Socrates Programme:文化多元背景下欧洲的教育对策

当下文化多元的世界格局,对教育提出了新的挑战,如何应对这前所未有的文化碰撞成为了人们关注的焦点之一。Socrates计划是欧盟推出的一项跨国教育交流项目,其目的是强化“欧洲域”意识、加强教育的交流与合作、鼓励教育创新。这是欧洲在处理多种文化间关系、应对全球化挑战、促进欧洲一体化进程中所采取的一项积极措施,当中的系列措施能够给中国的跨文化教育带来些许启发。

An Investigation of Confucian Heuristic Teaching Elicitation Teaching Theory Theory and Socrates

Confucianism （especially its teaching theory） is the core of Chinese traditional culture with Confucius as its representative. It has played an indispensable role in the development of Chinese culture. It is the spiritual pillar of Chinese sustainable development. There are no others that can compare with its teaching method and art. The famous ＂heuristic teaching theory＂ is one of its greatest inventions. But many people think that it is Socrates invention. In fact, Socrates ＂elicitation teaching theory＂ was invented far later than that of Confucius. This paper aims at investigating of these two theories.

Comparison and Contrast of Educational Thoughts of Confucius and Socrates

Both Confucius and Socrates are outstanding philosophers in the history of human civilization.Their thoughts are thesource of Eastern and Western culture and educational thoughts respectively.For example,the"humanity"advocated by Confuciushas had a great impact on Chinese society in the next two thousand years.And nowadays,this idea has broken through nationalboundaries and spread to all over the world.And,the famous"Socratic Method"has also exerted a tremendous influence on theeastern world,especially in education.And many schools use it to cultivate the critical thinking ability of students.In short,theirthoughts are rich in content and have far-reaching impact.Although in their educational thoughts are some similarities,they stillhave their own unique characteristics.Based on this understanding,this paper,from the perspective of cultural comparison and con-trast,regards Confucius’and Socrates’educational thoughts as the research focus,and draws the similarities and differences be-tween them through analysis,in order to comprehend them better.

An Empirical Study of the Socratic Method in Nongraded English Teaching in Senior High School Under the Background of the New National College Entrance Examination

With the reform of the New National College Entrance Examination(Gaokao),the nongraded education will become an inevitable trend.In senior high school,the traditional test-oriented education is popular.The knowledge is mainly taught by the teachers,and the students passively absorb it.This study examines a problem-oriented Socratic experiment in nongraded English teaching in senior high school.The teachers seek output from students,who respond by interpreting questions,fostering critical thinking,and enhancing problem-solving skills.This teaching experiment indicates that the Socratic method has a significant positive effect on cultivating nongraded senior high English students’critical thinking under the New National College Entrance Examination.

Moral Falsity in the Eyes of the Superhuman： The Cases of Socrates and Mozi1

Both Socrates and Mozi are said in Plato＇s dialogues and in the Mozi respectively to have claimed that they are living a sort of life following superhuman ＂intention＂： Socrates according to the Delphic oracle, and Mozi the intention of heaven. Some modern philosophers show discomfort with their ＂superstitious＂ attitudes, taking the claims literally as a kind of groundless devotion, while others conjecture ＂sensible＂ purposes to understand the mystic elements as providing moral lessons. This paper, by responding to these modern revisions of their doctrines, aims at highlighting the necessity of their （re-）introductions of superhuman perspectives to their inquiries. Through examining the similarities in Plato＇s and Mohists＇ demonstrations, the suggestion made will be that despite countless incommensurable features, heaven＇s intention for Mohists offers a fundamental philosophical basis which enables them to develop arguments by means of sharp dichotomies, what is right or wrong, in the same way that Socrates in the Apology and in the Hippias Minor does for the development of Plato＇s constructive endeavour beyond his Socratic a/euporetic legacy. Not only are their practices dependent on the presupposition of the existence of a perspective beyond humans, but also the reality of that perspective is established though their own investigative practices.

Socrates’ Avowals of Knowledge and the Epistemic Asymmetry of Values

Socrates,taken as the figure in Plato’s so-called early dialogues,famously professes to be ignorant,but the nature and the scope of his ignorance have long been intensely debated and still remain obscure.In this paper,I try to contribute to the relevant discussions by pointing out and interpreting a generally overlooked,yet essential feature of Socrates’avowals of knowledge:in most cases,what Socrates claims to know falls under the category of(what I call)negative,as opposed to positive,ethical knowledge.The distinction between positive ethical knowledge and negative ethical knowledge is as follows:the former involves either definitions of what the good and virtues are,or knowledge that certain particular facts are good and virtuous;the latter refers to the knowledge of what the good and virtues are not,or the knowledge that certain particular facts are bad and evil.It will be argued that Socrates only avows negative ethical knowledge because he recognizes an asymmetry between the knowledge of the good and that of the bad:one may know a fact about the bad without knowing the corresponding fact about the good,but not vice versa.This epistemic asymmetry shows that knowledge of the good is more epistemically demanding than that of the bad,and thus it sheds further light on the scope of Socrates’ignorance and his view of the good and virtue.

The Features of Ozone Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in Tropical Stratosphere and Its Numerical Simulation

The inlcrunnual variation of the vertical distribution of ozone in the tropical stratosphere and its quasi—biennial oscillation (QBO) is analyzed using HALOE data. The results are compared with the wind QBO. A numerical experiment is carried out to study the effects of wind QBO on the distribution, and variation of ozone in the stratosphere by using (he NCAR interactive chemical, dynamical, and radiative two—dimensional model (SOCRATES). Data analysis shows that the location of the maximum ozone mixing ratio in the stratosphere changes in the meridional and vertical directions, and assumes a quasi—biennial period. The meridional and vertical motion of the maximum mixing ratio leads to a QBO of column ozone and its hemispheric asymmetry. The QBO of the location of the maximum is closely connected with the zonal wind QBO. The data analysis also shows that in the tropical region, the phase of the QBO for ozone density changes many times with height. Numerical simulation shows that the meridional circulation induced by the wind QBO includes three pairs of cells in the stratosphere, which have hemispheric symmetry. The transport of ozone by the induced meridional circulation in various latitudes and heights is the main dynamic cause for the ozone QBO. Cells of the induced circulation in the middle stratosphere (25-35 km) play an important role in producing the ozone QBO.

Simulation of the Effect of an Increase in Methane on Air Temperature

The infrared radiative effect of methane was analyzed using the 2D, interactive chemical dynamical radiative SOCRATES model of the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Then, a sensitivity experi ment, with the methane volume mixing ratio increased by 10%, was carried out to study the influence of an increase of methane on air temperature. The results showed that methane has a heating effect through the infrared radiative process in the troposphere and a cooling effect in the stratosphere. However, the cooling effect of the methane is much smaller than that of water vapor in the stratosphere and is negligible in the mesosphere. The simulation results also showed that when methane concentration is increased by 10%, the air temperature lowers in the stratosphere and mesosphere and increases in the troposphere. The cooling can reach 0.2 K at the stratopause and can vary from 0.2-0.4 K in the mesosphere, and the temperature rise varies by around 0.001-0.002 K in the troposphere. The cooling results from the increase of the infrared radiative cooling rate caused by increased water vapor and O3 concentration, which are stimulated by the increase in methane in most of the stratosphere. The infrared radiation cooling of methane itself is minor. The depletion of O3 stimulated by the methane increase results indirectly in a decrease in the rate of so- lar radiation heating, producing cooling in the stratopause and mesosphere. The tropospheric warming is mainly caused by the increase of methane, which produces infrared radiative heating. The increase in H2O and O3 caused by the methane increase also contributes to a rise in temperature in the troposphere.

Simulation of the Effect of Water-vapor Increase on Temperature in the Stratosphere

To analyze the mechanism by which water vapor increase leads to cooling in the stratosphere, the effects of water-vapor increases on temperature in the stratosphere were simulated using the two-dimensional, interactive chemical dynamical radiative model （SOCRATES） of NCAR. The results indicate that increases in stratospheric water vapor lead to stratospheric cooling, with the extent of cooling increasing with height, and that cooling in the middle stratosphere is stronger in Arctic regions. Analysis of the radiation process showed that infrared radiative cooling by water vapor is a pivotal factor in middle-lower stratospheric cooling. However, in the upper stratosphere （above 45 km）, infrared radiation is not a factor in cooling; there, cooling is caused by the decreased solar radiative heating rate resulting from ozone decrease due to increased stratospheric water vapor. Dynamical cooling is important in the middle-upper stratosphere, and dynamical feedback to temperature change is more distinct in the Northern Hemisphere middle-high latitudes than in other regions and signiffcantly affects temperature and ozone in winter over Arctic regions. Increasing stratospheric water vapor will strengthen ozone depletion through the chemical process. However, ozone will increase in the middle stratosphere. The change in ozone due to increasing water vapor has an important effect on the stratospheric temperature change.

“Socratic Method”在外科护理学教学中的应用研究

目的探讨"Socratic method"在外科护理学教学中的应用效果。方法选择九江学院2012级护理学专业专科6个班学生共229人作为研究对象,将1-3班学生116人作为实验组,部分授课内容采用"Socratic method"进行教学;将4-6班学生113人作为对照组,采用传统的教学方法进行教学。结果对照组总评成绩为(79.62±7.35)分,实验组总评成绩为(86.03±8.39)分,组间比较差异具有统计学意义(t=3.49,p<0.01)。结论 "Socratic method"符合护理临床专业课程的教学特点,有利于培养学生的综合能力,提高教学效果。

The Personality of M?δεια(Medea): An Ethical Approach

M?δεια(Medea), the tragedy written by Euripides (431 BC), refers to the story of a woman who seduced by her love for Jason, left her hometown of Colchis, and flew with him to Greece. Jason then betrayed Medea and got married with the daughter of Creon, King of Corinth. Medea, in order to get revenge, killed both Jason’s bride and his father-in-law, and then, after slaughtering her own children, she left to Athens. The approach of Medea’s personality, as a subject of this paper, takes place in the light of the ethical philosophy through comparative quote mainly of the representatives of the spirit of that period, sophists and Socrates, but also of later philosophers, such as Immanuel Kant. This contribution aims to demonstrate the timelessness of human experience through the centuries and explain why the literature of other cultures and eras continues to be of interest.

The Relation between Music and Philosophy： Three Retrospects/Perspectives

Having for its object the relation between music and philosophy, the present article aims, on the one hand, to seek out the philosophical resources contained in foundational texts in terms of musical knowledge, and, on the other, to outline the musical resources enriching philosophical knowledge. With this end in view, three retrospects/perspectives are examined which can be traced throughout the history of the music-philosophy relation. The first looks back at the two basic words referring to music in Greek philosophy （armonia and musikg） in order to find out how the human ability for musical knowledge can be activated when these two are brought together. The second focuses on what lies at the heart of music, namely the thing which can be defined as the tone-ness of the tone. The third explores the art-and-science content of music, which allows for a further perspective to be drawn forth--a perspective on musical knowledge proceeding from, though at the same time remaining with music as a mode of human existence.

Love in Plato＇s The Symposium Contrasted with the Christian Concept of Love

This paper will discuss Plato＇s view of love in The Symposium, in particular the arguments presented by the Diotima character, but not neglecting all the other views of love presented therein. The paper, as the title indicates, will be confined to a comparison and evaluation of Platonic love against love as articulated within Christianity. Both forms of love will be analyzed and I will attempt to show that although Plato, through Socrates （and Socrates through the Diotima character）, tries to redeem the traditional understanding of love in the ancient Greek society that he was living in, Platonic love is still very different from the Christian concept of love.

The Cynical Thrasymachus

In this paper, I revisit the question of the consistency of Thrasymachus＇ position on justice in the First Book of the Republic. The paper falls into four parts. （The first part is an introduction.） In the second part, I examine two influential interpretations of the sophist＇s views, George B. Kerferd＇s and Timothy D. J. Chappell＇s, and argue that neither one fully resolves the riddle of Thrasymachus. In the third part, I claim that the sophist has a ＂descriptive＂ theory of justice, not a ＂prescriptive＂ one, and that no moral command to act in any particular way follows from this theory. In the fourth and final part, I propose a new approach to the whole issue by arguing that the essential problem with Thrasymachus＇ theory is not the incompatibility between his two definitions of justice in 338c and 343c, as it is usually assumed, but the fact that in Book One he uses two different and irreconcilable conceptions of justice. It is because the sophist uses the term ＂justice＂ to mean different things in different parts of the text that his overall position is ultimately inconsistent.

The Wisdom in the Apology of Plato

The concept of ＂wisdom＂ which Plato elaborates in his Apology is analyzed here. In doing so, we describe how Socrates, once declared by the Oracle to be ＂the wisest man,＂ starts to analyze what wisdom actually means. In trying to contradict the Oracle, Socrates mixes with different social groups including politicians, poets, and artisans. He discovers that none of them possess a real understanding or awareness of what wisdom actually is. Thus, Socrates concludes that he must be the wisest man because, ＂he knows that he does not know.＂ This ignorantia docta is a type of humanistic knowledge

道德教育中“对话”的式微及其重建

"对话"作为探求德性真理的形式与方法在东西方皆有其渊源,在形式上,苏格拉底通过诘问、辩论启发人们去关心和思考德性真理,孔子则以先知者的角色与弟子们针对道德的理论与实践进行了丰富生动的探讨。"对话"的式微是道德教育丧失生命力的重要原因。通过在道德教育领域运用以"苏格拉底式对话"为核心的案例教学法,有助于重建"对话"以增强道德教育的实效。

Debate on ＂Evil law is law＂ and ＂Evil law is illegal＂

In the history of the western civilization, the trial of Socrates and the trial of Jesus in the Christian history are equally famous. This trial implied several enduring and classical topics in the history of the western legal thoughts. Why did Socrates accept the results of the ＂Miscarriage of Justice＂？ Who led to the wrong decision？ Why would Socrates be executed？ This article is precisely embarked from this trial, to explore ajurisprudent issue related to the trial： the debate on Evil law is law and Evil law is illegal.

A Study on Socratic Questioning Technique Based on Teachers＇ Narrative Research

Interaction is an important standard to detect teachers＇ teaching quality and effect in college English classroom teaching and is the most eagerly expected by all English teachers. During the process of classroom teaching, bad interaction or failure of interaction often makes teachers frustrated. One of the major reasons is that they ask improper questions in class. The purpose of this paper focuses on the skills of raising effective questions by teachers in order to produce good interaction from students. The method to achieve this purpose is by introducing Socratic Questioning method, which is showed by teachers＇ narrative research based on the author＇s own real classroom teaching with detailed explanation. The result of the experiment shows that Socratic Questioning method is not only a good example of effective questioning but also produces sufficient interaction between teacher-to-students and students-to-students. Generally speaking, this paper expects to have contribution to the effect of interaction so as to help more college English teachers have more excellent classroom teaching.

The Early Stoics and Aristotelian Ethics

Aristotle＇s philosophical legacy should be accepted as one of the historical influences that shaped Stoic moral and psychological thought, even if this influence needs to be demonstrated in each individual case rather than be taken for granted in general. Having discussed the methodological issues raised by the state of our documented evidence, I focus upon the particular philosophical agenda bequeathed by Aristotle, the issue of the structure of the human soul, and the theory of character and emotion. I argue that Aristotle＇s influence upon the Stoics is not only a matter of their adoption of Aristotelian themes or concepts but that, given the aporetic quality of much of Aristotle＇s writing, they accepted options as discussed, and actually rejected, by Aristotle. In particular, the Stoics have been influenced by deliberations in which Aristotle discusses, adapts or rejects positions associated with the philosophical hero of the Stoics, Socrates （in particular in De an. II, 9-10 and EN VII, 1-11）. Seen in this light, the Aristotelian legacy appears to be even more relevant to explaining distinctive and in particular Socratic features of Stoic moral psychology than has been previously assumed.

Effacements of Form

The theme of this essay is expressed in a line from the Dao De Jing： ＂The great image has no form.＂ The essay shows how this effacement, annulment, or withdrawal of form is realized in ancient Chinese painting （Song and Ming Dynasties） and in the conception of the natural elements to which much of this painting is related. Certain resonances with this effacement of form are identified in the way that recent Continental thought focuses on an effacement of form as it was determined in ancient Greek philosophy.