Complete degradation of high-loaded phenol using tungstate-based ionic liquids with long chain substituent at mild conditions

Phenol in waste water threatens human health and is difficultly to be decomposed by nature.Efficient degradation of high-loaded phenol in water under mild condition is still a great challenge.Herein,ionic liquids with tungstate anion were designed and prepared.It was found that dodecyltrimethylammonium tungstate could catalyzed degradation of phenol into gases and water thoroughly at 323 k in 8 h.Tungstate anion revealed good catalytic oxidative activity and long carbon chain group connecting with cation of ionic liquids enriched phenol around catalysts,which induced the complete degradation of phenol at mild conditions.Increasing the amounts of hydrogen peroxide benefited to the total degradation of phenol.In addition,the ionic liquid could be reused for its excellent thermal stability.Our work provided a different strategy to treat waste water containing phenol efficiently.

Nanostructured Ternary Metal Tungstate-Based Photocatalysts for Environmental Purification and Solar Water Splitting:A Review

Visible-light-responsive ternary metal tungstate(MWO_4) photocatalysts are being increasingly investigated for energy conversion and environmental purification applications owing to their striking features, including low cost,eco-friendliness, and high stability under acidic and oxidative conditions. However, rapid recombination of photoinduced electron–hole pairs and a narrow light response range to the solar spectrum lead to low photocatalytic activity of MWO_4-based materials, thus significantly hampering their wide usage in practice. To enable their widespread practical usage, significant efforts have been devoted, by developing new concepts and innovative strategies. In this review, we aim to provide an integrated overview of the fundamentals and recent progress of MWO_4-based photocatalysts. Furthermore, different strategies, including morphological control, surface modification, heteroatom doping, and heterojunction fabrication, which are employed to promote the photocatalyticactivities of MWO_4-based materials, are systematically summarized and discussed. Finally, existing challenges and a future perspective are also provided to shed light on the development of highly efficient MWO_4-based photocatalysts.

Alkali salts of heteropoly tungstates: Efficient catalysts for the synthesis of biodiesel from edible and non-edible oils

Alkali salts of tungsten based heteropoly acids with different central atom such as P, Si and Co were prepared and evaluated for transes- terification of both edible and non-edible oils to their corresponding fatty acid methyl esters. The catalyst of sodium salt of tungstic acid with Co as central atom （Na5CoW12O40） showed optimum activity towards transesterification compared with other heteropoly tungstates. The catalysts activities were correlated with the observed physico-chemical characteristics derived from FT-infrared （FT-IR）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia （NH3-TPD） and carbon dioxide （CO2-TPD）. The Na5CoW12O40 catalyst exhibiting high activity even at 65 ℃ is due to the presence of strong acidic as well as basic sites. The disclosed catalyst is tolerable towards water and free fatty acids present in the oils. The influence of catalyst loading, reaction time and reaction temperature is studied to optimize the reaction parameters.

Simultaneous determination of some trace metal impurities in high-purity sodium tungstate using coprecipitation and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

A method based on the combination of coprecipitation with inductively coupledplasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was developed for the determination of impurities inhigh-purity sodium tungstate. Six elements (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Pb) were coprecipitated bylanthanum hydroxide so as to be concentrated and separated from the tungsten matrix. Effects of somefactors on the recoveries of the analytes and on the residual amount of sodium tungstate wereinvestigated, and the optimum conditions for the coprecipitation were proposed. Matrix-matchingcalibration curve method was used for the analysis. It is shown that the elements mentioned abovecan be quantitatively recovered. The detection limits for Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Pb are 0.07, 0.4,0.2, 0.1, 0.6, and 1.3 μg·g^(-1), respectively. The recoveries vary from 92.5% to 108%, and therelative standard deviations (RSDs) are in the range of 3.1%-5.5%.

Hydrothermal Synthesis,Crystal Structure and Spectral Characterization of a New Copper Isopolytungstate: [Cu(phen)_3][W_6O_(19)]

An unusual inorganic-organic hybrid hexatungstate complex [Cu（phen）3][W6O19] 1 （C36H24 CuN6O19W6, Mr= 2011.20） was hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by singlecrystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectrum, UV-VIS spectrum and elemental analyses. This compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with a = 19.1005（11）, b = 11.2585（11）, c = 20.2867（15） A, β= 102.177（2）°, V= 4264.4 A^ 3, μ（MoKa） = 16.691 mm^-1, Dc = 3.133 g/cm^3, Z = 4, F（000） = 3628, the final R = 0.0338 and wR = 0.0798 for 4090 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ（I）. The result of structure determination shows that the crystal structure is constructed from [W6O19]^2- cluster anions and [Cu（phen）3]^2＋ complex fragments, which are held together into a three-dimensional network through hydrogen-bonding interactions.

Effect of sodium tungstate on visual evoked potentials in diabetic rats

AIM： To evaluate the effect of sodium tungstate on visual evoked potentials（VEPs） in diabetic rats.· METHODS： Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups as normal control, diabetic control and diabetic rats treated with sodium tungstate. Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin（50 mg/kg）. Sodium tungstate [40 mg/（kg·d）]was administered for 12 wk and then VEPs were recorded.Additionally, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance（TBARS） levels were measured in brain tissues.·RESULTS： The latencies of P1, N1, P2, N2 and P3 waves were significantly prolonged in diabetic rats compared with control group. Diabetes mellitus caused an increase in the lipid peroxidation process that was accompanied by changes in VEPs. However, prolonged latencies of VEPs for all components returned to control levels in sodium tungstate-treated group. The treatment of sodium tungstate significantly decreased brain TBARS levels and depleted the prolonged latencies of VEP components compared with diabetic control group.· CONCLUSION： Sodium tungstate shows protective effects on visual pathway in diabetic rats, and it can be worthy of further study for potential use.

NON-ISOTHERMAL KINETIC STUDY ON THE THERMAL DEHYDRATION OF SODIUM TUNGSTATE DIHYDRATE

１ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＳｏｄｉｕｍｔｕｎｇｓｔａｔｅｄｉｈｙｄｒａｔｅｉｓｕｓｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｐｒｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｏａｔｅｄｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｄｅｓｆｏｒｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｃａｔａｌｙｓｉｓ［１］ａｎｄａｓｆｉｒｅｒｅｔａｒｄａｎｔｆｏｒｆａｂｒ...

Expanded Industrial Experiments of Free-alkali Recovery from Sodium Tungstate Solution by the Membrane Electrolysis Process

The expanded industrial experiments were conducted with practical industrial liquor to separate free alkali from sodium tungstate solution by electrolysis with cation-exchange membrane. Experimental results show that on the condition that the temperature is 50-55 degreesC and the current density is 1000 A/m(2), the single electrolysis cell is operated stably and 80% free-alkali in mass fraction is separated from the anode feed liquor of sodium tungstate, with electric efficiency up to more than 88% and the unit energy consumption E lower than 1900 kWh/t; while three electrolysis cells in series are operated, under the condition that the temperature is 60-65 degreesC and the current density is 1000 A/m(2), the electric efficiency can reach higher than 88% and the unit energy consumption E can be lower than 2250 kWh/t.

New cadmium and rare earth metal tungstates with the scheelite type structure

New cadmium and rare earth metal tungstates with the formula Cd0.25RE0.50 0.25WO4 （RE=Nd, Sin, Eu, Gd, D-statistical distrib- uted vacancies in cation sublattice） were synthesized by the solid-state reaction between CdWO4 and corresponding RE2W209. The obtained phases crystallize in the scheelite type structure. The Cd0.25RE0.5 0.25WO4 compounds were characterized by X-ray diffractometer （XRD）, （DTA-TG）, infrared （IR） and EPR methods.

ELECTRODE SELECTION OF ELECTROLYSIS WITH MEMBRANE FOR SODIUM TUNGSTATE SOLUTION

Xiao Liansheng Wang Wei Zhang Qixiu Gong Bofan Cao Jiashu (Department of Metallurgical Science and Engineering, Central South University of Technology, Changsha 410083, China) Abstrac By measuring the electrode polarization curves of many kinds of materials and life spans of electrodes through intensifying electrolysis in the process, the appropriate electrode materials for different stages of electrolysis of sodium tungstate solution with membrane have been selected The effects of the electrodes with different shapes on electrolysis have been investigated. The result shows that network electrode is more suitable to electrolysis of sodium tungstate solution.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Ammonium cis-Dioxo Dibenzilato Tungstate (VI) Dihydrate

A mononuclear tungsten-benzilate, (NH4)2[WO2(Ph2COCOO)2]·2H2O was ob- tained by the reaction of ammonium tungstate(VI) with excess benzilic acid in ethanol solution at pH 5~6. The title compound crystallizes in monoclinic system, space group P21/n with a = 8.1078(5), b = 25.797(2), c = 13.6815(8) (A。), β = 91.001(1)°, V = 2861.1(3) (A。)3, Dc = 1.719 g/cm3, F(000) = 1472, C28H32N2O10W, Mr = 740.41,μ(MoKα) = 4.097 mm-1 and Z = 4. The full-matrix least-squares refinement resulted in R = 0.033 and Rw = 0.068 for 3974 observed reflections with I >2σ(I). The tungsten atom is six-coordinated by two cis-oxo groups and two bidentate benzilate ligands through deprotonated α-alkoxyl and α-carboxyl groups, forming a stable five-membered chelate ring. The compound has a distorted octahedral geometry, which is mainly attributable to the bulky ligand-ligand repulsions.

Preparation of High－purity Sodium Tungstate from Low－grade Tung－sten－concentrate with a High Content of Calcium and Other Impurities

A new technological process for production of talium tungstate from low-grade tungsten-concentrate witha high content of calcium and other impurities has been studied. The experiments showed that average tungstenleaching efficiency of more than 96. 92 % can be obtained with a low NaOH consumption by using the mechani-cal activating caustic decomposition , and the content of main impurities (P, As, Si) in Na_2WO_4 solution ob-tained is competitive with that from standard wolframite concentrate by traditional caustic decomposition. Afterrecovering caustic liquor by first crystallization, molylxlenum is removed from Na_2WO_4 solution by ion ex-change method. High-purity sodium tungstate is obtained by second crystallization of Na_2WO_4 solution. Thistechnology has the advantages of good adaptability for raw materials, high removing efficiency of impurities,high tungsten recovery and high economic benefit.

Effects of sodium tungstate on properties of micro-arc coatings on magnesium alloys

Anodic coatings were prepared by micro-arc oxidation on AZ91HP magnesium alloys in a base solution containing 10 g/L NaOH and 12 g/L phytic acid with addition of 0-8 g/L sodium tungstate.The effects of sodium tungstate on the coating thickness, mass gain,surface morphology and corrosion resistance were studied by eddy current instrument,electronic scales,scanning electron microscope and immersion tester.With the addition of sodium tungstate,the electrolytic conductivity increases and the final voltage decreases.The sodium tungstate has a minor effect on the coating thickness,but lightens the coating color.With increasing sodium tungstate concentration,the size of micropores on the coatings is enlarged and the corrosion resistance of the anodized samples decreases.

Synergistic Effect of Tungstate and Benzotriazole on Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Solutions Containing Cl^-

The corrosion inhibition of tungstate, benzotriazole (BTA) and their combination in solutions containing Cl- was studied by electrochemical techniques. The results indicated that the inhibition efficiency of tungstate was higher than that of BTA. The efficiency increased with increasing concentration of tungstate or BTA. In the studies of synergistic effect of tungstate and BTA, it had been found that in pH 9.0 solution, the largest R t could be obtained with the concentration ratio of tungstate / BTA being 1∶1. Lowering the pH value of solution would reduce the efficiency of inhibitors, especially in binary inhibitors. Increasing the concentration of Cl- accelerated the corrosion of carbon steel in the solutions with various inhibitors, but the influence of Cl- on corroding rate in binary inhibitors was not so strong as in single component. The results of surface analysis showed that W, C, N, O and Fe elements existed in the protecting film formed with binary inhibitors. The thickness of the film was about 1215 nm.

Synthesis of Dimethyl-2,6-Naphthalene Dicarboxylate by Esterification Catalyzed by Sodium Tungstate

The process of synthesis of dimethyl-2,6-naphthalene dicaboxylate from esterification of 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (2,6-NDCA) by methanol using sodium tungstate as catalyst was investigated. The orthogonal tests method was used for optimizing the process factors. The effects of reaction temperature, mass percentage of catalyst, reaction time and mass ratio of methanol to 2,6-NDCA on the 2,6-NDCA conversion were investigated. It was found that all the four factors had significant effect on the conversion. The optimum reaction conditions were reaction temperature 215 ℃,mass percentage of catalyst 3%, reaction time 3 h, mass ratio of methanol to 2,6-NDCA 6∶1. The 2,6-NDCA conversion at above condition was 92.80%.

整体型Bi2WO6/石墨烯气凝胶的制备及性能

为得到易于回收的光催化材料,采用溶剂热法并结合冷冻干燥制备整体型Bi 2WO 6/石墨烯气凝胶,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FT-IR)及紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis)等方法对材料进行表征,探究不同水热温度对Bi 2WO 6/石墨烯气凝胶形貌、结构及性能的影响。结果表明,水热温度为120℃时材料整体性较好,110℃时光催化活性较好。在500 W氙灯照射下,光照120 min后对罗丹明B的降解率可达99.7%。

掺WO_(3)对碲酸盐玻璃热稳定性改善和Er^(3+)/Yb^(3+)掺杂碲钨酸盐玻璃光谱性能的研究

为得到热稳定性能良好且高强度发光的碲酸盐玻璃,通过在TeO_(2)-ZnO-Na_(2)O系统中掺入WO_(3),以提高玻璃的抗析晶和热稳定性能。研究结果表明,碲酸盐玻璃的ΔT从不掺WO_(3)的110℃增加到了WO_(3)含量为20 mol%时的142℃。在热稳定性研究的基础上,进一步分别研究了单掺Er^(3+)和Er^(3+)/Yb^(3+)共掺的碲钨酸盐玻璃的光谱性质。研究结果表明,在Er^(3+)/Yb^(3+)共掺条件下,Er^(3+)/Yb^(3+)之间的能量传递提高了Er^(3+)离子对980 nm泵浦光的吸收效率,增强了1.5μm波段发光强度,最终得到了具有高强度1.5μm波段发光的Er^(3+)/Yb^(3+)共掺碲钨酸盐玻璃,初步证明共掺方式是实现1.5μm波段高强度发光的有效方法。

Z型异质结BiO_(2-x)/ZnWO_(4)对水中抗生素的光催化研究

将两种具有不同能带结构的半导体结合起来构建异质结,可以有效地拓宽材料的光响应范围,提高光催化性能。采用简单的两步水热法制备了BiO_(2-x)/ZnWO_(4)复合材料,利用XRD、SEM和UV-vis漫反射光谱等表征研究了BiO_(2-x)/ZnWO_(4)的结构、形貌和光学性能,并考察了其在可见光下对四环素的光催化降解性能和循环稳定性能。研究结果表明,BiO_(2-x)/ZnWO_(4)复合材料借助BiO_(2-x)和ZnWO_(4)的协同作用,光生载流子可得到有效分离,光吸收能力显著增强;可见光照射90 min后,复合材料对四环素的光降解效率为86.04%,光响应范围和光催化活性均优于单体BiO_(2-x)和ZnWO_(4),且该材料具有良好的稳定性。捕获实验和ESR证实,复合材料在光照下产生h^(+)、O_(2)^(·-)和·OH,其中空穴h+和O_(2)^(·-)是光催化过程中的主要活性物质,而·OH是次要活性物种,其作用大小依次是h+>O_(2)^(·-)>·OH;推断BiO_(2-x)/ZnWO_(4)复合材料的电子转移机制为Z型异质结。

Box-Behnken响应面法优化La掺杂钨酸铋光催化剂的制备及降解染料废水

本文以五水合硝酸铋[Bi(NO_(3))_(3)·5H_(2)O]、二水合钨酸钠(Na_(2)WO_(4)·2H_(2)O)及水合硝酸镧[La(NO_(3))_(3)·nH_(2)O],为主要原料,采用水热法制备La-Bi_(2)WO_(6)催化剂,光催化降解以甲基橙为模型反应的染料废水,通过可见分光光度计,对模型污染物的吸光度进行测定进而得出降解率。主要研究了镧掺杂量、水热温度、水热时间等条件对La-Bi_(2)WO_(6)光催化剂性能的影响。并用Box-Behnken响应面法设计并优化实验条件,分析各影响因素间的交互作用。结果表明:当镧掺杂量为5.5%,178.69℃下,时间为3.89 h时,制备的La掺杂钨酸铋光催化剂的催化效果最好。