Hepatitis B ＆ C have been identified the most common diseases in Matyari, Khairpur and Shikarpur districts of Sind and district Mardan KPK, Pakistan. Down the road more than 7,000 individuals have been catered effect...Hepatitis B ＆ C have been identified the most common diseases in Matyari, Khairpur and Shikarpur districts of Sind and district Mardan KPK, Pakistan. Down the road more than 7,000 individuals have been catered effectively in a number of screening and vaccination campaigns, supported by the disease specific awareness and periodic workshops by involving all stakeholders. Data collected over the period of last 4 years suggests moderate to high prevalence of hepatitis B ＆ C in these districts that accounts for 4-6% of all health complaints. Less income opportunities, out of pocket expenses （67% of total expenditure on health care） and illiteracy has dragged the importance of health care to the bottom line on their priority list. Unsafe blood transfusions soiled drinking water and poor sanitation has turned the situation worse. Social behaviors are complex in rural communities and being a male dominating society men are supposed to be the bread earner and almost all the decisions are made by them. Females are mostly involved in domestic works and not freely allowed to go out to the health facilities for their routine checkups and can＇t take active participation in immunization campaigns. Mothers have less awareness regarding first line prevention of their children through common health and hygiene measures whereas general false believes and insecurities about the effects of different vaccines and medicines for secondary prevention made the situation vulnerable. Farming is the main source of livelihood in rural communities and demands more work. Due to old and traditional agricultural approaches farmers have to work from dawn to dusk to earn their livelihood that causes less interest of villagers in community development activities including health care prevention and practices and expose them to the vicious circle of health and poverty.展开更多
Since the implementation of reform and open door policy in China, Jiangsu has become one of the provinces which have the highest speed of economic development. With the implementation of the uneven development strate...Since the implementation of reform and open door policy in China, Jiangsu has become one of the provinces which have the highest speed of economic development. With the implementation of the uneven development strategy, Jiangsu has witnessed a widening dichotomy in levels of socio economic development: southeast showing rapid improvement and north showing little improvement, particularly in rural areas. Based on factor analysis, it is argued that foreign investment, agricultural productivity, the character of regional economic structures, and the level of urbanization all contribute in varying ways to the inequalities in levels of socio economic development in different regions of Jiangsu. According to the levels of socio economic development, eleven regions are categorized into three groups.展开更多
An international workshop on urban meteorology. observation and modeling, was jointly held by the Institute of Urban Meteorology （ China ） and the National Center for Atmospheric Research （US） in Beijing, October,...An international workshop on urban meteorology. observation and modeling, was jointly held by the Institute of Urban Meteorology （ China ） and the National Center for Atmospheric Research （US） in Beijing, October, 2004. The workshop was intended to share recent progress in urban meteorological research, discuss issues related to research and development priorities faced by diverse Chinese institutions, and explore collaboration opportunities between Chinese and US research institutions. This article summarizes the major issues discussed at the workshop, including observation on urban boundary layer, urban landuse modeling, socio-economic impacts of weather and climates, and air quality in urban environment. It includes recommendations for future urban meteorology observational and modeling research, and potential collaborative opportunities between China and US.展开更多
文摘Hepatitis B ＆ C have been identified the most common diseases in Matyari, Khairpur and Shikarpur districts of Sind and district Mardan KPK, Pakistan. Down the road more than 7,000 individuals have been catered effectively in a number of screening and vaccination campaigns, supported by the disease specific awareness and periodic workshops by involving all stakeholders. Data collected over the period of last 4 years suggests moderate to high prevalence of hepatitis B ＆ C in these districts that accounts for 4-6% of all health complaints. Less income opportunities, out of pocket expenses （67% of total expenditure on health care） and illiteracy has dragged the importance of health care to the bottom line on their priority list. Unsafe blood transfusions soiled drinking water and poor sanitation has turned the situation worse. Social behaviors are complex in rural communities and being a male dominating society men are supposed to be the bread earner and almost all the decisions are made by them. Females are mostly involved in domestic works and not freely allowed to go out to the health facilities for their routine checkups and can＇t take active participation in immunization campaigns. Mothers have less awareness regarding first line prevention of their children through common health and hygiene measures whereas general false believes and insecurities about the effects of different vaccines and medicines for secondary prevention made the situation vulnerable. Farming is the main source of livelihood in rural communities and demands more work. Due to old and traditional agricultural approaches farmers have to work from dawn to dusk to earn their livelihood that causes less interest of villagers in community development activities including health care prevention and practices and expose them to the vicious circle of health and poverty.
文摘Since the implementation of reform and open door policy in China, Jiangsu has become one of the provinces which have the highest speed of economic development. With the implementation of the uneven development strategy, Jiangsu has witnessed a widening dichotomy in levels of socio economic development: southeast showing rapid improvement and north showing little improvement, particularly in rural areas. Based on factor analysis, it is argued that foreign investment, agricultural productivity, the character of regional economic structures, and the level of urbanization all contribute in varying ways to the inequalities in levels of socio economic development in different regions of Jiangsu. According to the levels of socio economic development, eleven regions are categorized into three groups.
文摘An international workshop on urban meteorology. observation and modeling, was jointly held by the Institute of Urban Meteorology （ China ） and the National Center for Atmospheric Research （US） in Beijing, October, 2004. The workshop was intended to share recent progress in urban meteorological research, discuss issues related to research and development priorities faced by diverse Chinese institutions, and explore collaboration opportunities between Chinese and US research institutions. This article summarizes the major issues discussed at the workshop, including observation on urban boundary layer, urban landuse modeling, socio-economic impacts of weather and climates, and air quality in urban environment. It includes recommendations for future urban meteorology observational and modeling research, and potential collaborative opportunities between China and US.
