Spatiotemporal dynamics of the social structure of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins(Sousa chinensis)in Xiamen waters from 2007 to 2019

As highly social animals,Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins(Sousa chinensis)exhibit community differentiation.Nevertheless,our understanding of the external and internal factors influencing these dynamics,as well as their spatiotemporal variations,is still limited.In the present study,variations in the social structure of an endangered Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin population in Xiamen Bay,China,were monitored over two distinct periods(2007–2010 and 2017–2019)to analyze the effects of habitat utilization and the composition of individuals within the population.In both periods,the population demonstrated a strikingly similar pattern of social differentiation,characterized by the division of individuals into two main clusters and one small cluster.Spatially,the two primary clusters occupied the eastern and western waters,respectively,although the core distribution area of the eastern cluster shifted further eastward between the two periods.Despite this distribution shift,the temporal stability of the social structure and inter-associations within the eastern cluster remained unaffected.A subset of 16individuals observed in both periods,comprising 51.6%and 43.2%of the population in each respective period,emerged as a foundational element of the social structure and may be responsible for sustaining social structure stability,especially during the 2007–2010 period.These observations suggest that the composition of dominant individuals,an internal factor,had a more substantial influence on the formation of the social network than changes in habitat use,an external factor.Consequently,the study proposes distinct conservation measures tailored to each of the two main clusters.

Social structure and space use of Amur tigers(Panthera tigris altaica)in Southern Russian Far East based on GPS telemetry data

To better understand the spatial structure of Amur tigers(Panthera tigris altaica)at the southern edge of their range we fitted 14 tigers(6♀♀and 8♂♂)with 15 GPS-Argos collars between 2008 and 2011 in 2 study sites:the Ussuriskii Reserve of southern Sikhote-Alin and the Land of the Leopard National Park in southwest Primorye,Russian Far East.Fixed kernel estimates of male home ranges were larger than those of female home ranges(P<0.05[mean 95%fixed kernel♀=401±205 km2;mean 95%fixed kernel♂=778±267 km2]).The home range size of females varied greatly,but on average was similar to estimates derived from earlier work further north.Low overlap of adjacent home ranges suggested that females retained exclusive territories.Real core areas of females overlapped only slightly,and remained stable over multiple years.The home ranges of adult males were smaller than those of males to the north,and in contrast to previous studies,high overlap among males indicated the absence of territoriality.Nonetheless,real core areas of males did not overlap,suggesting some spatial separation.In comparison to other tiger populations and other areas of the Russian Far East,the sex ratio in our 2 study areas was highly skewed towards males.We believe this skewed sex ratio resulted in the dissolution of territoriality of males due to an inability to defend individual females,with males resorting to scramble competition for mates.Continued monitoring of these sites to determine whether shifts in the sex ratio might result in a return to male territoriality would provide confirmation of our tentative hypothesis.

Multilayer network analyses as a toolkit for measuring social structure

The formalization of multilayer networks allows for new ways to measure sociality in complex social systems,including groups of animals.The same mathematical representation and methods are widely applicable across fields and study systems,and a network can represent drastically different types of data.As such,in order to apply analyses and interpret the results in a meaningful way the researcher must have a deep understanding of what their network is representing and what parts of it are being measured by a given analysis.Multilayer social networks can represent social structure with more detail than is often present in single layer networks,including multiple"types"of individuals,interactions,or relationships,and the extent to which these types are interdependent.Multilayer networks can also encompass a wider range of social scales,which can help overcome complications that are inherent to measuring sociality.In this paper,I dissect multilayer networks into the parts that correspond to different components of social structures.I then discuss common pitfalls to avoid across different stages of multilayer network analyses-some novel and some that always exist in social network analysis but are magnified in multi-layer representations.This paper serves as a primer for building a customized toolkit of multilayer network analyses,to probe components of social structure in animal social systems.

The Impact of Communication Technologies on Social Structure——Take the Example of Smart City

Human society has entered the era of digit and internet,and the communication technology is one of the important factors which result in changes of social structure.Smart City is an active attempt to future urban development,to use the communication technology as an constitutive element of smart city from the economic base to the superstructure,production relation to exchange relation.Digitization and networking are committed to reflect the state of human's comprehensive development,which is an important stage of emancipation of humanity itself.Communication technology can bring people's initiative into full play and learning in development and establish the harmonious relationships during the interaction.This article is based on the example of smart city,which analyzed the impact of communication technologies on social structure from different aspects.

网络空间青年人“丧”的呈现机制与社会解码

网络空间青年人的"丧"是一种重要的话语论述和实践,呈现机制是以情感的自我探索为源起,沿着公共形象的自我控制路径,达到共同体自我抚慰的终端。从"自我"意义的生产和消费到群体认同乃至显性文化的形成,"丧"有从个人困扰转化为公共话题的趋势。自恋与阶层固化是真正干预和影响青年人"丧"气的心理与社会动因。面对青年人"丧"的呈现,社会正确的应对是形成舒展而自由的体制和社会氛围。

The Slow-paced Development of the Middle Stratum in China: Reason Analysis and Solution

The comparison study of economic development levels and social structures reveals that the development of China's middle stratum is apparently lagging. Currently, China's GDP per capita is almost equivalent to that of developed economies like Europe and the USA in the middle and late 1970 s, when they became middle-stratum-dominated societies. However, China's middle stratum is still underdeveloped in scale and proportion. Reasons for this are the Chinese household share of wealth distribution is low and wealth polarization is sharp. The solution to this problem is to build a fair environment for wealth creation, let enterprises and government give away part of their income to residents, and increase residents' income. In the short run, China should make plans to increase incomes and develop plans aimed at key groups in a bid to increase the Chinese middle stratum in scale and proportion. Education resources must also be equally distributed, and the under-stratum must be helped to move up the social ladder.

Social interactions in striped hyena inferred from camera trap data:is it more social than previously thought?

Understanding the drivers promoting sociality over solitariness in animal species is imperative for predicting future population trends and informing conservation and management.In this study we investigate the social structure of a desert dwelling population of striped hyena Hyaena hyaena.This species is historically regarded as strictly solitary albeit being the least studied of the extant Hyaenids.Accumulating evidence regarding the frequency of social interactions sug-gests a revision of striped hyena social structure is required.We hypothesized that striped hyena has a social structure that is more complex than expected for a strictly solitary species.For that end,we deployed an array of camera-traps in a remote desert region in Israel,and compared observed frequencies of striped hyena co-occurrence against null models to test whether hyena co-occurred more than expected by chance.Seven adults were(re)captured by our camera-traps in 49 different instances over 83 tracking days.Of these,6 exhibited shared space-use around a scarce,isolated perennial water source.Five of them,co-occurred with other hyena(in 3 instan-ces)significantly more frequent than expected by chance(and that timing suggests reproduction is unlikely to be the driving factor).Our findings substantiate evidence of complex social structure in striped hyena,highlight the importance of a scarce resource in space use and sociality,and provide a baseline for future research of striped hyena social structure.We suggest that similar methods be employed to evaluate social structure in other"solitary species"to better under-stand their social dynamics.

Fission-fusion dynamics of a pelagic delphinid in the arctic:the white-beaked dolphin(Lagenorhynchus albirostris)

Delphinids exhibit great variability in their social structures.It is therefore important to document lesser known species,in extreme changing habitats,to compare and contrast mechanisms driving sociality.Here,we describe the first long-term assessment of social structure of white-beaked dolphins(Lagenorhynchus albirostris)using a compiled version of SOCPROG 2.8 and an 11-year photo-identification dataset(2002–2013)collected from whalewatching vessels at 2 sites(Faxaflói and Skjálfandi bays)off Iceland.We identified a total of 487 dolphins which are suggested to be part of an open population as shown by the discovery curve obtained analyzing photo-id data.The social analyses were restricted to 35 adults which were sighted on≥5 different days.The mean residency time of white-beaked dolphins in our 2 study areas was of 95 days(SE=35.63;95%CI:23-171),with the“migration-full interchange”model best describing movements of dolphins in and out of our 2 study sites.Social differentiation in this population was high(Likelihood:S=0.87,SE=0.04;r=0.31,SE=0.03)indicating diverse,non-random social relationships.Temporal associations best fit the model of“casual acquaintances”against the standardized lagged association rates with the majority of white-beaked dolphin associations being short-term,but with a few long-term across years.Testing for preferred companionship,long-term associations are favored over short-term.In this study,associations among white-beaked dolphins are short-term but with desirably long-term associations fitting into a society with fission-fusion dynamics.This information expands the latitudinal range for which social structure has been described for oceanic dolphin species.

Seeing Networks Clearly:The Influence of Holistic-Analytic Thinking Styles on Network Perception and Coalition Formation

Accurate knowledge of who knows whom in organizations have important benefits for individual work performance and managerial decision making,but people are not very accurate when recalling connections among others in their social networks.The present study investigates how holisticanalytic thinking styles influence the extent people can accurately perceive network relationships and choose the right persons to form a coalition in a fictious persuasive task We focused on two dimensions of holistic-analytic thinking style,namely attention to field(as opposed to parts)and interactionist(as opposed to dispositionist)causal theory Results from 281 participants reveals that while individuals with greater attention to field were more accurate in recalling relationships in asocial network those inclined toward interactionism in causal theory were less accurate Furthermore,greater attention to field enhanced the effectiveness of coalition member selection,in part through the mediationof accurate network perception;while interactionism,via the full mediation of network perception,indirectly led to less effective coalition choice.

1Chinese human geography and its contributions

The aim of this paper is to sift through examples of outstanding contributions made by Chinese human geography in terms of social applications and explain the basic concepts and theoretical methods explored by human geography that are behind the applications of results with major social influence, so as to be able to summarize the main school that represents developments in contemporary Chinese human geography. Chinese human geography upholds the subject＇s designation as being integrated and interdisciplinary. Research focuses on interactions between the natural and human spheres of the Earth＇s surface, and it is guided by the understanding and effects of the processes of regional sustainable development at different spatial scales. Chinese human geography has innovatively established the following development paradigm： ＂To be guided by application requirements, refine key issues of the discipline in the course of solving major issues of human geography in national and regional development, and by solving those key issues, to enhance its ability to provide scientific and technological support to serve national and local needs while promoting its own development.＂ Results from early Chinese human geography studies on land use and agricultural zoning, recent research results on point-axis system models and T-shaped national spatial development patterns, and current research results on territorial function theory and major function oriented zones have all continued and strengthened the mainstream school of Chinese human geography and have avoided the global tendency for human geography to become rapidly human-oriented, while results have been applied at the highest level of decision-making management. Chinese human geography can provide lessons for developing countries and may play a leading role in the future development of global human geography.