,考虑"支出-收益"比例和"惩罚-收益"比例的动态数值分析,模拟得出惩罚约束存在下多人多策略的产学研合作演化情况;最后,得出结论并提出相应的对策建议。

黑龙江省公路雪冰基本特征与灾害防治对策

黑龙江省冬季降雪不多,但在寒冷和强风条件下,容易产生风吹雪,使某些地点形成较深的积雪,阻塞交通。风吹堆积下的积雪在低温下形成密实坚硬的硬深霜。涎流冰是冬季影响山区交通的另一个主要因素,它的各个部位呈现出间歇性增厚的特征,是涌出水在各处反复交替流动、冻结的结果。随着经济发展,交通流量增加,正常降雪将会产生越来越大的影响和危害,必须给予足够的重视。因此,在雪冰减灾战略对策上,应逐步推广使用防滑汽车轮胎,建立较为完善的公路雪冰清除服务体系,并辅以必要的工程措施。

基于模糊综合评价法的公路风吹雪危险度评价

针对我国公路风吹雪自然灾害突发性、频发性强而传统单因素评价存在不足的现状,基于模糊综合评价法建立公路风吹雪危险度的模糊综合模型,分析影响公路风吹雪危险的主要因素。为使各影响因素与评价指标的关系更全面且系统,先综合考虑自然与人为2个方面的因素,共确定出10个主要评价指标;再采用模糊综合评价法求得各指标权重;然后结合隶属函数最大原则,对公路风吹雪危险度进行评判和预测。最后,采用该模型对新疆塔城S201线的典型路段进行危险度判断,所得到的结果与实际基本相符。

长日照处理下‘雪球’海棠休眠特性和喷施6-BA对其萌芽及开花的影响

以‘雪球’海棠为试材,采用水培法研究了其在长日照处理下的休眠特性,并采用不同浓度细胞分裂素6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-BA)处理处于条件休眠的新梢,调查其花芽分化进程,以达到秋季开花的目的。结果表明:长日照处理下新梢的顶芽进入自发休眠时间在8月7日之后,而自然日照下树体自发休眠应发生在7月18日之前;长日照处理下喷施6-BA后共观察到116处萌芽,50处开花,开花数198朵。其中6-BA最适浓度为300 mg·L-1;花芽分化进程调查喷施6-BA对花芽分化有促进作用,喷施6-BA后长日照处理下‘雪球’海棠花芽分化进程快于自然光照。