Empirical Human Rights Studies Contribute to Building a Society Under the Rule of Law——Summary of the Fifth National Meeting for the Exchange of Work Experience Among Human Rights Research Institutions

From Nov. 5 to 6, 2013, the China Society for Human Rights Studies （CSHRS）held the Fifth National Meeting for the Exchange of Work Experience Among Human Rights Research Institutions at Wuhan University. More than 100 experts and scholars, focusing on empirical human rights studies and their contribution to building a society based on the rule of law, shared their work experience and discussed effective strategies. CSHRS President Luo Haocai, who served as vice chairman of the 10th National Committee of the Chinese People＇s Political Consultative Conference,

Women’s Councils:A Practical Exploration on the Construction of Democracy, Autonomy and the Rule of Law at the Grassroots Level

The women’s councils are an innovation advocated by the All-China women’s federation for women’s participation in social management and grassroots democracy.They are a beneficial exploration for women to participate in public affairs according to the law in accordance with Article 2 of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China,and are a model of"the combination of autonomy,rule of law and rule of virtue."The women’s councils have aroused the enthusiasm of women to participate in public affairs,stimulated their autonomous vitality and creativity,and helped to solve the problems of women’s lack of representation and voice in decision-making.The process of deliberation is also the process of developing the awareness of rights,rules,consultation ability,the concept of the rule of law and even thinking about the rule of law.The women’s councils not only help to protect the rights and interests of women and children and promote women’s development,but also has unique value in enriching grassroots consultative democracy,developing grassroots mass autonomy,building a society ruled by law and promoting the implementation of the Constitution.we should therefore fully affirm,support and perfect the women’s councils so as to make it long-term,standardized and institutionalized.

Comprehensively Implementing the Rule of Law Solidly Pushing Forward Human Rights Development——Interview with President Luo Haocai of the China Society for Human Rights Studies(CSHRS)

The Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China （CPC） reviewed and approved the Decision of the CPC Central Committee on Certain Key Issues Concerning Comprehensively Pushing Forward the Rule of Law （hereafter, ＂Decision＂）. The plenary session was convened at a pivotal stage in comprehensively building a well-off society and comprehen- sively deepening reform. It was the first of its kind with the theme of the rule of law and was a landmark event in China＇s legal construction. The Journal interviewed Professor Luo Haocai, who is also president of the China Society for Human Rights Studies （CSHRS）.

The Structure and Operating Mechanisms of Chinese Society with Rule of Law

"Society with rule of law"is a concept strongly marked by the distinctive features of Chinese practice.It refers to the introduction of"rule of law"in the life of society over and above the operating system of public power.Like a country with rule of law and a government with rule of law,a society with rule of law has its own independent sphere,constituting the"one body,two wings"of Chinese rule of law.The concrete context of a country’s ability to mobilize,its existing legal system,the foundation of social governance,the state of social contradictions,etc.,may encourage or limit the construction of a society with rule of law.Such construction should have strongly identifiable target guidelines:it should guide orderly public participation in the governance of society,maintain good order in material and cultural life,calibrate supply and demand for basic public services,and define the proper space for the activities of social organizations.The community level is the main field for the construction of a society with rule of law.We should confront grassroots constraints,focus on the main business of grassroots society,and make full use of the function of grassroots social organizations.At the same time,we should effectively integrate the important roles of government,social organizations,enterprises,lawyers and other players in the construction of a society with rule of law.

CONSTRUCTION OF A GOVERNMENT UNDER THE RULE OF LAW - AN OVERVIEW OF REPORT ON CHINA LAWDEVELOPMENT 2014： CONSTRUCTION OF LEGAL GOVERNMENT

At the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China （CPC）, the Decision of the Central Committee of the CPC on Some Major Issues concerning Deepening the Rule of Law 2014 was passed and delineated the direction for the research of our nation＇s construction of a government under the rule of law. For years, the government at various levels and administrative agencies adhered to conducting work on the legal course under the CPC＇s leadership, actively promoting administration according to law, and constructing a government under the rule of law, and have made enormous achievements. However, there many difficulties still co-exist, along with challenges and opportunities. By adopting theoretical and empirical research approaches such as data analysis, normative analysis, interviews and investigations, questionnaires, counter-measure research, and case studies, this article discusses and conducted systematic and in-depth research on the theoretical framework of the construction of a government under the rule of law from macroscopic, to microscopic aspects. This article outlined the basic contexts and realistic vision for China＇s construction of a government under the rule of law, which can provide active implementation of the project of construction of government under the rule of law with a basis in theoretical referenee.

The Basic Issues concerning the Construction of the Rule of Law in China in the New Era

China has entered a new era in our march toward the rule of law,and the principal contradiction facing Chinese society has changed into one between the people’s evergrowing need for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development.At the rule of law level,the contradiction manifests itself as a gap between the public’s expectations of rule of law construction and its unbalanced and inadequate development in legislation,law enforcement,the judicial system,legal compliance,legal supervision,etc.The Report to the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China points out that law-based governance is an essential requirement and important guarantee for socialism with Chinese characteristics.It outlines an impressive blueprint for building the rule of law in the new era,and further expounds the basic strategy for building the rule of law in China in the future.It provides the guiding ideology and program of action for the comprehensive rule of law and establishes the goal of building the rule of law.Under the guidance of Xi Jinping thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era,rule of law construction in China will embark on a new journey.

Characteristics,Indicators,and Methods of Chinese Modernization of the Rule of Law

Chinese modernization of the rule of law is an important dimension of Chinese modernization;it has some commonalities with the rule of law modernization of all countries but it is more characterized by features that are unique to the Chinese context.The prominent feature that constitutes the Chinese characteristics,Chinese style,and Chinese model,is the adherence to the path of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics.It is this feature that determines the difference with Western rule of law modernization.Representingg a new form of human rule of law civilization,the Chinesestyle primarily features the building of a socialist law-based country,government,andSsociety,including centralized,unified,authoritative,andefficient Chinese-style national supervision,as well as the dual existence of constitutional review by the Communist Party of China(CPC)and by the state.Chinese modernization cannot be made possible without the rule of law being modernized and serving as a safeguard.Comprehensive promotion of the rule of law is an overriding approach,and two methods have to be followed specifically:firstly,construction of a modern socialist country in all aspects under the rule of law,and secondly,performance of all work of the state under the rule of law.

Socialism Based On Rule of Law

In April, the Ministry of Public Health announced the shutdown of the National Committee for Oral Health (NCOH). Corruption, it seems, has once again raised its ugly head. This organization, which is not an agency under the government, but has some government affiliation, allegedly has raked in millions of yuan in illegal profits for the past 18 years by making unauthorized approvals for oral health care products. It is widely believed that the situation involving NCOH reflects the lack of government credit management because of the loopholes in the overall system. Commenting on NCOH dissolution, Professor Li Shuguang from China University of Political Science and Law believes that, while to reform public service units within a short period of time is important, the final solution is to set up a system that is based on the rule of law.

The Rule of Law Model of Internet Governance

The rule of law is the basic form of national governance and the rule of law model is the necessary direction for the governance of online society.Online society is in essence a new pattern of social relationships and structural forms comprising relationships among citizens,legal persons,organizational bodies,etc.,formed and brought together on the basis of Internet technology;and also a reflection,expansion and expression,singly or in synthesis,of various relationships in the fields of the real economy,politics,culture,society and the environment.The rule of law model of Internet governance refers to governance theories,systems and practices that employ rule of law thinking and the rule of law model to bring the elements,structures,procedures and functions of Internet governance into the scope of the rule of law and its operational track.Reviewing the tortuous course of the development of rule of law Internet governance in China,summarizing useful experience in the construction of rule of law Internet governance,and reflecting on existing legislative,law enforcement and judicial dilemmas will enable us to build up a rule of law system of online governance with comprehensive norms,effective implementation,strict supervision and strong guarantees.This will be marked by Chinese characteristics and will ensure the application of rule of law thinking and the rule of law model in governing,operating,using and safeguarding the Internet,thus achieving sound and orderly Internet operation and development along the path of the rule of law and advancing the modernization of the Internet governance system and governance capability.

论新质生产力基础上的“新质民主”与“新质法治”的辩证统一

从分析“新质生产力”的性质、内涵、特征、构成要素及意义出发,运用马克思主义立场、观点和方法,坚持习近平法治思想为指导,可以明确提出“新质生产力”的出现和发展可能引起“新质生产关系”的形成,继而通过“新质经济基础”推动上层建筑朝着“新质上层建筑”转变的重大法理判断。“新质生产力”所引发的社会变革是客观规律,民主与法治作为上层建筑的重要组成部分,也会随着“新质生产力”的不断发展而日益呈现“新质民主”与“新质法治”的特征。“全过程人民民主”是“新质民主”的重要标志,而数字法治、涉外法治构成了“新质法治”的核心要素。法学界要及早规划、超前研究,对“新质生产力”发展可能引发的包含了民主与法治等要素在内的上层建筑可能发生的深远影响,从法理上进行深入分析并拿出切实可行的应对方案。

教育法典中数字教育规范图景及其实现

新时代,教育立法的核心任务是提升立法品质、实现良法善治,随着教育法典编纂工作被列入立法计划,教育法法典化研究受到广泛关注。面临数字社会快速发展新形态,数字教育新问题日益凸显,数字技术的应用为传统的教育模式带来一系列新挑战,现阶段的数字教育法律体系难以满足数字教育治理的迫切需求,数字背景下的高质量教育立法显得至关重要。将数字教育规范深度融入教育法典之中,应当成为法典编纂设想的题中应有之义。在编纂教育法典的系统性工程中,遵循数字教育规范进路,以数字教育法律原则、数字教育主体规范、数字教育行为规范和数字教育技术规范为基础,充分补充、调整和升级相关数字教育法律规范,形成以数字教育法律原则为统领的数字教育法律规范图景,为教育的高质量、可持续发展奠定坚实的制度基础。

面向韧性治理的法治形态

韧性治理是应对风险整体化、复合化与非传统化的全新理念与实践范式,关系到国家风险治理体系与能力的创新发展。韧性治理的本质特性是适应风险,其将现实化为风险治理的长期性、全面性以及复杂性,并对法治发展造成一定挑战。面向韧性治理的法治应当作出调整,形成适配形态。法治应当围绕权责结构这一关键节点,促成治理机制的融合,保证依法治理与有效治理的统一,推进规则体系的融合开放、组织机制的互嵌互补、治理程序的公正高效与治理工具的多元灵活。立足韧性治理转型背景,实现法治形态的适配,还可以从法律体系理念融贯性、法权调整机制以及治理主体制度联结等进路展开。

法治社会建设视域下司法促进道德建设的方法论

司法具有弥合价值分歧、凝聚价值共识功能,对弘扬社会主流的道德价值观,引领良好社会道德风尚的生成具有重要价值。司法作为社会道德建设的重要途径,在促进道德建设中具有权威性、具体性、有限性特点。司法促进社会的道德建设,应加强审判过程的释法说理、守住判决结果的公平正义、司法审判引导社会舆论、加强司法宣传机制建设、支持社会公众参与司法等。同时,社会的道德建设成效,反过来也会促进司法价值的实现。

论习近平法治思想的党的领导观

习近平总书记关于坚持党对全面依法治国的领导的一系列论述构成了习近平法治思想的党的领导观。逻辑自洽性、历史必然性、自我革命性是党领导法治的三大理论和实践依据。逻辑自洽性反映为党的领导和依法治国的理论逻辑自洽、党的领导和依法治国的实践逻辑自洽、中国法治与西方法治相区别的制度逻辑自洽。历史必然性意味着历史选择党领导法治的必然性、人民选择党领导法治的必然性、党领导法治的历史规律性。自我革命性表现为通过依法治国践行初心使命、通过依法治国实现自我修复、通过依法治国实现与时俱进。

中国式现代化进程中执政权的复合逻辑

在中国式现代化的语境下,立足于与传统执政权力视角有别的法理逻辑,执政权可视为认知和解释“党的领导与执政”的元概念,包含权利、权力和权威三重复合要素。作为法学概念的执政权,正当性基础来自事实性权威、规范性权力和价值性权利。以此为基础,执政权相应的义务要求,与“权利—权力”“权利—权威”“权力—权威”的复合逻辑一道,共同型构了执政权的复合性法治逻辑,并通过与“坚持党的领导”“依法执政”“党必须遵守宪法和法律”在理念、规范、实践层面的勾连,嵌入全面依法治国的制度化表达之中,最终得以建立起全新的执政权法治理论体系。

当代中国法治社会建设中的习惯权利

习惯权利在法治社会建设中扮演着重要角色,它的形成和发展是一个动态过程。在当代中国法治社会建设中,习惯权利对其保障公民基本权利的需求作出了积极回应。在城乡社区治理方面,习惯权利以村规民约和居民公约为载体而逐渐形成,以满足乡民和居民进行生产、生活活动及参与基层社会治理的需要。在商事活动中,习惯权利以行业规范为基础逐渐形成,对商业行为进行规范和约束。随着法治社会建设向虚拟空间拓展,网络空间治理中也形成了以技术规范、行业标准及国际规则和标准为载体的习惯权利。法治社会对习惯权利的保障包括内在保障和外在保障两个方面的内容。习惯权利的内在保障源于其本身的良善属性,即通过社会实践和经验积累得以形成,具有一定的合理性和公正性;习惯权利的外在保障则包括社会组织的保障和国家立法保障两个方面的内容。

高校劳动法治教育研究

近年来我国高校毕业生就业形势严峻。毕业生在就业过程中遭遇各种侵权和违约行为,预防和解决这些问题的前提是大学生自身掌握一些劳动法的基本知识和基本技能,能运用法治思维和法律方法维护自身的合法权益,因此,高校开展劳动法治教育势在必行。高校实施劳动法治教育的有效路径包括:充实教学内容,丰富教学形式;增加选修课程种类,扩大实践教学的比重;整合校内外师资,打造高水平教学团队。

中国式现代化的“政法逻辑”

理解中国式法治现代化的内涵与特点,需要从中国自近代以来的现代化历史进程以及中国共产党领导中国式现代化的宏观视角出发,提炼和诠释中国式现代化进程中法治发展的特有逻辑。中国式法治现代化是中国共产党领导的“政党领导型”现代化。中国共产党强大的政治权威、组织机制和领导能力在法治建设中起着核心主导和关键引领作用。中国式法治现代化有其深刻的政治和法治关系逻辑,“党”与“法”的关系成为决定当代中国法治现代化事业的核心要素。中国共产党领导的中国式现代化的本质深刻决定了中国式法治现代化显著的独特性、自主性和创新性内涵,也使得中国式法治现代化成为一种具有历史意义和世界意义的法治叙事,从而极大丰富和拓展了后发现代化国家走向现代化的法治文明形态和路径。

民事诉讼现代化标准判识

民事诉讼现代化是我国民事诉讼发展的方向性命题。民事诉讼现代化首先需要解决其现代化的标准为何。否则,民事诉讼现代化的推进就没有方向。民事诉讼现代化的基本标准主要包括五个方面:一是民事诉讼与现代社会的契合;二是民事诉讼与民事权利及体系发展的契合;三是强化民事诉讼的程序保障;四是实现民事诉讼的体系化;五是民事诉讼的科技化。民事诉讼的现代化应当主要围绕这几个方面展开和推进。实现民事诉讼现代化的有效路径是通过借鉴域外国家、地区现代民事诉讼制度,充分结合我国国情,实现中国式民事诉讼的现代化。

企业合规视阈下的算法治理:困境与应对

算法时代已然来临,算法技术的发展为经济全球化带来了前所未有的机遇,同时也带来了许多隐形的风险。目前,算法治理面临困境,增强数字企业算法合规意识,强化算法合规治理已刻不容缓。企业算法合规有利于改善算法治理困境、最大化规避数字企业风险、遵循保护人权的国际标准、优化传统合规治理方式,是符合时代要求的专项合规计划。企业算法合规应有明确的指导原则并建构系统规程。未来,我们可以从构建企业合规风险评估及信息传达机制、优化企业算法合规方案的监督完善机制、强化企业算法合规的外部激励机制、构造尊重人权的“道德基础设施”等方面优化企业算法合规路径,完善企业算法合规的中国方案。