Pentacoordinated Spirophosphoranes from Amino Acid Sodium Salts

The reactions of 2-chloro-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane with various sodium salts of amino acids to afford the pentacoordinated spirophosphoranes containing amino acid were studied by NMR spectra techniques. The results showed that natural alpha-amino acids had greater ability than beta-amino acids to form the pentacoordinated species, which is important in the biosynthesis and prebiotic synthesis of of oligopeptides and proteins.

Effects of Inorganic Sodium Salt in Soil on Concentration of Zinc Ion in Different Patterns

[Objective] The aim was to study on effects of inorganic sodium salt in soil on concentration of zinc ion in different patterns. [Method] Tessier sequential extraction was used to study on effects of inorganic sodium salts （in different species and different concentrations） on concentration of zinc ion in different patterns. [Result] Different inorganic sodium salts had different effects on zinc form. Content of ex- changeable Zn would reduce if Na2CO3 or Na2SO4 was added and the content would increase if NaCI was added. Content of carbonate zinc, which was significantly influ- enced by Na2SO4, would increase if NaCI or Na2SO4 was added, and would decrease if Na2CO3 was added. For Zn bound to Fe-Mn oxides and organic matters, and residual Zn, the contents would decrease if NaCI or Na2SO4 was added and the decrease showed much more significantly if high concentration sodium salts were added. In addition, content of Zn bound to Fe-Mn oxides decreased if Na2CO3 was added. If low concentration Na2CO3 was added, Zn bound to organic matters and residual would increase in content but would lower if high concentration one was added. [Conclusion] The research provided references for measurement of heavy metal ion content in soil in different places.

1-Heptanesulfonic acid sodium salt:One pot efficient synthesis of 2-aryl-1-arylmethyl-1H-1,3-benzo[d]imidazoles

Synthesis of 2-aryl-1-arylmethyl-1H-1,3-benzo[d]imidazoles by the reaction of o-phenylenediamine with substituted aromatic aldehydes in the presence of 1-heptanesulfonic acid sodium salt （10 mol%） at room temperature. The reactions were performed in acetonitrile：water （8：2）. The method was proved to be eco-friendly, convenient and the products were isolated with good yields （82- 90%）.

Analysis of the relationship between 24-hour sodium and blood pressure and the dietary status based on mobile phone APP in the high-risk population of hypertension in Haikou

Objective:To understand the dietary intake of high-risk population with hypertension in Haikou,and to analyze the relationship between dietary intake and blood pressure,especially the relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure,so as to provide a scientific basis for salt reduction.Methods:A multi-stage cluster sampling 2021 was used from July to December to collect 3-4 cscs from each of the four districts in Haikou.A total of 15 cscs were collected,295 permanent residents aged 55-74 were recruited from 15 community service centers,with 20 eligible subjects from each community.The subjects underwent general physical examination,laboratory tests,and a dietary survey using the self-developed Android phone APP“Nutrition Assistant”(registration number:2021SR1547832).SPSS 21.0 was used 2 for t test,x^(2) test and multiple Regression analysis.Result:In Haikou,69.4%of the subjects had energy intake above energy requirement,and 44.8%had fat intake above the acceptable range of macronutrients.There were only differences in energy,carbohydrate,vitamin B 6 and sodium intake(t=-2.174,-1.990,2.333,-5.442,P=0.031,0.048,0.021,<0.001,respectively).There were significant differences in BMI,family history of chronic diseases,systolic blood 2 pressure and diastolic blood pressure(f value or x^(2) value were 4.260,19.045,139.916,36.864,P value were 0.015,<0.001,<0.001,<0.001,respectively).Multiple Regression analysis analysis showed that 24h sodium excretion was significantly correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure(t=12.964,P<0.001),systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased by 0.135 mmhg and 0.068 mmhg,respectively.Conclusion:The dietary intake of the middle-aged and elderly people at high risk of hypertension in the Haikou community was unbalanced,and the intake of sodium salt was strongly correlated with blood pressure,it is necessary to continue to promote salt reduction as one of the key ways to prevent and control hypertension.

Measurement of the Effects of Nutritional Education for Reducing Sodium Intakes and Increasing Potassium Intakes

Background: The Togolese population, like those around the world, frequently consumes foods high in salt/sodium and low in potassium, thus exposing them to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Nutritional intervention can help reverse this consumption pattern and reduce related CVD morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to measure the effects of a nutrition education intervention on the consumption frequencies of foods rich in sodium and potassium. Methods: The study was a quasi-experimental before- and-after study, conducted from 08 January to 16 April 2023. It involved 200 adults aged 25 - 64 years, randomly selected from two areas: an intervention area and a non-intervention area. Data were collected in two phases at 3-month intervals in both groups. The intervention consisted of nutrition education (awareness raising and cooking demonstrations) on reducing salt/sodium intake and increasing potassium-rich food intake. The kobocollect electronic questionnaire was administered to the respondents to collect data on the frequency of consumption of foods rich in sodium and potassium. Results: The median age of the respondents was 33 years old (30;38) and 56% of the participants were women, 44% and 69% respectively in the control and intervention groups. Most participants lived in rural areas (51%), 52.4% and 49.5% in the control and intervention groups respectively. Overall, 4% (p individuals reduced their frequency of adding salt at mealtime from more than 3 times a week to less than 3 times, i.e., 5.6% in the intervention group and 1.7% in the control group. The proportion of individuals who consumed meals with green leafy vegetable sauces was reduced from more than 3 times a week to less than 3 times, i.e., 7.5% (p < 0.022), or 1% in the intervention group and 4% in the control group. Education level (0.23 [0.10 - 0.50];p - 6.35];p < 0.0006) were associated with reduced salt addition at meals. The same trend was observed for increased consumption of green leafy vegetable sauces (0.95 [0.03 - 0.99];p male (2 [1.08 - 1.84];p Conclusion: This study was able to measure the effects of a nutrition education intervention for adequate sodium and potassium intakes on changing favourable dietary behaviour through a quasi-experimental study. The results show that the continuation of the intervention will contribute to the adoption of favourable behaviours for the reduction of dietary sodium intakes and the optimisation of potassium intakes.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of the Populations of Dapaong and Its Surroundings in Togo on Sodium/Salt and Potassium Intakes

Background: Food plays an important role in human health. A healthy diet contributes to the improvement of the health of populations. A diet high in sodium/salt and low in potassium has been shown to contribute to cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of the inhabitants of Dapaong and its surroundings on dietary intakes of sodium/salt and potassium. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from 1 November to 15 December 2022 involving 400 adults aged 25 to 44 years. Sampling was done using the probability method and the multistage random sampling technique with proportional allocation. These two methods were applied to select villages, households, and primary targets in each locality according to whether the area of residence was urban or rural. The electronic kobocollect questionnaire was administered to people in households and the interview guide was to resource persons, administrators and community leaders to collect the data. Results: Overall, 80.25% of the respondents had low knowledge of sodium/salt intakes;88.50% had poor attitudes towards the use of foods that provide more sodium/salt and 92.75% had behaviours that were not conducive to reducing excessive salt consumption. With regard to potassium, the same trend was observed in the order of 91%, 72% and 73.75%. Conclusion: The KAP levels of the people studied were not good. The populations are prone to cardiovascular disease. A multisectoral nutritional intervention would be essential to improve the knowledge of the populations on sodium/salt and potassium intakes and therefore favourable to the fight against CVD/NCD.

Formulation and Characterization of IPM/Water/Nonionic-lonic Surfactant Microemulsions

Microemulsions of both O/W and W/O types were formulated by using Brij76, Brij97 and Tween80 as nonionic surfactant and propanol or butanol as cosurfactant with isopropyl myristate oil and water. Low concentrations of sodium salts of hexanoic, decanoic, palmitic and stearic acids were added to the prepared microemulsions to assess their ability to enhance microemulsion stability. Solubilization capacity of microemulsions was estimated and compared with their conductivities at the same water content. Solubilization capacity for YweenS0-containing microemulsions was found to be lower than that of Brij containing microemulsions. Different effects of the ionic surfactants at the maximum solubilization capacity were observed in both O/W and W/O microemulsions. Microemulsion conductivity results showed that different ionic surfactants exerted minor and comparable effects regardless to the implemented nonionic surfactant. Analysis of solubilization conductivity revealed that the presence of ionic surfactant can improve microemulsion solubilization capacity and provided that optimum physicochemical properties for both surfactants are fulfilled. These properties have direct impact at the goodness of the interracial film.

Expression and function of renal and hepatic organic anion transporters in extrahepatic cholestasis

Obstructive jaundice occurs in patients suffering from cholelithiasis and from neoplasms affecting the pancreas and the common bile duct.The absorption,distribution and elimination of drugs are impaired during this pathology.Prolonged cholestasis may alter both liver and kidney function.Lactam antibiotics,diuretics,non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,several antiviral drugs as well as endogenous compounds are classified as organic anions.The hepatic and renal organic anion transport pathways play a key role in the pharmacokinetics of these compounds.It has been demonstrated that acute extrahepatic cholestasis is associated with increased renal elimination of organic anions.The present work describes the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the expression and function of the renal and hepatic organic anion transporters in extrahepatic cholestasis,such as multidrug resistanceassociated protein 2,organic anion transporting polypeptide 1,organic anion transporter 3,bilitranslocase,bromosulfophthalein/bilirubin binding protein,organic anion transporter 1 and sodium dependent bile salt transporter.The modulation in the expression of renal organic anion transporters constitutes a compensatory mechanism to overcome the hepatic dysfunction in the elimination of organic anions.

Preparation and Properties of Antibacterial Lyocell Fibers Containing Chitosan Derivative

The O-carboxymethyl chitosan sodium salt, NaCMCh, was initially synthesized and analyzed with better antibacterial activity than chitesan. Then NaCMCh was dissolved in the N-mcthylmorpholine-N-oxide, NMMO, solution with cellulose for spinning of the lyocell fiber. The results showed that the lyocell fibers modified with over 2 wt% NaCMCh has good antibacterial activity in against the E. coli and with NaCMCh content below 6 wt% has considerable mechanical properties.

Quantitative optical measurement of mitochondrial superoxide dynamics in pulmonary artery endothelial cells

Reactive oxygen species(ROS)play a vital role in cell signaling and redox regulation,but when present in excess,lead to numerous pathologies.Detailed quantitative characterization of mitochondrial superoxide anion(O^(·-)_(2))production in fetal pulmonary artery endothelia cells(PAECs)has never been reported.The aim of this study is to assess mitochondrial O^(·-)_(2)pro-duction in cultured PAECs over time using a novel quantitative optical approach.The rate,the sources,and the dynamics of O^(·-)_(2)production were assessed using targeted metabolic modulators of the mitochondrial electron transport chain(ETC)complexes,specifically an uncoupler and inhibitors of the various ETC complexes,and inhibitors of extra-mitochondrial sources of O^(·-)_(2).After stabilization,the cells were loaded with nanomolar mitochondrial-targeted hydroethidine(Mito-HE,MitoSOX)online during the experiment without washout of the residual dye.Time-lapse fuorescence microscopy was used to monitor the dynamic changes in O^(·-)_(2)fluorescence intensity over time in PAECs.The transient behaviors of the fuorescence time course showed exponential increases in the rate of O^(·-)_(2) production in the presence of the ETC uncoupler or inhibitors.The most dramatic and the fastest increase in O^(·-)_(2)production was observed when the cells were treated with the uncoupling agent,PCP.We also showed that only the complex IV inhibitor,KCN,attenuated the marked surge in O^(·-)_(2)production induced by PCP.The results showed that mitochondrial respiratory complexes I,III and IV are sources of O^(·-)_(2) production in PAECs,and a new observation that ROS production during uncoupling of mitochondrial res-piration is mediated in part via complex IV.This novel method can be applied in other studies that examine ROS production under stress condition and during ROS mediated injuries in vritro.

Regulation of Superoxide Anion Radical During the Oxygen Delignification Process

In this study, the superoxide anion radicals were generated by the auto-oxidation of 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene and determined by UV spectrophotometry, and the reaction was found to be facilitated by anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid sodium salt. The bamboo kraft pulps were treated by the 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene auto-oxidation method or the 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene auto-oxidation combined with anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid sodium salt to show the ef-fect of the superoxide anion radicals during the oxygen delignification of bamboo kraft pulp and the enhancing af-fect of anthraquinone compounds as an additive on delignification. The results indicated that the superoxide anion radicals could react with lignin and remove it from pulp with negligible damage on cellulose, and the an-thraquinone-2-sulfonic acid sodium salt could facilitate the generation of superoxide anion radical to enhance delig-nification of pulps. The oxygen delignification selectivity could be improved using the 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene auto-oxidation system combined with anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid sodium salt.

Preparation of Periclase-forsterite Lightweight Heat-insulating Refractories by Molten Salt Method

Low grade magnesite is one of the main research directions in the future as the raw material for the preparation of magnesia based insulating refractories.Periclase-forsterite(MgO-Mg_(2)SiO_(4)) lightweight insulating refractories were prepared by the molten salt method with high silica magnesite and tertiary talc ore as raw materials by pretreating them to get light burnt magnesia and talc,and NaCl molten salt as the reaction medium.The effects of the NaCl addition,the sintering temperature,the holding time and the raw material ratio on the sample preparation were studied.The results show that when the NaCl addition is 20% of the mass of light burnt magnesia and talc mixture,the sintering temperature is 1 200 ℃,the holding time is 6 h,and m(light burnt magnesia):m(talc)=5:5,the sample has the optimal comprehensive properties:the bulk density of 1.46 g·cm^(-3) and the apparent porosity of 55.0%.In addition,it is found that self-decomposition of talc and the formation of forsterite can form pores inside the sample.

Effects of Different Carbon Sources and NaBr-KCl on Synthesis of Ti(C,N)

Ti（ C, N） was synthesized with the starting materials of 76. 9% titania white and 23. 1% carbon black （graphite or activated carbon ）, or 40% titania white and 60% amylum, with or without 10% NaBr - KCl, dry moulding and carbon embedded firing at i 300 ℃ and 1 400 ℃ for 3 h, respectively. Phase composition and microstructure of the synthesized Ti （C, N） were analyzed by XRD, SEM and EPMA. Effects of different carbon sources and NaBr-KCl on the synthesis of Ti（ C, N） were investigated. The results show that： （1） Ti （C, N） can be synthesized by using carbon black, graphite, activated carbon or amylum as carbon source separately; （2） Additive NaBr - KCl is more favorable for accelerating the carbothermal reduction reaction using carbon black or amylum as carbon source; （3） In the presence of NaBr - KCl, particle size of the synthesized Ti（ C, N） is 5 -8μm using carbon black as carbon source fired at 1 300 ℃ for 3 h, while that is only 1 - 3 μm using graphite, activated carbon or amylum fired at 1 400 ℃ for 3 h.

Supplementation with dimethylglycine sodium salt improves lipid metabolism disorder in intrauterine growth-retarded pigs

This study aims to elucidate the mechanism of lipid metabolism disorder in intrauterine growth retardation(IUGR)pigs and the potential alleviating effects of dimethylglycine sodium salt(DMG-Na).A total of 60 male newborn piglets were selected for this study.Within each litter,one normal birth weight(NBW)male piglet(1.53±0.04 kg)and two IUGR male piglets(0.76±0.06 kg)were chosen based on their birth weight.The piglets were divided into three groups for the study:NBW pigs received a PBS gavage and a common basal diet(NBW-C group),IUGR pigs received the same PBS gavage and common basal diet(IUGR-C group),and IUGR pigs received a 70-mg DMG-Na gavage along with a common basal diet supplemented with 0.1%DMG-Na(IUGR-D group).At 150 d of age,all piglets underwent euthanasia by exsanguination following electrical stunning,after which plasma,liver,and longissimus dorsi(LM)samples were promptly collected.The IUGR-D group demonstrated improvements in plasma parameters(P<0.05),with lower triglyceride and free fatty acid(FFA)values,and hormone levels(P<0.05),with lower growth hormone,insulin,and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance values.Restoration of lipid metabolism was observed(P<0.05),with lower triglyceride and FFA,and higher hepatic lipase and total lipase values in the liver,and lower triglyceride and FFA values in the LM.Mitochondrial ETC complexes showed increased levels(P<0.05),including higher complex III values in the liver,and higher complex I,complex III,and complex V values in the LM.Enhanced levels of energy metabolites were noted(P<0.05),with higher NAD^(+),NAD^(+)/NADH,adenosine triphosphate,and mtDNA values,and lower NADH values in the liver and LM.Additionally,meat quality parameters showed improvement(P<0.05),with higher pH 24 h and a^(*)values,and lower drip loss 48 h,L^(*),and b^(*)values.The expressions of lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function-related genes and proteins were upregulated(P<0.05)compared to the IUGR-C group.In conclusion,it was indicated that IUGR pigs experienced lipid metabolism disorders and diminished performance.However,supplementation with DMG-Na showed promise in mitigating these adverse physiological effects by safeguarding body tissues and modulating energy metabolism.

Recent research progresses in ether-and ester-based electrolytes for sodium-ion batteries

Owing to the natural abundance and low cost of sodium resources,sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have drawn considerable attention for state-of-the-art power storage devices over the last few years.To enable advanced SIBs with a brighter future,great effort has been made,not only through optimizing the electrode materials,but also with rationally designing various electrolyte systems.Among the available electrolyte systems,organic electrolytes,especially those based on esters as well as ethers,are the most promising ones for practical application in the foreseeable future,due to their numerous inherent advantages.This review is concerned with the recent research progresses on organic electrolytes for SIBs,focusing on etherbased and ester-based ones.

Polyacrylic acid sodium salt film entrapped Ag-nanocubes as molecule traps for SERS detection

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy （SERS） is a fast analytical technique for trace chemicals; however, it requires the active SERS-substrates to adsorb analytes, thus limiting target species to those with the desired affinity for substrates. Here we present networked polyacrylic acid sodium salt （PAAS） film entrapped Ag-nanocubes （denoted as Ag-nanocubes@PAAS） as an effective SERS-substrate for analytes with and without high affinity. Once the analyte aqueous solution is cast on the dry Ag-nanocubes@PAAS substrate, the bibulous PAAS becomes swollen forcing the Ag-nanocubes loose, while the analytes diffuse in the interstices among the Ag-nanocubes. When dried, the PAAS shrinks and pulls the Ag-nanocubes back to their previous aggregated state, while the PAAS network ＂detains＂ the analytes in the small gaps between the Ag-nanocubes for SERS detection. The strategy has been proven effective for not only single- analytes but also multi-analytes without strong affinity for Ag, showing its potential in SERS-based simultaneous multi-analyte detection of both adsorbable and non-adsorbable pollutants in the environment.

Dietary dimethylglycine sodium salt supplementation alleviates redox status imbalance and intestinal dysfunction in weaned piglets with intrauterine growth restriction

There are few studies on the mechanism of redox status imbalance and intestinal dysfunction in intrauterine growth restricted(IUGR)newborn piglets.Here,we investigated the mechanism of jejunum dysfunction in weaned piglets with IUGR and the mechanism through which dimethylglycine sodium salt(DMG-Na)supplementation improving the imbalance of their redox status.In this work,a total of 10 normal birth weight(NBW)newborn piglets and 20 IUGR newborn piglets were obtained.After weaning at 21 d,they were assigned to 3 groups(n=10/group):NBW weaned piglets fed standard basal diets(NBWC);one IUGR weaned piglets fed standard basal diets(IUGRC);another IUGR weaned piglets from the same litter fed standard basal diets plus 0.1%DMG-Na(IUGRD).The piglets in these 3 groups were sacrificed at 49 d of age,and the blood and jejunum samples were collected immediately.The growth performance values in the IUGRC group were lower(P<0.05)than those in the NBWC group.Jejunum histomorphological parameters,inflammatory cytokines,and digestive enzyme activity as well as serum immunoglobulin were lower(P<0.05)in the IUGRC group than those in the NBWC group.Compared with these in the NBWC group,the redox status of serum,jejunum,and mitochondria and the expression levels of jejunum redox status-related,cell adhesion-related,and mitochondrial function-related genes and proteins were suppressed in the IUGRC group(P<0.05).However,compared with those in the IUGRC group,the growth performance values,jejunum histomorphological parameters,inflammatory cytokines,digestive enzyme activity,serum immunoglobulin,redox status of serum,jejunum,and mitochondria,and the expression levels of jejunum redox status-related,cell adhesion-related,and mitochondrial function-related genes and proteins were improved(P<0.05)in the IUGRD group.In conclusion,dietary DMG-Na supplementation alleviates redox status imbalance and intestinal dysfunction in IUGR weaned piglets mainly by activating the sirtuin 1(SIRT1)/peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptorgcoactivator-1a(PGC1a)pathway,thereby improving their unfavorable body state.

Treatment of immune dysfunction in intrauterine growth restriction piglets via supplementation with dimethylglycine sodium salt during the suckling period

This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of small intestinal immune dysfunction in intrauterine growth restriction(IUGR)newborn piglets and relieve this dysfunction via dimethylglycine sodium salt(DMG-Na)supplementation during the suckling period.Thirty sows(Duroc×[Landrace×Yorkshire])were selected,and 1 male newborn piglet with normal birth weight(NBW)and 1 male newborn piglet with IUGR were obtained from each sow.Among them,10 NBW and 10 IUGR newborns were euthanized without suckling.The other 20 NBW newborns were allocated to the group named NCON,which means NBW newborns fed a basic milk diet(BMD)(n=10),and the group named ND,which means NBW newborns fed BMD supplemented with 0.1%DMG-Na(n=10);the other 20 IUGR newborns were assigned to the group named ICON,which means IUGR newborns fed BMD(n=10),and the group named ID,which means IUGR newborns fed BMD supplemented with 0.1%DMG-Na(n=10).The newborns were fed BMD from 7 to 21 d of age and euthanized at 21 d of age to collect serum and small intestinal samples.The growth performance,small intestinal histological morphology and sub-organelle ultrastructure,serum immunoglobulin,small intestinal digestive enzyme activity,inflammatory cytokine level,and jejunum mRNA and protein expression of the toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein(NOD)/nuclear factor-k B(NF-k B)network deteriorated in the ICON group compared to that in the NCON group.The small intestinal histological morphology and suborganelle ultrastructure,serum immunoglobulin,small intestinal digestive enzyme activity,and inflammatory cytokine level improved(P<0.05)in the ID group compared to those in the ICON group.The jejunum mRNA and protein expression of the TLR4/NOD/NF-k B network improved(P<0.05)in the ID group compared to that in the ICON group.In conclusion,the activity of the TLR4/NOD/NF-k B pathway was inhibited in the IUGR newborns,which in turn led to their jejunum immune dysfunction and reduced their performance.By ingesting DMG-Na,the IUGR newborns activated the TLR4/NOD/NF-k B pathway,thereby improving their unfavorable body state during the suckling period.

Methanesulfonic acid sodium salt protects retina from acute light damage in mice

Background Methanesulfonic acid sodium salt （Dipyrone）, an antipyretic and analgesic drug, has been demonstrated to improve cerebral ischemia through the inhibition of mitochondrial cell death cascades. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential photoprotective activity of methanesulfonic acid sodium salt in a model of light-induced retinopathy. Methods One hundred mice were assigned randomly into vehicle （V）, methanesulfonic acid sodium salt （D）, light damage model plus vehicle （MV） and light damage model plus methanesulfonic acid sodium salt （MD） groups （n=25 each）. In the MD group, methanesulfonic acid sodium salt （100 mg/kg） was administered by intraperitoneal injection 30 minutes before light exposure. Twenty-four hours after light exposure, hematoxylin and eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） were used for histological evaluation. The thickness of the outer plus inner-segment and outer nuclear layer was measured on sections parallel to the vertical meridian of the eye at a distance of 1000 I^m from the optic nerve. Electroretinography （ERG） test was performed to assess the functional change. The morphology of mitochondria was also revealed by TEM. Finally, the expression of cytochrome c （CytC） and the relative apoptotic proteins were detected by Western blotting, and the interaction between mitochondrial proteins was investigated by co-immunoprecipitation. Results The photoreceptor inner and outer segments of the MV group were significantly disorganized than the MD group. The thicknesses of the outer plus inner-segment layers and the outer nuclear layer, and the amplitudes of the a and b waves of the scotopic ERG response markedly decreased in the MV group compared to those in the MD group （P 〈0.05）. TEM examination revealed that the mitochondria of the MV group were distinctly swollen and contained disrupted cristae. In contrast, the morphology of mitochondria in the MD group was unaffected. Western blotting analysis showed that CytC, apoptosis proteinase activating factor-1 （Apaf-1）, caspase 3, p53, p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis （PUMA）, Bax, and Bad were increased, whereas the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL were significantly decreased in the MV group than the MD group. Co-immunoprecipitation detection revealed that PUMA immunoreactivity precipitated by Bcl-XL decreased, whereas Bax immunoreactivity precipitated by Bcl-XL increased in the MD group compared to those in the MV group. Conclusion Methanesulfonic acid sodium salt is an effective photoprotective agent against light-induced retinopathy through the inhibition of CytC-mediated mitochondrial impairment.

One-step synthesis of α,β-unsaturated arylsulfones by a novel multicomponent reaction of aromatic aldehydes,chloroacetonitrile,benzenesulfinic acid sodium salt

A new and green method for the synthesis of α,β-unsaturated arylsulfones had been achieved through the condensation of aromatic aldehydes, chloroacetonitrile, benzenesulfinic acid sodium salt in the presence of 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hydroxide （[bmim]OH） in EtOH under reflux. The ionic liquid was recovered and recycled for subsequent reactions. The advantages of this protocol were non-toxic, easy work-up and good yields.