Improving the Equity and Sustainability of the Social Protection System

The segmentation of the social protection system in China renders the system not only inequitable but inefficient.Those employed in the public sector,particularly civil servants,are＂overprotected＂,while workers in the non-public sector,especially farmers and rural migrant workers,are＂under-protected＂.The segmented pension system impedes labor mobility while increasing administrative costs.Policies aimed at developing the new rural cooperative medical system and new rural old-age insurance scheme,as well as policies aimed at encouraging migrant workers to participate in urban social insurance programs,help improve the equity of social protection.Howere,competition between different local governments to win the ＂welfae crown＂ and the heavy brden placed on local finance caused by welface overspending has been hurting the sustainability of social protection programs.The following measures are suggested to address these problems;First,cease using social insurance coverage as an indicator of work performance for government officials;second,enhance the responsibility of the central government in social expenditure while increasing public transfers to less-developed regions in order to improve social assistance and merit goods provision;third,integrate or reorganized various sgements into one entity under each insurance program,with the purpose of eventually eliminating the segmentation problem in China＇s social protection system.

Can Social Protection Build State Legitimacy？ Perspectives from Post War Sri Lanka

The link between social protection provision and state legitimacy, particularly in post war contexts, has been suggested theoretically （Babajanian, 2012）. However, there is little empirical evidence to support this view. Sri Lanka＇s long history in social welfare provision and the post war context provides an opportunity to explore this relationship. This study was conceptualized to address the dearth of empirical knowledge on the social protectiotr--state legitimacy relationship by hypothesizing that war affected people＇s experiences of accessing and using state social protection programs can contribute to building state legitimacy in a post-war context. Fisher communities in Trincomalee, Jaff^a and Marmar districts were the sample sites to explore ethnic and geographic variations in people＇s experiences of social protection program delivery. The exploratory study used qualitative methodologies to understand how the state delivers and how citizens access and use programs and in what ways these experiences shape people＇s perceptions of the state. Given the complexities of making the causal link between program experience and legitimacy, the study used an analytical framework that explored the relationship based on symbolic values, which underpin both program delivery and experience. Whilst the study provides insights on how citizens perceptions of the state are shaped by every day encounters with the state through access and use of social protection programs, it also highlights the nuances in the link as not only what benefits are delivered, but how programs are delivered is an important component of program experience which shapes people＇s perceptions of the state.

SOCIAL PROTECTION INNOVATION AND CHALLENGES IN CHINA AND AFRICA： SELECTED COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES

This contribution concerns social protection innovation in China and Africa as regards aging populations and social security extension to informal workers. China has adopted and extended several contributory schemes and non-contributory arrangements. Yet, the country faces significant challenges in terms of a funding gap, high urban contribution rates, inadequate benefits and an existing benefit gap, inequality in the treatment of public versus private sector workers, and insufficient migrant worker coverage and portability arrangements. While population aging is less of a problem in most African countries, African retirement arrangements experience challenges in relation to funding limitations, and a host of shortcomings as regards contributory schemes and non-contributory arrangements. China has seen a decline in the numbers of those who work in the informal economy. Ensuring proper coverage of such workers have included strengthened labor market regulation： An integrated approach is called for. In Africa, access by these workers to social security is limited. Attempts to achieve coverage extension have included conceptual developments, institutional initiatives, tailor-made design modalities, and a range of supportive arrangements （such as access to finance and to markets）. All these developments reflect a new appreciation of the leading role of the state in the provisioning of social security.

China's Labor and Social Security Protection under the Globle Financial Crisis

Against the background of economic globalization, the economy of many countries has been inevitably affected by the globle financial crisis. But the impact varies. China, as one of the leading countries in globalization, the direct or indirect impact it suffered can be imagined. The Chinese government adopted a series of measures to deal with the financial crisis.

The Path of Human Rights Development with Chinese Characteristics in the New Era:the Coordinated Promotion of Social Rights Protection and Economic Development

The principle of marxist theory on the dialectical relationship between the economic base and superstructure is an important theoretical basis for recognizing the mutual relationship between social rights protection and economic development China and the West have different practical experience in handling their relations But a proper handling of their relations is conducive to promoting the development of human rights It is one-sided to either emphasize too much on social rights protection or to excessively pursue economic development The in-depth interaction between social rights protection and economic development is that they promote and restrict each other It is the right choice for human rights development with Chinese characteristics in the new era to promote social rights protection and economic development in a coordinated manner We should not only lay a solid material foundation for social rights protection with the high quality and efficiency of economic development, but also take social rights protection as the ultimate goal and strategic means to provide sufficient driving force for economic development And social rights protection and economic development should be synchronized.

Effects of Social Security Spending on Income Distribution and Poverty Reduction in China

Reasonable income distribution and eradication of rural poverty are vital for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects in China.This paper primarily examines the income distribution and poverty reduction effects of social security spending.Market income and redistribution policies are two determinants of income gaps.Based on CHIP2018 household survey data,we find that inadequate income redistribution policies have contributed to yawning income gaps,and that social security spending is more redistributive than personal income tax and social security contributions.After estimating the redistribution effects of social security spending and itemized incomes,we find that pension payments have contributed the most to household income gaps,and that subsistence protection and rural pension payments help improve income distribution.With respect to the poverty reduction effects of social security spending,we have estimated China’s current poverty incidence and the poverty reduction effects of pension payments,healthcare,and educational allowances with CHIP2018 data,and discover that an increase in social security spending may effectively reduce rural poverty.In building a moderately prosperous society in all respects,China should increase social security spending,focusing on specific target groups,and promote the role of social security spending in regulating income distribution and offering social protection to rural residents.

上海市耐多药结核病患者经济负担研究

目的基于上海市近年结核病诊疗费用减免政策,探索耐多药结核病(multidrug resistant tuberculosis,MDR-TB)患者疾病经济负担及其影响因素,为优化MDR-TB诊疗费用减免政策和综合管理模式提供依据。方法收集上海市2017—2019年确诊MDR-TB患者情况和诊疗费用减免情况数据,开展针对疾病经济负担的问卷调查,建立涵盖患者人口和社会经济情况、临床特征、疾病经济负担和诊疗费用减免情况数据库,明确患者疾病经济负担和灾难性卫生支出(catastrophic health expenditure)发生情况。以多元线性回归法分析可能影响患者疾病经济负担的因素,以多因素logistic回归法分析不同比例下灾难性卫生支出发生的影响因素。结果196例纳入研究分析的MDR-TB患者平均年龄为(44±16)岁,男性139例(占70.9%),上海户籍占46.4%,49%的患者为家庭主要劳动力。治疗期间,患者自付诊疗费用中位数为4.0(四分位数区间2.0~6.5)万元。113例患者获得减免诊疗,减免费用中位数为2.6(四分位数区间1.3~4.9)万元。若自付费用占家庭年收入的40%及以上,有47.8%的患者会发生灾难性支出;若不考虑减免政策,有59.8%的患者发生灾难性卫生支出。上海户籍(OR=0.3,95%CI为0.1~1.0)、更低家庭收入水平(P_(trend)=0.002)、医疗保险类型[(农村合作医疗保险/外来人口综合保险(OR=13.3,95%CI为1.0~171.2),无医疗保险(OR=17.5,95%CI为2.7~113.0)]和既往结核病治疗史(OR=3.3,95%CI为1.1~10.0)可能影响灾难性卫生支出的发生。结论上海市MDR-TB患者的自付诊疗费用较高。医疗保障力度较小和家庭经济情况不佳的患者更易发生高额自付费用,导致灾难性卫生支出。上海市MDR-TB诊疗费用减免政策有效降低了患者的经济负担。

Chinese Citizens' Right To Work and Social Security Effectively Protected——An interview with Zheng Silin, minister of labor and social security

Following is an interview by staff reporters of the Human Rights magazine with Zheng Silin, Chinese minister of labor and social security. The interview was meant in part to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the implementation of the Labor Law of the People's Republic of China that falls on January 1,2005. We are publishing this transcript with a view to providing our readers with information about how China has worked persistently to protect citizens' right to work and social security and the achievements it has made in this regard. We need to remind our readers of the fact that back in March 2004, the National People's Congress, China's highest legislature, approved a recommendation for revision of China's Constitution. In accordance with the recommendation, the Constitution had one more clause added: The state shall establish and improve a social security system commensurate to the level of the economic and social development.

Fast and Accurate Detection of Masked Faces Using CNNs and LBPs

Face mask detection has several applications,including real-time surveillance,biometrics,etc.Identifying face masks is also helpful for crowd control and ensuring people wear them publicly.With monitoring personnel,it is impossible to ensure that people wear face masks;automated systems are a much superior option for face mask detection and monitoring.This paper introduces a simple and efficient approach for masked face detection.The architecture of the proposed approach is very straightforward;it combines deep learning and local binary patterns to extract features and classify themasmasked or unmasked.The proposed systemrequires hardware withminimal power consumption compared to state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms.Our proposed system maintains two steps.At first,this work extracted the local features of an image by using a local binary pattern descriptor,and then we used deep learning to extract global features.The proposed approach has achieved excellent accuracy and high performance.The performance of the proposed method was tested on three benchmark datasets:the realworld masked faces dataset(RMFD),the simulated masked faces dataset(SMFD),and labeled faces in the wild(LFW).Performancemetrics for the proposed technique weremeasured in terms of accuracy,precision,recall,and F1-score.Results indicated the efficiency of the proposed technique,providing accuracies of 99.86%,99.98%,and 100%for RMFD,SMFD,and LFW,respectively.Moreover,the proposed method outperformed state-of-the-art deep learning methods in the recent bibliography for the same problem under study and on the same evaluation datasets.

习近平关于反对贸易保护主义重要论述的创新性贡献

贸易保护主义是一种周期性泛起的经济思潮和政策实践。新一波贸易保护主义的泛起并非偶然,既有国际金融危机后全球经济增长动能不足的“面”上原因,也有不少欧美国家在面对产业空心化、收入差距扩大、民粹主义反弹时故意转移国内矛盾的“点”上因素。党的十八大以来,习近平立足全人类共同利益和世界前途命运的广袤视野,深刻剖析百年变局下贸易保护主义沉渣泛起的动因、表现、危害,指明其应对战略及防范路径。这对回击逆全球化思潮、践行多边主义、完善全球经济治理,具有重要的理论价值和实践效应。

地方保护、政治关联与企业社会责任——来自酒类上市公司的经验证据

以政府俘获为视角,考察地方保护、政治关联、企业产权对企业社会责任的影响。结果表明,对地方国有企业来说,政治关联加强了地方保护对企业社会责任的负向影响,政治关联与地方保护存在互补关系;相对而言,非国有企业和省级以上国有企业的政治关联与地方保护存在替代关系,这一关系在省级以上国有企业中尤为显著。

探索可持续发展的新思路——地方政府短期行为和地方保护主义下社会福利损失的一个模型分析

运用古诺均衡中的先后定价与同时定价的方法进行研究,可以证明在政府短期行为和地方保护主义下,社会总福利会有很大损失。鉴于造成这一损失的根源是地方政府掌握了过多干预社会正常经济活动的权力,解决办法应该是政府退出竞争性领域,让市场发挥自动调节的功能。

我国乳业社会性规制现状及改革——阜阳奶粉事件的回顾与反思

从源头上说,食品安全问题真正引起人们关注是始于"阜阳奶粉事件"。尽管其过去多年,但从中反映出来的问题确是具有普遍意义的。在回顾与反思"阜阳奶粉事件"基础上,本文揭示了这一事件产生的根本原因就在于地方保护主义。针对于此,提出了解决这一问题的对策。

政区划分与地方社会秩序——以清代漕粮协济不力为中心的考察

漕粮协济是中国古代社会政府针对地域自然状况、经济发展水平、年成丰歉等而采取的平衡措施,但从清代该项措施的运行看,协济不力是普遍现象。究其原因,政区划分是关键:政区与政区间形成了人为的隔绝,区域间各自为政,私利膨胀,协济指令往往遭遇有意无意的抵拒,使漕粮协济制度流于形式。因为政区划分形成了强烈的畛域观念,又导致了地方社会秩序的难以建立,政区间的错壤地带成为彼此的"弃地",容易滋生政权的对立面;在对付流动性反动势力时,各政区往往不是通力合作,而是彼此推诿,给王朝稳定留下更深的隐患。

对中国城乡分割政策的道德审视——与早期华人在美国社会境遇的比较

本文主要目的是 :通过对中国城乡分割政策因道德维度的缺失所招致的消极结果的批评和分析 ,以求对一些政策制订者和部分社会理论者的道德意识弱化现象给予警示。文中主要提出三个论点 :第一 ,城乡分割政策是造成中国社会和经济二元结构的基本原因 ;第二 ,中国社会结构分析研究应从城市阶层和农民阶层的基本分野入手 ,否则没有任何现实意义 ;第三 ,社会理论的后现代论者的道德意识弱化是他们形成看似激进 ,实则保守的观点的主要原因。

我国市场经济发展中的诚信建设

良好的社会诚信状况是维护市场经济正常运行、降低市场交易成本的必要前提,能够起到有效促进经济效率提高和经济社会发展的作用。我国目前在社会经济活动中失信现象较为严重,给正常的经济社会秩序带来了很大的破坏,严重制约了经济社会的健康发展。必须深入分析造成这种现象的原因,找到相应切实可行的治理对策。

The Causes of Contagion： Rational or Irrational Behavior？

The threats concerning financial stability seriously affect the overall functioning of the economy at a local, regional, national, and continental level instead of a global level, and therefore, the emphasis is laid on analyzing the causes and effects of such threats. Financial crises in the current decade, as well as those in the past have shown that a major cause of instability in the global market is the so-called financial contagion. This leads to a natural question： whether similar authorities could specify and mitigate these shocks through efficient calculation followed by stability measures taken by banking networks. To answer this question, an empirical research was conducted by analyzing the degree of contagion induced by markets in Central and Eastern Europe, based on an econometric model, involving over 17 European countries, from January 2006 to January 2013.

Chinese Experiences in Addressing Rural Extreme Poverty and Marginalization

Seeking to alleviate and eradicate Bao （the minimum livelihood guarantee system） extreme povertY, the Chinese government has extended Di to the entire rural sector. It has also enhanced agricultural policies and strengthened its promotion of rural socioeconomic development. In more-developed regions of the country, the Di Bao program-in combination with integrated urban and rural social insurance and public services-has significantly reduced rates of poverty and financial vulnerability, and additional employment-promotion policies have created opportunities for Di Bao recipients to achieve incomes above the poverty-line. However, because of the high number of extremely poor households in disproportionately poor areas and the paucity of locally-available financial resources there, the intensity of intervention is still insufficient. Inadequate coordination of policies and shortcomings in the targeting of subsidies have resulted in both under-coverage and welfare-leakage as well. Consequently, in China＇s efforts to eradicate extreme poverty, increasing the effectiveness of poverty-reduction strategies in poor areas remains a key prioritY.

试析地方保护主义的政治影响

地方保护主义破坏国家政策、法律统一,削弱中央权威;加剧地区不平衡,危及社会稳定;破坏政府的公共性,损害政府形象;滋生腐败,助长权钱交易。地方保护主义的政治影响必须引起重视,如果不对之加以遏制,地方保护主义可能导致地方政治上的离心倾向。

国际投资保护主义的兴起与中国的对策研究

近年来,随着中国"走出去"战略的提出,中国的对外直接投资实现了跨越式发展。但由于受到美国金融危机、欧洲债务危机等方面的影响,目前国际投资保护主义开始在全球兴起,其主要表现为设置市场准入壁垒、严格的国家安全审查、投资者需承担更多的社会责任等,对中国对外投资产生不利影响。为此,中国应进一步把握国际投资准则、政策的动向,创新投资方式,加强国际间合作,履行东道国社会责任,同时加强海外投资保险机制建设。