Effects and mechanism of ozonation for degradation of sodium acetate in aqueous solution

The degradation efficiencies and mechanism of ozonation for the degradation of sodium acetate in aqueous solution were investigated under atmospheric pressure at room temperature （293 K）. The effects of the initial pH value, reaction time, and concentrations ofHCO3^-, CO3^2- , CaC12, and Ca（OH）2 on the removal rate of chemical oxygen demand （COD） were studied. The results indicated that ozonation obviously improved the degradation rate of sodium acetate when the pH value of the solution was not less than 8.5. A suitable long reaction time may be helpful in increasing the COD removal rate, and a removal rate of 36.36% can be obtained after a 30-minute treatment. The COD removal rate increased firstly and decreased subsequently with the increase of the HCOj concentration （from 0 to 200 mg/L）, and under the same experimental condition it reached the optimum 34.66% at the HCO3-^ concentration of 100 mg/L. The COD removal rate was 5.26% lower when the concentration of HCO3^- was 200 mg/L than when there was no HCO3^-. The COD removal rate decreased by 15.68% when the CO3^2- concentration increased from 0 to 200 mg/L. CO3^2- has a more obvious scavenging effect in inhibiting the formation of hydroxyl radicals than HCO3. CaC12 and Ca（OH）2 could increase the degradation efficiency of sodium acetate greatly, and the COD removal rates reached 65.73% and 83.46%, respectively, after a 30-minute treatment, 29.37% and 47.10% higher, was proved that the degradation of sodium acetate in the ozonation process followed the mechanismof oxidization with hydroxyl free radicals （.OH）.

Measurement and correlation of the solubility of sodium acetate in eight pure and binary solvents

The knowledge of solubility of a salt in either the pure solvent or blend solvent is of great importance for studying or operating the crystallization,extraction,and distillation processes.The solubility of sodium acetate(NaAc)in four pure solvents(water,ethanol,acetic acid and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol)and four binary solvents(water–ethanol,water-acetic acid,acetic acid–ethanol,and acetic acid-ethyl acetate)were measured by using the laser dynamic method at temperatures from 288.15 K to 338.15 K at 0.1 MPa.The results showed that the solubility of NaAc was influenced by either the solution temperature or solvent composition.The aqueous sodium acetate solution possessed the maximal solubility under the experimental conditions.The solubility of NaAc in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol was found to be decreased with the increase of the solution temperature.While,the solubilities of NaAc in other seven solvents increased as the solution temperature was elevated.Besides,five correlation models,including the van’t Hoff model,modified Apelblat model,Yaws model,λh model,and modified Apelblat-Jouyban-Acree model were used to correlate the solubility data of those sodium acetate solutions with acceptable deviation,respectively.Finally,van’t Hoff analysis method was selected to analyze the change law of thermodynamic properties of a salt during the dissolution process.

Sodium acetate can promote the growth and astaxanthin accumulation in the unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvialis as revealed by a proteomics approach

Haematococcus pluvialis is an ideal natural source of strong antioxidant astaxanthin.Sodium acetate(NaAc)was proven an effective organic carbon source for improving algal growth and astaxanthin production;however,the underlying mechanism remains obscure.To reveal the mechanism of NaAc at the green vegetative stage of H.pluvialis,the physiochemical characteristics and the global protein expression profiles obtained using a tandem mass tag labeling approach were compared between the control(CK)and two NaAc-addition groups.Results show that after NaAc addition,the biomass,nitrate consumption rate,and activities of three carbohydrate metabolism enzymes of H.pluvialis were significantly increased,and the net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content decreased.In addition,astaxanthin,total carbohydrates,and total lipids were accumulated,and some red cells appeared in the NaAc5 group.Moreover,317 differentially expressed proteins(DEPs)with the most altered expression patterns were screened out in the CK vs.NaAc5 comparison in our proteomics study.All the DEPs involved in carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism were significantly increased,while most of the photosynthesis-related proteins were depressed in the two NaAc-treated groups.The proteomics results were verified and supported by parallel reaction monitoring approach and physiochemical data.Our findings demonstrate that NaAc promoted the tricarboxylic acid cycle,glyoxylate cycle,and amino acid and lipid synthesis,and inhibited the photo synthe sis-related activities,which consequently speeded up the growth and astaxanthin accumulation in this alga.

Maternal sodium acetate supplementation promotes lactation performance of sows and their offspring growth performance

Milk yield and composition are critical determining factors for the early growth and development of neonates.The objective of this experiment was to comprehensively evaluate the effects of dietary sodium acetate(SA)supplementation on the milk yield and composition of sows and the growth performance of their offspring.A total of 80 sows(Landrace×Yorkshire,3 to 6 parity)were randomly assigned to 2groups(with or without 0.1%SA)from d 85 of gestation to d 21 of lactation.The result shows that maternal 0.1%SA supplementation significantly increased sows milk yield,milk fat,immunoglobulin A(IgA)and IgG content in milk(P<0.05),with the up-regulation of short-chain fatty acids receptors(GPR41 and GPR43)expression and the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex C1(mTORC1)signaling pathway.Consistently,in our in vitro experiment,SA also activated m TORC1signaling in porcine mammary epithelial cells(P<0.05).Furthermore,the improvement of milk quality and quantity caused by maternal SA supplementation led to the increase in body weight(BW)and average daily weight gain(ADG)of weaning piglets,with the improvement of gut health and colonization of the beneficial bacteria(P<0.05).In conclusion,maternal supplementation of 0.1%SA improved the lactation performance(milk yield and milk fat)of sows,possibly with the activation of GPR41/GPR43-mTORC1 signaling.Furthermore,enhanced milk quality improved growth performance,gut health and the colonization of beneficial microbial flora of their piglets.

Sodium acetate promotes fat synthesis by suppressing TATA element modulatory factor 1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Short-chain fatty acids are important nutrients that regulate milk fat synthesis.They regulate milk syn-thesis via the sterol regulatory element binding protein 1(SREBP1)pathway;however,the details are still unknown.Here,the regulation and mechanism of sodium acetate(SA)in milk fat synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells(BMECs)were assessed.BMECs were treated with SA supplementation(SAþ)or without SA supplementation(SA-),and milk fat synthesis and activation of the SREBP1 pathway were increased(P=0.0045;P=0.0042)by SAþand decreased(P=0.0068;P=0.0031)by SA-,respectively.Overexpression or inhibition of SREBP1 demonstrated that SA promoted milk fat synthesis(P=0.0045)via the SREBP1 pathway.Overexpression or inhibition of TATA element modulatory factor 1(TMF1)demon-strated that TMF1 suppressed activation of the SREBP1 pathway(P=0.0001)and milk fat synthesis(P=0.0022)activated by SAþ.Overexpression or inhibition of TMF1 and SREBP1 showed that TMF1 suppressed milk fat synthesis(P=0.0073)through the SREBP1 pathway.Coimmunoprecipitation analysis revealed that TMF1 interacted with SREBP1 in the cytoplasm and suppressed the nuclear localization of SREBP1(P=0.0066).The absence or presence of SA demonstrated that SA inhibited the expression of TMF1(P=0.0002)and the interaction between TMF1 and SREBP1(P=0.0001).Collectively,our research sug-gested that TMF1 was a new negative regulator of milk fat synthesis.In BMECs,SA promoted the SREBP1 pathway and milk fat synthesis by suppressing TMF1.This study enhances the current understanding of the regulation of milk fat synthesis and provides new scientific data for the regulation of milk fat synthesis.

Environmentally Benign Synthesis of Sugar Orthoesters Promoted by Anhydrous Sodium Acetate and Ultrasound

A convenient and alternative procedure for the synthesis of sugar orthoesters from glycosyl bromides with an- hydrous sodium acetate as base under ultrasound irradiation is described. Various sugar and sugar-sugar orthoesters were prepared in 70%-91% isolated yields.

Sodium Acetate-catalyzed Regiospecific and High Stereose- lective Aminobromination of β,β-Dicyanostyrene Derivatives with NBS as Nitrogen/Bromine Source

An easy and efficient method for the aminobromination of β,β-dicyanostyrene derivatives with NBS as the aminobrominating reagent in CH3CN catalyzed by NaOAc （10 mol%） is developed. This protocol provides con- venient process to convert β,β-dicyanostyrene derivatives into the vicinal haloamines with full regiospecificity and high stereoselectivety in the ice-water bath in air. The reaction is high efficient in yielding the corresponding ami- nobrominated products in excellent yields （up to 95%） under these conditions. The outcome indicated that the reac- tion has an electrophilic addition feature. 12 Eexamples of β,β-dicyanostyrene derivatives have been investigated.

Effect of pH Control with Acetic Acid/Sodium Acetate Buffer on Hot-water Extraction of Poplar Wood

Poplar wood chips were extracted in an acetic acid/sodium acetate(SA/AA)buffer solution at 180ºC for 60 minutes,with a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:6,to investigate the effect of pH on the extraction performance in terms of chemical compositions of the extract.The pH was controlled by varying the concentrations of sodium acetate and acetic acid in the buffer system.Results showed that the SA/AA system could promote the dissolution of hemicellulose,obtaining more oligosaccharides and monosaccharides,and could also inhibit the excessive decomposition of monosaccharides.When extracting poplar wood chips in a SA/AA system of pH=3.7,the yield of oligosaccharides was the highest,while the contents of furfural and hydroxymethyl furfural decreased by 25%and 30%,respectively,compared to conventional water extraction systems.Moreover,the amount of lignin extracted in the S/AA process was also higher than that in a conventional hot water extraction process.

Structural Changes of Poplar Wood Lignin in Hydrothermal pretreatment in Acetic Acid-Sodium Acetate system

Hydrothermal pretreatment of poplar wood chips was performed in an acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer medium.To characterize the structural changes of lignin in the pretreatment process,milled wood lignin(MWL)was isolated from both the un-treated and treated poplar wood chips,and analyzed by ^(1)H-NMR,^(13)C-NMR,^(31)P-NMR,FT-IR,and GPC-MALLS.Results showed that the lignin in the pretreated wood chips had more phenolic OH groups,less aliphatic OH groups,higher molecular weight,and narrower polydispersity,in comparison with the lignin in the un-treated wood.The acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer pretreatment facilitated the removal of-OCH_(3) groups and the cleavage of the inter-unit linkages ofβ-O-4 bond in the lignin.Furthermore,the re-polymerization of lignin in the acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer pretreatment was found to be less than that in autohydrolysis.

A simple method to fabricate N-doped hierarchical porous carbon for supercapacitors

Direct carbonization of nitrogen-containing precursors combined with activation is an effective way to prepare nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon.The most common activation agents being used such as KOH and NaOH may cause serious corrosion to the manufacturing equipment.To resolve this problem,a facile approach has been developed to prepare phenolic resin-derived nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon using sodium acetate as the activation agent and hexamethylenetetramine as the nitrogen source.Acting as an in situ activation agent,sodium acetate is less corrosive.The results show that the sample obtained at 900℃(PHS-900)reaches a maximum specific surface area(S_(BET))of 1591 m^(2)g^(−1).Benefiting from the optimum balance between high nitrogen content(5.41 at.%)and relatively large surface area(827 m^(2)g^(−1)),the optimal sample PHS-700 exhibits a high specific capacitance of 352 Fg^(−1) when it is used as an electrode in 7 M KOH aqueous electrolyte with a three-electrode system.Furthermore,it also shows excellent long-term stability in a two-electrode cell(95.3%retention after 10000 cycles).The good electrochemical performance of the samples and the low corrosion,template-free preparation make it a promising strategy to fabricate nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon for supercapacitor electrode materials.