Synergistic mechanism of metal ions and sodium N-oleoylsarcosinate on flotation separation of lepidolite from feldspar

The combined reagents of sodium N-oleoylsarcosinate(SNOS)with metal ions(Ca(Ⅱ),Mg(Ⅱ),Cu(Ⅱ),and Pb(Ⅱ))was employed to facilitate the separation of lepidolite from feldspar.The synergistic interaction mechanism of this combined reagent was systematically investigated via contact angle measurements,AFM,FTIR,species distribution calculations,and DFT calculations.The results suggested that Ca(Ⅱ)exhibited the best selectivity for activating lepidolite flotation.SNOS was chemically adsorbed on the Ca(Ⅱ)-activated lepidolite surface with an adsorption energy of−1248.91 kJ/mol while a lower adsorption energy of−598.84 kJ/mol of SNOS on Ca(Ⅱ)-activated feldspar was calculated.Therefore,this combination of SNOS and Ca(Ⅱ)is a promising reagent scheme for the efficient recovery of lithium from aluminosilicate ore.

Improved rate and cycling performances of Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(2)F_(2)O by Ti^(3+/4+)doping with two oxidation states for sodium cathodes

Ti at the oxidation states of Ti^(3+)and Ti^(4+),was used to enhance the performance of Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(2)F_(2)O by partially substituting vanadium.After doping Ti,the crystallographic volume is decreased due to the less radii of Ti^(3+/4+),and the valence of Ti is demonstrated identical to V.During sodium insertion in Ti-doped Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(2)F_(2)O,the two discharge plateaus split into three because of the rearrangement of local redox environment.Consequently,the optimized Na_(3)V_(0.96)Ti_(0.04)(PO_(4))_(2)F_(2)O shows a specific capacity of 123 and 63 mA·h/g at 0.1C and 20C,respectively.After 350 cycles at 0.5C,the capacity is gradually reduced corresponding to a retention of 71.05%.The significantly improved performance is attributed to the rapid electrochemical kinetics,and showcases the strategy of replacing V^(3+/4+)with Ti^(3+/4+)for high-performance vanadium-based oxyfluorophosphates.

The low-latitude sodium layer:comparative data from lidar observations at Hainan,China and São Paulo,Brazil

Physical and chemical processes observed in the mesosphere and thermosphere above the Earth’s low latitudes are complex and highly interrelated to activity in the low-latitude ionosphere.Metallic sodium detected by lidar can yield clues to dynamic and chemical processes in these spatial layers above the Earth’s atmosphere.This paper is based on sodium layer data collected at two low-latitude stations,one in the northern hemisphere and one in the southern.The low-latitude sodium layer exhibits conspicuous seasonal variations in shape,density,and altitude;these variations are similar between Earth’s hemispheres:sodium layer density at both stations reaches its seasonal maximum in autumn and minimum in summer.However,maximal Na density over Brazil is greater than that over Hainan.Nocturnal variations of Na density above the two low-latitude stations are also similar;at both,maxima are observed before sunrise.Some variations of the Na layer over Brazil that differ from those observed in the northern hemisphere may be related to the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly(SAMA)or fountain effect.We suggest that low-latitude Na layer data may provide useful additional evidence that could significantly improve the low-latitude part of the WACCM-Na model.

Hierarchically Structured Nb_(2)O_5 Microflowers with Enhanced Capacity and Fast-Charging Capability for Flexible Planar Sodium Ion Micro-Supercapacitors

Planar Na ion micro-supercapacitors(NIMSCs) that offer both high energy density and power density are deemed to a promising class of miniaturized power sources for wearable and portable microelectron-ics. Nevertheless, the development of NIMSCs are hugely impeded by the low capacity and sluggish Na ion kinetics in the negative electrode.Herein, we demonstrate a novel carbon-coated Nb_(2)O_5 microflower with a hierarchical structure composed of vertically intercrossed and porous nanosheets, boosting Na ion storage performance. The unique structural merits, including uniform carbon coating, ultrathin nanosheets and abun-dant pores, endow the Nb_(2)O_5 microflower with highly reversible Na ion storage capacity of 245 mAh g^(-1) at 0.25 C and excellent rate capability.Benefiting from high capacity and fast charging of Nb_(2)O_5 microflower, the planar NIMSCs consisted of Nb_(2)O_5 negative electrode and activated car-bon positive electrode deliver high areal energy density of 60.7 μWh cm^(-2),considerable voltage window of 3.5 V and extraordinary cyclability. Therefore, this work exploits a structural design strategy towards electrode materials for application in NIMSCs, holding great promise for flexible microelectronics.

Phase-engineering modulation of Mn-based oxide cathode for constructing super-stable sodium storage

The Mn-based oxide cathode with enriched crystal phase structure and component diversity can provide the excellent chemistry structure for Na-ion batteries.Nevertheless,the broad application prospect is obstructed by the sluggish Na^(+)kinetics and the phase transitions upon cycling.Herein,we establish the thermodynamically stable phase diagram of various Mn-based oxide composites precisely controlled by sodium content tailoring strategy coupling with co-doping and solid-state reaction.The chemical environment of the P2/P'3 and P2/P3 biphasic composites indicate that the charge compensation mechanism stems from the cooperative contribution of anions and cations.Benefiting from the no phase transition to scavenge the structure strain,P2/P'3 electrode can deliver long cycling stability(capacity retention of 73.8%after 1000 cycles at 10 C)and outstanding rate properties(the discharge capacity of 84.08 mA h g^(-1)at 20 C)than P2/P3 electrode.Furthermore,the DFT calculation demonstrates that the introducing novel P'3 phase can significantly regulate the Na^(+)reaction dynamics and modify the local electron configuration of Mn.The effective phase engineering can provide a reference for designing other high-performance electrode materials for Na-ion batteries.

Dietary sodium acetate and sodium butyrate improve high-carbohydrate diet utilization by regulating gut microbiota, liver lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation in largemouth bass(Micropterus salmoides)

Background Adequate level of carbohydrates in aquafeeds help to conserve protein and reduce cost. However, studies have indicated that high-carbohydrate(HC) diet disrupt the homeostasis of the gut–liver axis in largemouth bass, resulting in decreased intestinal acetate and butyrate level.Method Herein, we had concepted a set of feeding experiment to assess the effects of dietary sodium acetate(SA) and sodium butyrate(SB) on liver health and the intestinal microbiota in largemouth bass fed an HC diet. The experimental design comprised 5 isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets, including LC(9% starch), HC(18% starch), HCSA(18% starch;2 g/kg SA), HCSB(18% starch;2 g/kg SB), and HCSASB(18% starch;1 g/kg SA + 1 g/kg SB). Juvenile largemouth bass with an initial body weight of 7.00 ± 0.20 g were fed on these diets for 56 d.Results We found that dietary SA and SB reduced hepatic triglyceride accumulation by activating autophagy(ATG101, LC3B and TFEB), promoting lipolysis(CPT1α, HSL and AMPKα), and inhibiting adipogenesis(FAS, ACCA, SCD1 and PPARγ). In addition, SA and SB decreased oxidative stress in the liver(CAT, GPX1α and SOD1) by activating the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Meanwhile, SA and SB alleviated HC-induced inflammation by downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory factors(IL-1β, COX2 and Hepcidin1) through the NF-κB pathway. Importantly, SA and SB increased the abundance of bacteria that produced acetic acid and butyrate(Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1). Combined with the KEGG analysis, the results showed that SA and SB enriched carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism pathways, thereby improving the utilization of carbohydrates. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that growth performance was closely related to hepatic lipid deposition, autophagy, antioxidant capacity, inflammation, and intestinal microbial composition.Conclusions In conclusion, dietary SA and SB can reduce hepatic lipid deposition;and alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation in largemouth bass fed on HC diet. These beneficial effects may be due to the altered composition of the gut microbiota caused by SA and SB. The improvement effects of SB were stronger than those associated with SA.

Impact of Transition Metal Layer Vacancy on the Structure and Performance of P2 Type Layered Sodium Cathode Material

This study explores the impact of introducing vacancy in the transition metal layer of rationally designed Na_(0.6)[Ni_(0.3)Ru_(0.3)Mn_(0.4)]O_(2)(NRM)cathode material.The incorporation of Ru,Ni,and vacancy enhances the structural stability during extensive cycling,increases the operation voltage,and induces a capacity increase while also activating oxygen redox,respectively,in Na_(0.7)[Ni_(0.2)V_(Ni0.1)Ru_(0.3)Mn_(0.4)]O_(2)(V-NRM)compound.Various analytical techniques including transmission electron microscopy,X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy,operando X-ray diffraction,and operando differential electrochemical mass spectrometry are employed to assess changes in the average oxidation states and structural distortions.The results demonstrate that V-NRM exhibits higher capacity than NRM and maintains a moderate capacity retention of 81%after 100 cycles.Furthermore,the formation of additional lone-pair electrons in the O 2p orbital enables V-NRM to utilize more capacity from the oxygen redox validated by density functional calculation,leading to a widened dominance of the OP4 phase without releasing O_(2) gas.These findings offer valuable insights for the design of advanced high-capacity cathode materials with improved performance and sustainability in sodium-ion batteries.

Coated sodium butyrate ameliorates high‑energy and low‑protein diet induced hepatic dysfunction via modulating mitochondrial dynamics, autophagy and apoptosis in laying hens

Background Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome(FLHS),a fatty liver disease in laying hens,poses a grave threat to the layer industry,stemming from its ability to trigger an alarming plummet in egg production and usher in acute mortality among laying hens.Increasing evidence suggests that the onset and progression of fatty liver was closely related to mitochondria dysfunction.Sodium butyrate was demonstrated to modulate hepatic lipid metabolism,alle-viate oxidative stress and improve mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro and mice models.Nevertheless,there is limited existing research on coated sodium butyrate(CSB)to prevent FLHS in laying hens,and whether and how CSB exerts the anti-FLHS effect still needs to be explored.In this experiment,the FLHS model was induced by administering a high-energy low-protein(HELP)diet in laying hens.The objective was to investigate the effects of CSB on alleviating FLHS with a focus on the role of CSB in modulating mitochondrial function.Methods A total of 288 healthy 28-week-old Huafeng laying hens were arbitrarily allocated into 4 groups with 6 replicates each,namely,the CON group(normal diet),HELP group(HELP diet),CH500 group(500 mg/kg CSB added to HELP diet)and CH750 group(750 mg/kg CSB added to HELP diet).The duration of the trial encompassed a period of 10 weeks.Results The result revealed that CSB ameliorated the HELP-induced FLHS by improving hepatic steatosis and patho-logical damage,reducing the gene levels of fatty acid synthesis,and promoting the mRNA levels of key enzymes of fatty acid catabolism.CSB reduced oxidative stress induced by the HELP diet,upregulated the activity of GSH-Px and SOD,and decreased the content of MDA and ROS.CSB also mitigated the HELP diet-induced inflammatory response by blocking TNF-α,IL-1β,and F4/80.In addition,dietary CSB supplementation attenuated HELP-induced activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response(UPRmt),mitochondrial damage,and decline of ATPase activity.HELP diet decreased the autophagosome formation,and downregulated LC3B but upregulated p62 protein expression,which CSB administration reversed.CSB reduced HELP-induced apoptosis,as indicated by decreases in the Bax/Bcl-2,Caspase-9,Caspase-3,and Cyt C expression levels.Conclusions Dietary CSB could ameliorate HELP diet-induced hepatic dysfunction via modulating mitochondrial dynamics,autophagy,and apoptosis in laying hens.Consequently,CSB,as a feed additive,exhibited the capacity to prevent FLHS by modulating autophagy and lipid metabolism.

Extending the solid solution range of sodium ferric pyrophosphate:Off‐stoichiometric Na_(3)Fe(2.5)(P_(2)O_(7))_(2)as a novel cathode for sodium‐ion batteries

Iron‐based pyrophosphates are attractive cathodes for sodium‐ion batteries due to their large framework,cost‐effectiveness,and high energy density.However,the understanding of the crystal structure is scarce and only a limited candidates have been reported so far.In this work,we found for the first time that a continuous solid solution,Na_(4−α)Fe_(2+α)_(2)(P_(2)O_(7))_(2)(0≤α≤1,could be obtained by mutual substitution of cations at center‐symmetric Na3 and Na4 sites while keeping the crystal building blocks of anionic P_(2)O_(7) unchanged.In particular,a novel off‐stoichiometric Na_(3)Fe(2.5)(P_(2)O_(7))_(2)is thus proposed,and its structure,energy storage mechanism,and electrochemical performance are extensively investigated to unveil the structure–function relationship.The as‐prepared off‐stoichiometric electrode delivers appealing performance with a reversible discharge capacity of 83 mAh g^(−1),a working voltage of 2.9 V(vs.Na^(+)/Na),the retention of 89.2%of the initial capacity after 500 cycles,and enhanced rate capability of 51 mAh g^(−1)at a current density of 1600 mA g^(−1).This research shows that sodium ferric pyrophosphate could form extended solid solution composition and promising phase is concealed in the range of Na_(4−α)Fe_(2+α)_(2)(P_(2)O_(7))_(2),offering more chances for exploration of new cathode materials for the construction of high‐performance SIBs.

Elucidating the enhancement of kaolinite flotation by iron content through density functional theory: A study on sodium oleate adsorption efficiency

This study delves into the intricate relationship between iron(Fe)content in kaolinite and its impact on the adsorption behavior of sodium oleate.The effects of different iron concentrations on adsorption energy,hydrogen bond kinetics and adsorption efficiency were studied through simulation and experimental verification.The results show that the presence of iron in the kaolinite structure significantly improves the adsorption capacity of sodium oleate.Kaolinite samples with high iron content have better adsorption properties,lower adsorption energy levels and shorter and stronger hydrogen bonds than pure kaolinite.The optimal concentration of oleic acid ions for achieving maximum adsorption efficiency was identified as 1.2 mmol/L across different kaolinite samples.At this concentration,the adsorption rates and capacities reach their peak,with Fe-enriched kaolinite samples exhibiting notably higher flotation recovery rates.This optimal concentration represents a balance between sufficient oleic acid ion availability for surface interactions and the prevention of self-aggregation phenomena that could hinder adsorption.This study offers promising avenues for optimizing the flotation process in mineral processing applications.

Progress on Transition Metal Ions Dissolution Suppression Strategies in Prussian Blue Analogs for Aqueous Sodium-/Potassium-Ion Batteries

Aqueous sodium-ion batteries(ASIBs)and aqueous potassium-ion batteries(APIBs)present significant potential for large-scale energy storage due to their cost-effectiveness,safety,and environmental compatibility.Nonetheless,the intricate energy storage mechanisms in aqueous electrolytes place stringent require-ments on the host materials.Prussian blue analogs(PBAs),with their open three-dimensional framework and facile synthesis,stand out as leading candidates for aqueous energy storage.However,PBAs possess a swift capacity fade and limited cycle longevity,for their structural integrity is compromised by the pronounced dis-solution of transition metal(TM)ions in the aqueous milieu.This manuscript provides an exhaustive review of the recent advancements concerning PBAs in ASIBs and APIBs.The dissolution mechanisms of TM ions in PBAs,informed by their structural attributes and redox processes,are thoroughly examined.Moreover,this study delves into innovative design tactics to alleviate the dissolution issue of TM ions.In conclusion,the paper consolidates various strategies for suppressing the dissolution of TM ions in PBAs and posits avenues for prospective exploration of high-safety aqueous sodium-/potassium-ion batteries.

Innovative Mn_(3-x)O_(4-y)@NCA design:Leveraging Mn/O vacancies and amorphous architecture for enhanced sodium-ion storage

Manganese-based oxide electrode materials suffer from severe Jahn-Teller(J-T)distortion,leading to severe cycle instability in sodium ion storage.However,it is difficult to adjust the electron at d orbitals exactly to a low spin state to eliminate orbital degeneracy and suppress J-T distortion fundamentally.This article constructed concentration-controllable Mn/O coupled vacancy and amorphous network in Mn_(3)O_(4) and coated it with nitrogen-doped carbon aerogel(Mn_(3-x)O_(4-y)@NCA).The existence of Mn/O vacancies has been confirmed by scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM)and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy(PALS).Atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)determine the most optimal ratio of Mn/O vacancies for sodium ion storage is 1:2.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations prove that Mn/O coupled vacancies with the ratio of 1:2could exactly induce a low spin states and a d~4 electron configuration of Mn,suppressing the J-T distortion successfully.The abundant amorphous regions can shorten the transport distance of sodium ions,increase the electrochemically active sites and improve the pseudocapacitance response.From the synergetic effect of Mn/O coupled vacancies and amorphous regions,Mn_(3-x)O_(4-y)@NCA exhibits an energy density of 37.5 W h kg^(-1)and an ultra-high power density of 563 W kg^(-1)in an asymmetric supercapacitor.In sodium-ion batteries,it demonstrates high reversible capacity and exceptional cycling stability.This research presents a new method to improve the Na^(+)storage performance in manganese-based oxide,which is expected to be generalized to other structural distortion.

Delving into the dissimilarities in electrochemical performance and underlying mechanisms for sodium and potassium ion storage in N-doped carbon-encapsulated metallic Cu_(2)Se nanocubes

The large volumetric variations experienced by metal selenides within conversion reaction result in inferior rate capability and cycling stability,ultimately hindering the achievement of superior electrochemical performance.Herein,metallic Cu_(2)Se encapsulated with N-doped carbon(Cu_(2)Se@NC)was prepared using Cu_(2)O nanocubes as templates through a combination of dopamine polymerization and hightemperature selenization.The unique nanocubic structure and uniform N-doped carbon coating could shorten the ion transport distance,accelerate electron/charge diffusion,and suppress volume variation,ultimately ensuring Cu_(2)Se@NC with excellent electrochemical performance in sodium ion batteries(SIBs)and potassium ion batteries(PIBs).The composite exhibited excellent rate performance(187.7 mA h g^(-1)at 50 A g^(-1)in SIBs and 179.4 mA h g^(-1)at 5 A g^(-1)in PIBs)and cyclic stability(246,8 mA h g^(-1)at 10 A g^(-1)in SIBs over 2500 cycles).The reaction mechanism of intercalation combined with conversion in both SIBs and PIBs was disclosed by in situ X-ray diffraction(XRD)and ex situ transmission electron microscope(TEM).In particular,the final products in PIBs of K_(2)Se and K_(2)Se_(3)species were determined after discharging,which is different from that in SIBs with the final species of Na_(2)Se.The density functional theory calculation showed that carbon induces strong coupling and charge interactions with Cu_(2)Se,leading to the introduction of built-in electric field on heterojunction to improve electron mobility.Significantly,the theoretical calculations discovered that the underlying cause for the relatively superior rate capability in SIBs to that in PIBs is the agile Na~+diffusion with low energy barrier and moderate adsorption energy.These findings offer theoretical support for in-depth understanding of the performance differences of Cu-based materials in different ion storage systems.

Defect-rich N/O-co-doped porous carbon frameworks as anodes for superior potassium and sodium-ion batteries

Carbon with its high electrical conductivity,excellent chemical stability,and structure ability is the most promising an-ode material for sodium and potassium ion batteries.We developed a defect-rich porous carbon framework(DRPCF)built with N/O-co-doped mesoporous nanosheets and containing many defects using porous g-C_(3)N_(4)(PCN)and dopamine(DA)as raw materials.We prepared samples with PCN/DA mass ratios of 1/1,2/1 and 3/1 and found that the one with a mass ratio of 2/1 and a carbonization temperature of 700℃ in an Ar atmosphere(DRPCF-2/1-700),had a large specific surface area with an enormous pore volume and a large number of N/O heteroatom active defect sites.Because of this,it had the best pseudocapacitive sodium and potassium ion stor-age performance.A half battery of Na//DRPCF-2/1-700 maintained a capacity of 328.2 mAh g^(-1) after being cycled at 1 A g^(-1) for 900 cycles,and a half battery of K//DRPC-2/1-700 maintained a capacity of 321.5 mAh g^(-1) after being cycled at 1 A g^(-1) for 1200 cycles.The rate capability and cycling stability achieved by DRPCF-2/1-700 outperforms most reported carbon materials.Finally,ex-situ Raman spectroscopy analysis result confirms that the filling and removing of K^(+)and Na^(+)from the electrochemically active defects are responsible for the high capacity,superior rate and cycling performance of the DRPCF-2/1-700 sample.

Fe_(3)O_(4)/Fe/FeS Tri-Heterojunction Node Spawning N-Carbon Nanotube Scaffold Structure for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Battery

The Fe-based anode of sodium-ion batteries attracts much attention due to the abundant source,low-cost,and high specific capacity.However,the low electron and ion transfer rate,poor structural stability,and shuttle effect of NaS_(2)intermediate restrain its further development.Herein,the Fe_(3)O_(4)/Fe/FeS tri-heterojunction node spawned N-carbon nanotube scaffold structure(FHNCS)was designed using the modified MIL-88B(Fe)as a template followed by catalytic growth and sulfidation process.During catalytic growth process,the reduced Fe monomers catalyze the growth of N-doped carbon nanotubes to connect the Fe_(3)O_(4)/Fe/FeS tri-heterojunction node,forming a 3D scaffold structure.Wherein the N-doped carbon promotes the transfer of electrons between Fe_(3)O_(4)/Fe/FeS particles,and the tri-heterojunction facilitates the diffusion of electrons at the interface,to organize a 3D conductive network.The unique scaffold structure provides more active sites and shortens the Na^(+)diffusion path.Meanwhile,the structure exhibits excellent mechanical stability to alleviate the volume expansion during circulation.Furthermore,the Fe in Fe_(3)O_(4)/Fe heterojunction can adjust the dband center of Fe in Fe_(3)O_(4)to enhance the adsorption between Fe_(3)O_(4)and Na2S intermediate,which restrains the shuttle effect.Therefore,the FHNCS demonstrates a high specific capacity of 436 mAh g^(-1)at 0.5 A g^(-1),84.7%and 73.4%of the initial capacities are maintained after 100 cycles at 0.5 A g^(-1)and 1000 cycles at 1.0 A g^(-1).We believe that this strategy gives an inspiration for constructing Fe-based anode with excellent rate capability and cycling stability.

A review of anode materials for sodium ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are used in electric vehicles and portable smart devices,but lithium resources are dwindling and there is an increasing demand which has to be catered for.Sodium ion batteries(SIBs),which are less costly,are a promising replacement for LIBs because of the abundant natural reserves of sodium.The anode of a SIB is a necessary component of the battery but is less understood than the cathode.This review outlines the development of various types of anodes,including carbonbased,metallic and organic,which operate using different reaction mechanisms such as intercalation,alloying and conversion,and considers their challenges and prospects.Strategies for modifying their structures by doping and coating,and also modifying the solid electrolyte interface are discussed.In addition,this review also discusses the challenges encountered by the anode of SIBs and the solutions.

Access to advanced sodium-ion batteries by presodiation:Principles and applications

Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)are expected to offer affordability and high energy density for large-scale energy storage system.However,the commercial application of SIBs is hurdled by low initial coulombic efficiency(ICE),continuous Na loss during long-term operation,and low sodium-content of cathode materials.In this scenario,presodiation strategy by introducing an external sodium reservoir has been rationally proposed,which could supplement additional sodium ions into the system and thereby markedly improve both the cycling performance and energy density of SIBs.In this review,the significance of presodiation is initially introduced,followed by comprehensive interpretation on technological properties,underlying principles,and associated approaches,as well as our perspectives on present inferiorities and future research directions.Overall,this contribution outlines a distinct pathway towards the presodiation methodology,of significance but still in its nascent phase,which may inspire the targeted guidelines to explore new chemistry in this field.

A Molecular-Sieving Interphase Towards Low-Concentrated Aqueous Sodium-Ion Batteries

Aqueous sodium-ion batteries are known for poor rechargeability because of the competitive water decomposition reactions and the high electrode solubility.Improvements have been reported by saltconcentrated and organic-hybridized electrolyte designs,however,at the expense of cost and safety.Here,we report the prolonged cycling of ASIBs in routine dilute electrolytes by employing artificial electrode coatings consisting of NaX zeolite and NaOH-neutralized perfluorinated sulfonic polymer.The as-formed composite interphase exhibits a molecularsieving effect jointly played by zeolite channels and size-shrunken ionic domains in the polymer matrix,which enables high rejection of hydrated Na^(+)ions while allowing fast dehydrated Na^(+)permeance.Applying this coating to electrode surfaces expands the electrochemical window of a practically feasible 2 mol kg^(-1) sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate aqueous electrolyte to 2.70 V and affords Na_(2)MnFe(CN)_(6)//NaTi_(2)(PO_(4))_(3) full cells with an unprecedented cycling stability of 94.9%capacity retention after 200 cycles at 1 C.Combined with emerging electrolyte modifications,this molecular-sieving interphase brings amplified benefits in long-term operation of ASIBs.

The safety aspect of sodium ion batteries for practical applications

Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)with advantages of abundant resource and low cost have emerged as promising candidates for the next-generation energy storage systems.However,safety issues existing in electrolytes,anodes,and cathodes bring about frequent accidents regarding battery fires and explosions and impede the development of high-performance SIBs.Therefore,safety analysis and high-safety battery design have become prerequisites for the development of advanced energy storage systems.The reported reviews that only focus on a specific issue are difficult to provide overall guidance for building high-safety SIBs.To overcome the limitation,this review summarizes the recent research progress from the perspective of key components of SIBs for the first time and evaluates the characteristics of various improvement strategies.By orderly analyzing the root causes of safety problems associated with different components in SIBs(including electrolytes,anodes,and cathodes),corresponding improvement strategies for each component were discussed systematically.In addition,some noteworthy points and perspectives including the chain reaction between security issues and the selection of improvement strategies tailored to different needs have also been proposed.In brief,this review is designed to deepen our understanding of the SIBs safety issues and provide guidance and assistance for designing high-safety SIBs.

Effect of Sodium Chloride on Enhanced Performance of Chitosan-Based Ion Actuator

In this work, an actuate membrane and an electrode membrane were prepared by a sol-gel method. And then, they were physically pressed to form a chitosan-based ion actuator(CSIA). Importantly, the effect of sodium chloride on CSIA was investigated.The mechanical properties of CSIA were tested by establishing an output force test platform and a displacement test platform while testing its porosity. And, the electrochemical performance was tested by electrochemical workstation. At the end, the surface morphology and functional groups were measured by scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectrogram, respectively. The results indicated that the molar concentration of the sodium chloride was the best at 0.06836 mol·L^(-1) for CSIA. Its mechanical properties could reach an output force of 2.939 mN and a deflection displacement of 4.025 mm, and the maximum porosity of 12.98 % at the same time. The specific capacitance of the electrochemical performance was up to 0.07719 F·g^(-1), and the minimum resistance reached 13.48 Ω. From the surface morphology and functional groups, the appropriate doping ratio of NaCl into CSIA was helpful for increasing the transport space of internal ions. The effective internal ion concentration and significantly reduced internal stress provided excellent performances under the appropriate voltage conditions. The doping of inorganic ion sodium chloride improved the internal electron transport efficiency of chitosan ion actuator, and it advanced the mechanical properties of the actuator. Hence the enhancement of NaCl output force in CSIA had a good significance for the development of inorganic salt ion strengthened ion actuator.