Conflict： Efficient State or State Under the Rule of Law？-- The Hungarian Case of the Victory of the Efficient State over the State Under the Rule of Law

This study is seeking an answer as to whether the efficient state and the state under the rule of law are indeed irreconcilable, as well as to whether these two categories are by nature to be seen as contrary concepts. The basic issue is whether efficiency is to be handled as an ＂extralegal＂ category, or whether legal regulation, in accordance with public administration traditions in Europe, can in itself meet the requirement of efficiency. Also the study presents the formation of the issue of conflict between the effective state and the state under the rule of law in Hungary after the election held in 2010 in the practice of economic policy and legislation of the Orban government. We are trying to answer the question of the tendency of power concentration to really menace the principles of a traditionally-formed state under the rule of law, as well as whether the economic policy of the government can be implemented effectively in a strongly centralized political and state administrative system.

A Probe into the Issue of Socialist Rule of Law and the Reform of Legal System

The CPC Central Committee with Comrade Hu Jintao as the general secretary puts forward the new concept of socialist rule of law, which is the great ideological and theoretical achievement of China’s reform and opening up and socialist construction. From the concrete connotation, this article analyzes the formation of the socialist rule of law. The unique social and historical conditions, the progress of social civilization, the increasing public awareness of the rule of law, the pursuit and sublimation of the rule of law experience of the ruling party contributed to the establishment and development of the socialist concept of rule of law. At the same time, it is suggested that the rule of law should be popularized in the whole society, and the socialist rule of law can be transformed into the conscious action of the ruling party, state organs, social organizations and all citizens, so that the concept of socialist rule of law will truly attract and benefit the masses. The great practice of the people.

Timberland Investing and Private Property Rights in the United States of America

Investments in rural land for agriculture, timber, and other natural resource purposes occur frequently and globally. Fundamental principles of liberty and property found in the United States of America’s (“US”) legal system, from its origins to recent US Supreme Court decisions, continue to positively benefit holders of real estate in the Southern US, through a deep-rooted public policy of supporting private property rights and rural economic development. This stable rule of law enhances the long-term adaptability and sustainability of timberland as an asset class. This article is a commentary. It combines legal research methodology with the observations and conclusions of the authors. Its purpose is to demonstrate that the existence of alienable, documentable ownership, and related property rights create inherent stability and security. These principles form the basis of a culture that is defined by the rule of law and is “open for business.” This business mindset is particularly prevalent in the Southern US.

The Role of Consultative Democracy under the Constitutional Framework and the Associated Rule of Law

The logical sequence of China＇s state governance is ＂governing party--consultative conferences--people＇s congresses--the people.＂ The ＂governing party--consultative conferences＂ link in the chain involves political consultation through people＇s consultative conferences. The ＂governing party--consultative conferences--people＇s congresses＂ link involves a process of obtaining legitimacy for the Party＇s views based on political consultations which are then translated into the national will by the system of people＇s congresses. The ＂people＇s congresses--the people＂ link involves the two-pronged logic of elections and governing the country according to law. The ＂governing party--the people＂ link is an illustration of the party＇s mass line, which essentially involves social consultation. Consultative democracy usually includes the political consultation in the ＂governing party---consultative conferences＂ link and the social consultation in the ＂governing party-- the people＂ link in the chain, both of which are connected through the system of people＇s congresses. This logically determines the inner relations between the Party＇s leadership, consultative democracy and the people＇s congress form of representative democracy and shapes the institutionalization of consultative democracy. That is, in the process of democratic decision-making, a circular system consisting of ＂political consultation-- legislative consultation--social consultation＂ is created to guide development of the actual system.

The Structure and Operating Mechanisms of Chinese Society with Rule of Law

"Society with rule of law"is a concept strongly marked by the distinctive features of Chinese practice.It refers to the introduction of"rule of law"in the life of society over and above the operating system of public power.Like a country with rule of law and a government with rule of law,a society with rule of law has its own independent sphere,constituting the"one body,two wings"of Chinese rule of law.The concrete context of a country’s ability to mobilize,its existing legal system,the foundation of social governance,the state of social contradictions,etc.,may encourage or limit the construction of a society with rule of law.Such construction should have strongly identifiable target guidelines:it should guide orderly public participation in the governance of society,maintain good order in material and cultural life,calibrate supply and demand for basic public services,and define the proper space for the activities of social organizations.The community level is the main field for the construction of a society with rule of law.We should confront grassroots constraints,focus on the main business of grassroots society,and make full use of the function of grassroots social organizations.At the same time,we should effectively integrate the important roles of government,social organizations,enterprises,lawyers and other players in the construction of a society with rule of law.

A Rule of Law Approach to the Division of Authority of Office in China

Making the authority of office of government at all levels more standardized and lawbased is an important step in the process of deepening financial reform and establishing fiscal and taxation systems governed by law.To do so,China needs to clarify further the legal division of authority of government at every level and protect and promote its exercise through legal mechanisms.Governments are given powers so that they may effectively protect citizens’basic interests.On the premise of clarifying the boundaries of government functions,we should use legal means and observe the principle of restraint in determining the scope of authority of office.The criteria for the division have both economic and legal aspects.Economic criteria are more basic;legal criteria make adjustments to the pattern of division derived from economic criteria.The authority of office can be divided into legislative supervision and enforcement.The current legal system allocates powers of legislative supervision quite rationally,but supervision of judicial powers in particular should be appropriately centralized.In terms of enforcement,some space is left for the division of administrative powers in the current system,and there is quite obvious homogeneity of powers between different levels of government.The legal division of authority of office requires that basic principles be stipulated in the Constitution and that a basic fiscal law be devised that clarifies the powers of all levels of government.Allocation of fiscal powers between governments and optimization of the transfer payment system,together with budget constraints,will provide an institutional guarantee for the division of these powers.Fundamentally,the legal confirmation of a system of civil rights can promote the implementation of statutory powers.

新时代中国国际法学科体系的构造

构造新时代中国国际法学科体系,既是为了进一步落实习近平有关学科建设的指示精神,也是为了改变国际法在整个法学体系中的地位与中国世界大国的地位不相称的状况,以及弥补我国涉外法治人才严重短缺的短板。中国国际法学科体系的构造,需要进一步厘清涉外法、涉外法治、对外关系法、国内法与国际法的关系,以及涉外法学、国际法与法学一级学科的关系。在中国国际法学科体系构造的过程中,最为重要的是构建国际法学一级学科专业。未来中国国际法学发展的任务主要包括:弘扬国际法治理念、为人类命运共同体的构建提供法治保障,传播中国国际法观、提升中国国际法理念的国际影响力,提高运用国际法的能力以及补齐涉外法治的短板等。涉外法治人才培养和推动国际法研究的理论创新,则成为今后中国国际法学者的应然使命。未来中国国际法学的发展方向涉及架设国际法与国内法沟通的桥梁、谨慎使用“涉外法学”名称,以及在国际法教育与研究中凸显中国的国际法理论与实践等。

Socialism Based On Rule of Law

In April, the Ministry of Public Health announced the shutdown of the National Committee for Oral Health (NCOH). Corruption, it seems, has once again raised its ugly head. This organization, which is not an agency under the government, but has some government affiliation, allegedly has raked in millions of yuan in illegal profits for the past 18 years by making unauthorized approvals for oral health care products. It is widely believed that the situation involving NCOH reflects the lack of government credit management because of the loopholes in the overall system. Commenting on NCOH dissolution, Professor Li Shuguang from China University of Political Science and Law believes that, while to reform public service units within a short period of time is important, the final solution is to set up a system that is based on the rule of law.

一体化与统纪化:“儒法国家”,抑或大国礼治?

“儒法国家”作为概括中国秦汉以后政治系统特质的既有模式,没有充分估量礼治对于中国国家结构的奠基意义,易于呈现为古今断裂的历史政治叙事。周礼所开启的中心统合主义原理展现为一体化与统纪化。一体化包含了统治权力一体化、族群伦理一体化、家国经济一体化,由周礼中的分封、宗法和井田开其端,深刻影响了郡县大一统的制度体系。统纪化是指礼治秩序精神的历史性延续,分别呈现为生统、宗统和治统,三统相系相维而不断推进一体化进程。正是大国礼治所展现出的一体化和统纪化,使我们在面临秩序危机的时候赓续了大一统国家的基本结构,在进一步推进族群、经济和治理层级深度融合的进程中完成了文明古国的现代转化。

超越范式之争——文史哲法学的前提、立场与展望

文史哲是中国文化鲜明的标志性特征。笔者尝试提出的文史哲法学,既是立足于中国传统与实践,又是面向世界的具有普遍性样态的法学范式,理应成为建构中国自主知识体系和话语体系的法学目标。有别于教义法学和社科法学的研究旨趣,文史哲法学是一种全新视角的法学研究范式,它倡导厚植于中国的文史哲传统。其中,文学是法学素材的来源,史学是法学精神的见证,哲学则是法学价值的终极追求。文史哲法学旨在沟通中国历史传统与当下实践,侧重将文史哲作为工具和视角来研究人文与法学的互动关系,将人文价值和生活实践统一于法学研究场域之内,在保持统一性的前提下追求普遍性与实践性向度。中华法治文明在保持其独立个性、赋能文化自信的同时,也能为纾解人类的法律工具主义困境提供中国方案,促使法学脱离封闭的教条式思维模式与理论的窠臼,进而更好地为中国法学的本土化发展奠定坚实基础。

“平台”与我国县域基层法治秩序的生成——浙江海宁社会治理实践的观察

基层社会治理“平台”是我国县域范围构建具有中国特色法治秩序的重要实践形式。在提升县域基层社会治理水平的过程中,平台被打造成一个由不同政府机构、不同社会组织与社会成员通过协调、协商、议论等方式博弈以解决与民生密切相关的各种类型问题的工作机制,客观上已经助力生成了法治秩序不可或缺的不同主体之间展开话语交流的公共空间。在浙江海宁,平台被用于促进实现公众与企业合法权利、改造和规范行使公共权力、保障社会稳定与居民安居乐业,以公开促公正公平,有效提升了法律在基层的实施能力。在法治建设正在寻求新的突破之际,有关平台建设的实践具有一定的可借鉴的普遍意义。

中国式现代化语境下的法治思维结构论

中国式现代化语境下的法治思维在思维要素、思维面向和思维样态的结构维度上的独特性,逐步成就于中国特色社会主义法治道路这一当代中国法治建设的重要范畴和原创性法学概念在实践进程中对法治思维的积极运用。思维要素是探究所涉思维结构命题的逻辑起点,中国式现代化语境下的法治思维要素是置于中国特色社会主义法治道路这一法治文明形态中,运用宏观法治思维范式展开表达、界分的现实结果,从而分别指向其思维表达要素与思维界分要素。思维面向是探究所涉思维结构命题的内涵载体,中国式现代化语境下的法治思维面向旨在明晰中国特色社会主义法治道路所蕴含思维要素置于价值、规范、事实不同面向的载体要义,从而分别指向其价值观念与话语体系载体、规范系统与规范事项载体、目标事实与保障事实载体。思维样态是探究所涉思维结构命题的外延表征,中国式现代化语境下的法治思维样态旨在梳理合法性、合理性与合目的性考量下,中国特色社会主义法治道路中思维要素的类型化表征,从而分别指向其法治权威表征、法律信任表征与法律整合表征。

乡村社会“三治融合”的实践逻辑——基于社会基础视角的分析

通过自治、法治与德治相融合以实现乡村善治是具有中国特色的社会治理实践。借助社会基础的视角,可以深化对乡村“三治融合”实践逻辑的认识与理解。在结构转型背景下,乡村社会基础的变化会制约自治、法治与德治的作用发挥与相互融合。多地乡村通过机制创新来利用乡土熟人社会的资源,增强对个人行为的引导和约束,扩大乡村治理的社会参与,从而激活和培育了新的社会基础。凭借社会基础的支持与保障,法律和道德实施获得充分的社会助力,乡村社会内生秩序的维系和生产能力也得以增强。对于乡村“三治融合”实践探索的分析,揭示出激活和培育社会基础对实现乡村善治的重要意义,此外还需要注重法治的规范、引领与保障作用。

论超越守法及其治理

超越守法是指企业制定并遵守比法律更为严格的自治规范的现象。企业自治规范在国家法的强制要求与社会许可的自发推动下趋于严格,促成了超越守法现象的发生。超越守法现象可分为负担自承和负担转移两种类型,其中负担转移型可能违反法治原则,主要表现为企业自治规范缺乏对企业自身的限制,形式合法性欠缺以及违反“法律的统治而非人的统治”原则。该问题产生的原因,包括多元规范助力机制的扭曲、议程设置的反制措施难以启动以及企业优位下的消费者权利契约化等。合理规制超越守法,需要从立法上明晰相关主体的法律责任,建立合理的社会规范备案审查制度,形成完备、有效的司法审查制度等。超越守法现象揭示了自下而上的法治社会建设路径具有的可能性,但其违反法治原则的问题也表明自上而下的法治社会建设路径也应当同时相向发力,合力推进法治社会建设。

法教义学的自主性与本土化

法教义学的自主性与本土化,对于构建中国自主法学知识体系具有重要意义。构建中国自主的法教义学,应该超越中国与西方、传统与现代的二元对立思维;立足最低限度的法治观念,寻求通约东西方法治文化的“重叠性共识”;基于本国现行的法秩序,通过体系化思维不断整合本土法治经验,通过动态解释机制适应社会变迁。法教义学对习惯的吸收,是实现自主性与本土化的重要路径。

“法治思想家”郭道晖教授的法理求索

郭道晖是我国著名的法学家和法治思想家,在法治、宪制、人权等领域卓有建树,做出开创性贡献,被尊称为“法治三老”之一。在法治论方面,他深入探究法的本质内涵,明确法与法律的区别,将法的时代精神归结为人权与自由,率先且形象地指出“法制”与“法治”区别,积极推动“法治”入宪。他较早地提出中国法治社会的理想前景与现实基础,率先提出市场经济是法治经济这一论断。他有着极强的立法实践问题意识,率先开展立法理论研究,较早地提出法律民主化的要求和原则。在宪制论方面,他论述了宪制的理念和精神,倡导社会主义宪制之路,提出立宪之后贵在行宪。他较早系统地研究权利和权力的关系,首倡权利推定理论,原创性地阐述了社会权力这一新范畴,倡导以社会权力制约国家权力。在人权论方面,他系统论证了人权的重要价值和基本内涵,重视政治人权的独特价值,详细论述了人权的国家保障义务及具体机制,是推动“人权入宪”的法学家之一。郭道晖精湛深刻的学术思想、忧国忧民的人文关怀、大胆创新的理论勇气、正道直行的学术风骨成为当代法学学人的精神标杆。

个人信息出境的国内法规制路径及体系化完善

数字化个人信息的大规模跨境传输使得个人权益、公共利益和国家安全利益受损的风险加剧,国际社会尚未达成统一法律规范予以应对。为维护国家数据主权、促进数据产业发展与保障个人信息安全,各国选择以国内法规制的方式对个人信息出境予以监管,具体表现为国家专门立法、联盟统一立法与国家分散立法。我国通过专门立法规制个人信息出境,形成了“硬性”与“软性”两轨监管机制,但存在分轨监管内容交叉、公私共治监管尚未形成的问题,阻碍个人信息的安全出境。在统筹推进国内法治和涉外法治的背景下,我国应以系统观念加强个人信息出境监管建设,从主体上发挥公私体系的协同性,从规范上强化攻防体系的均衡性,从空间上增进内外体系的互动性,为促成个人信息跨境规制的多边共识贡献中国智慧。

建立中国特色法治建设激励制度研究

激励是法律的基本功能之一,建立中国特色法治建设激励制度对于完善中国特色社会主义法律规范结构、解决法治建设内生动力不足问题以及推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化具有重要意义。截至目前,我国已有多部法律法规对激励制度作出原则规定,且在激励制度的运用上积累了一定的经验,加之境外国家和地区也有成功经验可供借鉴,此时建立中国特色法治建设激励制度具有较高可行性。建立中国特色法治建设激励制度应当遵循科学化、体系化原则,精神激励为主、物质激励为辅原则,明确性、时机性原则以及程序公正、公开原则,而具体的制度设计和构建,则应当从选择激励的立法模式、确定激励的范围、增加激励的种类、优化激励的方式以及设置激励的程序等几个方面着手。

休息权的社会主义法治内涵及其保障

休息权是一项重要的基本人权,亦是社会主义运动的重要法治实践成就,该项权利已载入《世界人权宣言》等国际人权文书,并在我国宪法、法律中得到确认。但是在当代法治中国实践中,由于诸多因素综合作用的影响,劳动者休息权的充分保障依然遭遇现实困境。要在更高水平上充分保障劳动者的休息权,需坚持以人民为中心的人权理念,满足“人的自由全面发展”需要,回应美好生活制度建构要求,并完善法律治理机制特别是权利保障体系。应通过对休息和休养权益的充分保障,积极回应广大劳动者对高品质生活的需要。

德法共治助推社会治理的实践经验与重构路径

社会治理,要合理磨合与协调互补德治与法治的关系,提高公众的道德素质,提升治理精度。从做实社会治理的价值导向,做好社会治理的民众关切,做优社会治理的资源整合等方面重构德法共治社会治理的路径,以增强向心力,激活内驱力,提升服务力,提高社会治理效能。