A clinical comparative study on effects of intracavernous injection of sodium nitroprusside and papaverine/phentolamine in erectile dysfunction patients

Aim: To study the effect of intracavemous sodium nitropmsside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, on penile erec-tion. Methods: Forty-two patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) were randomly assigned to receive SNP 300μgor the control drags (papaverine 30 mg + phentolamine 1 mg) intracavemously crosswise one week apart. The penilelength, circumference and hardness after the administration of the experimental and control drags were assessed andcompared statistically. Results: (1) There was no significant difference between the changes in penile length andcircumference in the two occasions; (2) In 25 SNP and 28 control cases, the hardness of the penis was scored above100 as evaluated by the Vimg method (P > 0.05); (3) The duration of erection in the controls was longer than that inthe SNP, but there were three priapism in the controls and not a single one in the SNP; (4) there was no apparentchange in the heart rate and blood pressure in both occasions; other side effects were minimal except slight local pain ina few controls. Conclusion: SNP facilitates relaxation of the penile smooth muscle and penile erection without sig-nificant side effects. SNP may be used in ED patients that experience pain and priapism with papaverine/phentolamine.(Asian J Androl 2000 Dec; 2: 301-303)

Sodium nitroprusside injection immediately before balloon inflation during percutaneous coronary intervention

BACKGROUND No reflow or slow flow frequently occurs during percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)and it is associated with adverse outcomes.Strategies should be undertaken to prevent its occurrence.AIM To observe whether conventional target intracoronary administration of sodium nitroprusside immediately before balloon inflation can reduce the incidence of no reflow and slow flow,which are defined as thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow grade≤II during PCI.METHODS A retrospective study was conducted in 740 patients with coronary artery disease admitted to Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine between January 2016 and October 2020.Among them,360 patients receiving sodium nitroprusside immediately before balloon inflation during PCI were enrolled in an experimental group between January 2019 and October 2020 and 380 patients receiving sodium nitroprusside after incident no reflow and slow flow during PCI were enrolled in a control group between January 2016 and January 2019.The occurrence of no reflow and slow flow was compared between the two groups and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter(LVEDD)and left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)were detected 1 mo after the operation.RESULTS After treatment,the proportion of patients with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow grades 0 to II was lower in the experimental group than in the control group(P<0.05).At 1 mo after treatment,LVEDD was lower and LVEF was higher in the experimental group than in the control group(P<0.05).In terms of incidence of adverse cardiovascular events within 1 mo after treatment,in the experimental group,malignant arrhythmia occurred in three patients,intractable myocardial ischemia in three,congestive heart failure in four,and recurrent myocardial infarction in five;one patient died.In the control group,malignant arrhythmia occurred in eight patients,intractable myocardial ischemia in five,congestive heart failure in seven,and recurrent myocardial infarction in 14;two patients died.The incidence of adverse cardiovascular events was 4.4%in experimental group which was lower than that of the control group at 1 mo after operation(9.5%;P<0.05).CONCLUSION Administration of sodium nitroprusside into target vessels immediately before balloon inflation can significantly reduce the incidence of no reflow and slow flow,improve LVEDD and LVEF,and reduce the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events in patients treated by PCI.It is worthy of clinical promotion.

Central Nervous System Toxicity of Sodium Nitroprusside in Treatment of Patients with Aortic Dissection

This study examined the sodium nitroprusside (SNP) toxicity to central nervous system (CNS) in treatment of patients with aortic dissection (AD). The medical records of 191 AD patients who were admitted to Tongji Hospital, China, from Jan. 1998 to Feb. 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 140 cases of hypertension (73.3%) and 13 cases of Marfan syndrome (6.8%) among the 191 AD patients. A total of 157 patients were given SNP treatment. The toxic reactions of CNS occurred in 18 subjects (11.5%). Most of the adverse reactions occurred on the fifth day following SNP injection. SNP infusion rate was significantly higher in patients who developed CNS toxicity. It was suggested that systemic hypertension is the most common predisposing factor for AD. The combination of SNP with a β-receptor blocker is a medical therapy commonly used in patients with AD. Cyanide and thio-cyanate toxicity from SNP treatment is always the consequence of prolonged drug infusion or relatively high dose administration.

Effects of Sodium Nitroprussiate on the Metabolites and Key Enzyme Activities of Carbon-nitrogen Metabolism from Seed Germination to Seedling Period of Cherry Tomato

This study was conducted to elucidate the regulating mechanism of sodium nitroprussiate on seed germination and seedling growth of cherry tomato. After the treatment with different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside, the effects on the metabolites and key enzyme activities in carbon-nitrogen metabolism of cherry tomato cuhivar Zhuyun as an experimental material were investigated. The results showed that from seed germination to seedling period, the contents of starch and total nitrogen decreased, but the contents of soluble sugar, reducing sugar, sucrose and soluble protein increased firstly and then decreased; and free amino acids content increased gradually. Sodium nitroprusside made the contents of starch, sucrose and free amino acids higher than CK. From seed germination to seedling period in cherry tomato, the activities of amylase, glutamine synthetase （GS） and sucrose phosphate synthase （SPS） decreased; the activities of nitrate reductase （NR） and glutamate synthase （GOGAT） increased at first and decreased then; and the CK and the 0.25 mmol/L sodium nitroprusside treatments exhibited de- creased sucrose synthase （SS） activity, and the trend was increasing at first and decreasing then after the treatment with 0.50 and 1.00 mmol/L sodium nitroprus- side. Sodium nitroprusside treatment improved amylase activity; and the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the CK increased at first and decreased then, while the values of other treatments tended to decrease. In addition, sodium nitroprusside did not affect seed germination potential and germination rate, but significantly improved biomass accumulation, root length and height of seedlings. These data suggest that sodium nitroprusside could affect the conversion of starch and sugar accumulation, delay the decomposition of total nitrogen and soluble protein, and achieve the effects of accelerating the accumulation of free amino acids, and promoting seed germination and seedling growth, and 0.50 mmol/L sodium nitroprusside has the best effect.

The Releasing Effects of Captopril and Sodiun Nitroprusside on Endothelin-1 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell

Objective To investigate the influence of captoprial and SNP on the release of ET -1 in cultured VSMC of rats. Methods Measurement of endothelin - 1 levels by radioimmljnoassay in various concentrations of captopril and/or sodium nitroprusside in cultured vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) of rats. Results Both captopril and SNP could reduce the high ET - 1 levels of VSMC which were caused by Ang Ⅱ. There was a linear relationship between Ang Ⅱlevels and ET -1 production ( r = 0. 760, P <0. 001 ) . Conclusion Endothelin - 1 may accelerate the formation and development of atherosclerosis through inhibiting endogenous NO production by VSMC. ACEI or NO inhibition of ET -1 release could reduce atherosclerosis formation.

Effects of a nitric oxide donor and nitric oxide scavengers on Sorbus pohuashanensis embryo germination

The effects of an exogenous nitric oxide donor(sodium nitroprusside, SNP), a NO scavenger 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxode(PTIO) and carboxy-PTIO potassium salt(c PTIO) on the embryo germination of Sorbus pohuashanensis were studied in a petri dish test. SNP at 0.5–5 mmol L-1 increased germination percentage, mean time to germination, germination index and germination energy compared with the control to different degrees. Treatment with 2 mmol L-1 SNP improved germination most significantly; embryo germination percentage for mother tree 1(91.11%) and mother tree 2(64.44%) were much higher than the control. In addition,excessive SNP levels did not enhance embryo germination.Combined treatment with SNP and an NO scavenger delayed embryo germination. Treatment with c PTIO inhibited embryo germination; germination percentage was 42.22% and was lower than that of the control. These results show that low concentrations of exogenous NO can enhance the embryo germination of S. pohuashanensis,providing a simple, effective way for promoting germination of S. pohuashanensis.

The effect of time and type of stress moderators on yield and yield components of cotton on conventional and double‑cropping systems under saline conditions

Background:Today,stress moderators are employed to mitigate crop loss due to the adverse effects of environmental stress.The current research aimed to investigate the impacts of time and stress moderator types on agro-physiological responses of cotton on conventional and double-cropping systems during 2017 and 2018 under saline conditions.A split-plot factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications.Cultivation system[conventional(recommended planting date)and double-cropping systems(sowing after harvest of wheat)]were considered as the main plots,and stress moderator type at four levels[water control,2 mmol·L^(-1) Salicylic acid(SA),100 mmol·L^(-1) Glycine betaine(GB),and 100μmol·L^(-1) sodium nitroprusside(SNP)]and application time(flowering and flowering+bolling stages)were regarded as subplots.Results:Plant height,reproductive branch number,the number of bolls,10-boll weight,1000-seed weight,biological yield,seed cotton yield,lint yield,chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,carotenoids,total chlorophyll,sodium,potassium,and proline content were less in double-cropping system comparing with conventional system.Spraying with the stress moderators alleviated soil salinity effects on yield,yield components,and biochemical traits of cotton.SNP spraying led to maximum plant height,branch number,the number of bolls per plant,10-boll weight and seed cotton yield.SA spraying yielded the highest 1000-seed weight,biological yield,lint percentage and lint yield.The highest chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,carotenoids,and total chlorophyll content resulted from SNP spraying.Yield,yield components,and biochemical traits did not respond to the stress moderator types in double-cropping system.However,the highest chlorophyll a,carotenoids,proline content,the number of bolls per plant,and seed cotton yield resulted from SNP spraying in conventional system.No statistically significant differences were observed between spraying with SNP and SA in most studied traits.Conclusions:The results suggest that the optimum cotton planting time and SNP spraying could be recommended for producing the most suitable yield under saline conditions.Highlights:External application of stress modulators increases salinity stress tolerance.Spraying with sodium nitroprusside has more moderating effect.Agro-physiological response of cotton to moderators is stronger in early sowing.Maximum seed cotton yield was achieved at early sowing and spraying sodium nitroprusside.Delayed cultivation reduces cotton yield.

Effects of Nitric Oxide on the Growth and Development of Porcine Preantral Follicles Cultured in Vitro

In order to investigate the effects of nitric oxide(NO) on the growth and development of porcine preantral follicles,we treated the follicles with different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside(SNP,0, 0.001,0.01,0.1 and 1 mmol/L),a NO donor.The results showed that the follicle diameter increased during in vitro culture,but there were no significant differences between the treatments(P】0.05);the survival rate in the 1 mmol/L SNP group was significantly lower than that in the 1μmol/L SNP group(61.61% vs 81.52%,P【0.05),but no significant differences were found between other treatments(P】0.05);the rate of antrum formation in the 1μmol/L SNP group peaked at 50%on day 4,and the rate in the 1μmol/L SNP group on day 6 was higher than that in the 0.01 mmol/L SNP group;in addition,the rate of antrum formation in the 1μmol/L SNP group was significantly higher than that in the 0.1 and 1 mmol/L SNP groups (Day 6:73.07%vs 50%,47.62%,P【0.05).After 6 days of culture,the proportion of normal oocytes in the1 mmol/L SNP group was significantly lower than that in the 1μmol/L SNP group(71.21%vs 48.18%, P【0.05),with no significant differences between other treatments(P】0.05).The recovery rate of cumulus cells oocyte complexes(COCs) in the 1μmol/L SNP group was significantly higher than that in the controls and all other treatments(37.27%vs 22.88%,25.59%,20.74%and 19.39%,P【0.05).The results indicate that during the in vitro culture of porcine preantral follicles,low concentration of NO released from SNP improves growth and development of oocytes and follicular antrum formation while high levels of NO are toxic to follicular survival.

Effect of inhalation of nebulized NO donor substance on acute hypoxic lung injury in newborn piglets

Background Birth asphyxia may result in multiple organ dysfunction such as lung injury. Inhalation of nebulized nitric oxide precursor can selectively reduce pulmonary hypertension. However, it is unknown whether such precursors can alleviate lung injury induced by hypoxia. We evaluated the effect of inhalation of nebulized nitroglycerine and sodium nitroprusside on acute hypoxic lung injury in newborn piglets. Methods Acute hypoxic lung injury was induced by inspiring 10% 02 for 1 hour. Twenty-four anaesthetized and mechanically ventilated piglets （5-7 days old） were randomly divided into four groups： （1） group S, not hypoxic; （2） group C, nebulized saline after hypoxia; （3） group NTG, nebulized nitroglycerine after hypoxia; （4） group SNP, nebulized sodium nitroprusside after hypoxia, Respiratory dynamic compliance and resistance of respiratory system were recorded at baseline, 0.5 hour and 1 hour of hypoxia; then 0.5 hour, 1 hour, 3 hours and 5 hours following hypoxia. After nebulization, arterial blood was collected for measuring methaemoglobin and nitrate/nitrite levels. Right lung tissue, wet-dry ratio and myeloperoxidase level were determined. White blood cell count （WBC）, total surfactant phospholipids （TPL） and disaturated phosphatidyl choline （DSPC） of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF） were calculated. Left lungs were used for examining pathological changes. Results No significant difference was observed in respiratory dynamic compliance, resistance of respiratory system, wet-dry ratio, levels of methaemoglobin and nitrate/nitrite after nebulization, TPL or DSPC/TPL among four groups. WBC in BALF in groups NTG and SNP significantly decreased as compared with group C： similarly for myeloperoxidase level in lung tissue. Lung histological findings showed infiltration of neutrophils in groups NTG and SNP decreased significantly as compared with group C. Conclusion Inhalation of nebulized nitroglycerine or sodium nitroprusside can alleviate the infiltration of neutrophils, while it affects neither the metabolism of phospholipids nor water content in the lungs.

Validation of an Optimized Spectrophotometric Method for the Selective Determination of Labetalol Hydrochloride

A simple sensitive and economical method for the determination of labetalol hydrochloride has been proposed, based on the reaction of labetalol with sodium nitroprusside and hydroxylamine hydrochloride in sodium dihydrogen phosphate-sodium hydroxide buffer solution of pH 12. The green-blue color produced due to the formation of a nitroso derivative has been measured at 695 nm. The Beer＇s range was obeyed in the concentration range of 2-51 μg·mL^-1 with molar absorptivity of 0.48 × 10^4 L·mol^-1·cm^-1. Rigorous statistical analyses were performed for the validation of the method. A detailed investigation of the selectivity of the method has been done to find it to be highly selective for the determination of labetalol hydrochloride in the presence of its acidic degradation product and common excipients of formulations. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of labetalol hydrochloride in the laboratory prepared dosage forms. Comparison of the means of the proposed procedure with a reference method using point as well as interval hypotheses showed no statistically significant difference. The developed method was extended to investigate its applicability to biological samples.

Effects of aqueous leaf extract of Tridax procumbens on contractile activity of corpus cavernosum in N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester-induced hypertensive male rats

Objective： This study investigated the effects of aqueous leaf extract of Tridax procumbens （ALETP） on con- tractile activity of corpus cavernosum in N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester （L-NAME）-induced hypertensive male rats. Methods： Twenty normal, adult male rats （130-150 g） were divided into four groups of five rats each. Group I （control） was given normal saline （0.6 mL/kg） and group II was given L-NAME （40 mg/kg） for 6 weeks. Groups Ill and IV also received L-NAME （40 mg/kg） for 6 weeks but were further co-treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg of ALETP, respectively, from week 4 to week 6. All treatments were given orally. Strips of corpus cavernosum from each of the four groups were exposed to increasing concentrations of acetyl~ choline （ACh） and sodium nitroprusside （SNP） （10^-9-10^-5 tool/L） after contraction with phenylephrine （10^-7 mol/L） to test for a dose-response effect, Response to potassium and calcium was also measured after cumulatively adding potassium and calcium （10-50 mmol/L） to potassium- and calcium-free organ chamber. Isometric contractions were recorded through an Ugo Basile data capsule acquisition system. Results： Mean arterial blood pressure was significantly reduced in the ALETP co-treated group compared to the control and L-NAME-only groups （P 〈 0.05）. Cavernosa strips from ALETP co-treated rats exhibited significant inhibition of contraction in response to phenylephrine, potassium chloride, and calcium chlo- ride （P 〈 0.05）. Relaxation in response to Ach and SNP was also significantly impaired in cavernosa strips from the L-NAME-only treated group （P 〈 0.05）, while ALETP co-treated groups showed enhanced per- centage relaxation. Conclusion： ALETP treatment of L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats promotes a relaxant effect on isolated cavernosa strips. ALETP shows potential in correcting erectile dysfunction in hypertension.