Stability evaluation method of large cross-section tunnel considering modification of thickness-span ratio in mechanized operation

Purpose-This study aims to research the large cross-section tunnel stability evaluation method corrected after considering the thickness-span ratio.Design/methodology/approach-First,taking the Liuyuan Tunnel of Huanggang-Huangmei High-Speed Railway as an example and taking deflection of the third principal stress of the surrounding rock at a vault after tunnel excavation as the criterion,the critical buried depth of the large section tunnel was determined.Then,the strength reduction method was employed to calculate the tunnel safety factor under different rock classes and thickness-span ratios,and mathematical statistics was conducted to identify the relationships of the tunnel safety factor with the thickness-span ratio and the basic quality(BQ)index of the rock for different rock classes.Finally,the influences of thickness-span ratio,groundwater,initial stress of rock and structural attitude factors were considered to obtain the corrected BQ,based on which the stability of a large cross-section tunnel with a depth of more than 100 m during mechanized operation was analyzed.This evaluation method was then applied to Liuyuan Tunnel and Cimushan No.2 Tunnel of Chongqing Urban Expressway for verification.Findings-This study shows that under different rock classes,the tunnel safety factor is a strict power function of the thickness-span ratio,while a linear function of the BQ to some extent.It is more suitable to use the corrected BQ as a quantitative index to evaluate tunnel stability according to the actual conditions of the site.Originality/value-The existing industry standards do not consider the influence of buried depth and span in the evaluation of tunnel stability.The stability evaluation method of large section tunnel considering the correction of overburden span ratio proposed in this paper achieves higher accuracy for the stability evaluation of surrounding rock in a full or large-section mechanized excavation of double line high-speed railway tunnels.

Plastic zone distribution laws and its types of surrounding rock in large-span roadway

In order to study the distribution laws and types of plastic zone of surrounding rock in large-span roadway, we analyzed the distribution laws with different spans and lateral pressures using FLAC 3D numerical calculation software. Based on the roadway support difficulty and distribution laws of the plastic zone of surrounding rock, we defined the large-span roadway and classified the types of large-span rectangular roadways. As a result, the distribution laws of the plastic zone on surrounding rock in a rectangular roadway with different spans and lateral pressures were obtained. The results show that the area of the plastic zone on surrounding rock increased with the increase of the spans and lateral pressures, and the plastic zone was symmetrical to the center line of roadway. At k = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0, the plastic zone presented "addleshape" distribution, "ellipse" distribution, "thin and high" distribution and "inverse trapezium" distribution, respectively. In addition, we classified the roadways into four types according to the different lateral pressures and spans, including small-span, moderate-span, large-span and extreme-large-span roadways.

Development of a new type of foam concrete and its application on stability analysis of large-span soft rock tunnel

The long-term stability of large-span soft rock tunnel is influenced greatly by the creep effect of surrounding rock.The development of a new type of foam concrete which has the property of high compressibility and low ductility was introduced.And it was made as filling material of reserved deformation layer between the first lining and the second lining used in large-span soft rock tunnel.The effect of the new type of foam concrete was simulated as filling material of reserved deformation layer using numerical simulation.Through the comparison with the common large-span soft rock tunnel,the vault settlement and surrounding convergence are reduced by about 61% and 45%,respectively,after creep of 100 a.And in the second lining,the plastic zone reduces apparently and the maximum equivalent plastic strain decreases relatively.So,it can be found that the application of the new type of foam concrete as the filling material of reserved deformation layer can relieve the excessive force in second lining induced by rock creep,reduce its deformation and improve the stability of tunnel.

In Situ Experiments on Supporting Load Effect of Large-span Deep Tunnels in Hard Rock

A section of the Nanliang high speed railway tunnel on Shijiazhuang-Taiyuan high-speed passenger railway line in China was instrumented and studied for its mechanical properties and performances. The cross section for the tunnel was300 m2and is classified as the largest cross section for railway tunnels in China. Through in situ experimental studies, mechanistic properties of the tunnel were identified, including the surrounding rock pressure, convergences along tunnel perimeter and safety of primary support and lining structure.Based on the field measured data, the surrounding rock pressure demand for large-span deep tunnel in hard rock is recommended as double peak type in the vertical direction and fold line type was recommended for horizontal pressure. The results suggested that Promojiyfakonov's theory was most close to the monitored value. Specific recommendations were also generated for the use of bolts in tunnel structures.Numerical simulation was used to evaluate the safety of the tunnel and it confirmed that the current design can satisfy the requirement of the current code.

Finite element model updating for large span spatial steel structure considering uncertainties

In order to establish the baseline finite element model for structural health monitoring,a new method of model updating was proposed after analyzing the uncertainties of measured data and the error of finite element model.In the new method,the finite element model was replaced by the multi-output support vector regression machine(MSVR).The interval variables of the measured frequency were sampled by Latin hypercube sampling method.The samples of frequency were regarded as the inputs of the trained MSVR.The outputs of MSVR were the target values of design parameters.The steel structure of National Aquatic Center for Beijing Olympic Games was introduced as a case for finite element model updating.The results show that the proposed method can avoid solving the problem of complicated calculation.Both the estimated values and associated uncertainties of the structure parameters can be obtained by the method.The static and dynamic characteristics of the updated finite element model are in good agreement with the measured data.

Improved methods for decreasing stresses of concrete slab of large-span through tied-arch composite bridge

Mechanical behavior of concrete slab of large-span through tied-arch composite bridge was investigated by finite element analysis (FEA). Improved methods to decrease concrete stresses were discussed based on comparisons of different deck schemes, construction sequences and measures, and ratios of reinforcement. The results show that the mechanical behavior of concrete slab gets worse with the increase of composite regions between steel beams and concrete slab. The deck scheme with the minimum composite region is recommended on condition that both strength and stiffness of the bridge meet design demands under service loads. Adopting in-situ-place construction method, concrete is suggested to be cast after removing the full-supported frameworks under the bridge. Thus, the axial tensile force of concrete slab caused by the first stage dead load is eliminated. Preloading the bridge before concrete casting and removing the load after the concrete reaching its design strength, the stresses of concrete slab caused by the second stage dead load and live load are further reduced or even eliminated. At last, with a high ratio of reinforcement more than 3%, the concrete stresses decrease obviously.

Bolt Supporting of Large-Span Soft Rock Roadway in Shaqu Colliery

The instability of trapezoidal Ⅰ-steel support is analysed for the compound roof of main coal seam in Shaqu Colliery, and the mechanism of bolt supporting is studied. A scheme of bolt supporting has been given and put into practice, remarkable technical and economic benefits have been got.

Spanning tree-based algorithm for hydraulic simulation of large-scale water supply networks

With the purpose of making calculation more efficient in practical hydraulic simulations, an improved algorithm was proposed and was applied in the practical water distribution field. This methodology was developed by expanding the traditional loop-equation theory through utilization of the advantages of the graph theory in efficiency. The utilization of the spanning tree technique from graph theory makes the proposed algorithm efficient in calculation and simple to use for computer coding. The algorithms for topological generation and practical implementations are presented in detail in this paper. Through the application to a practical urban system, the consumption of the CPU time and computation memory were decreased while the accuracy was greatly enhanced compared with the present existing methods.

Mechanism and practice of rock control in deep large span cut holes

Deep large span cut holes are difficult to stabilize. The 7801 cut hole in the Lu'an Wuyang Mine was used as this project's background. The main factors affecting large span cut hole stability are analyzed. Pre- stressed bolting theory was used to design a roof control method for a large span roadway. By reducing the span and applying equal strength coordinated supports the rock could be stabilized. The control prin- ciples and methods are given herein along with the analysis. A double micro arch cross section roadway is defined and its use in solving the current problem is described. Beam arch theory was used to build a model of the double micro arch cross section roadway. A support reverse force model for the arch foot intersection was also derived. A support method based upon reducing the width of the large span in the cut hole is presented. These results show that the reduced span of the roadway roof plus the use of cable anchors and single supports gives an effective way to control the large span cut hole. On site monitoring showed that the reduced span support from the double micro arch cross section roadway design had a significant effect. The roadway surface displacement was small and harmful deformation of the cut hole was effectively controlled. This will ensure its long term stability.

Analysis on the Structural Type of Large-span Steel Truss Bridge Spe­cially Designed for Cables

When the installation of cables and pipelines needs to go across rivers,bridges are usually adopted to support the cables and pipelines for crossing the rivers.The measure can make full use of the space resources and have no effect on the flow pattern of rivers.For this reason,analysis on the structural-type design of a large-span steel truss bridge specially used for cables has been performed.The numerical results indicate that the stayed-cable bridge with steel truss beam and concrete main tower has better performance and improved structural type caparisoned with that of the beam and arch bridges,and the construction of the major beam can be without the temporary support.

Characteristics of wind pressure pulse on large-span flat roofs

The wind pressure pulse events, among the most important characteristics of wind pressure fluctuations on large-span flat roofs, were investigated by wind tunnel tests in this paper. Incorporating the formation mechanism of wind pressure pulse events, the peak over threshold method was employed to study properties of this kind of events. The event duration time, the energy contribution, the number of the pulse events, and the distribution of average peak pressure were calculated. Probability density functions of some typical samples in separation region were also given. Results show that the non-Gaussian roof pressure is strong in the flow separation region owing to the wind pressure pulse events. Evaluations of the extreme peak pressures, which can be determined by the peak over threshold method effectively, are important to the design of building cladding.

广州白云站高架层组合楼盖人致振动及车致振动舒适度研究

广州白云站铁路站房高架候车层采用钢-混凝土组合楼盖结构体系,最大跨度为28.5m。针对其振动舒适度问题,通过数值模拟研究高架层人行激励和承轨层列车激励下结构的动力时程响应。人致振动研究考虑了多种行走激励,对结构施加固定单人步行、移动单人步行、随机多人步行和固定多人步行等工况,分析其振动舒适度。车致振动研究采用一种简化的列车荷载模型模拟列车激励,研究了列车行驶速度、行驶位置以及列车激励同人行激励耦合对高架层楼盖振动响应的影响。数值模拟结果表明:随机多人步行方法和考虑荷载折减的固定多人步行方法较适合模拟实际人群荷载;列车激励对高架层组合楼盖峰值加速度的影响不可忽略,应通过整体分析进行考虑;各人行激励工况以及列车激励同人行激励耦合工况下的结构振动舒适度均满足规范要求。

大跨度钢桁架结构卸载模拟及监测技术研究

以江苏省盐城黄淮湿地博物馆钢桁架结构卸载施工为背景,旨在通过有限元技术及基于多传感器融合的现场监测技术研究大跨度桁架结构卸载施工关键技术。研究结果表明:有限元计算结果能够获取卸载施工过程中的关键要素,为后续监测方案的设计提供参考。后续的监测结果表明,有限元方法对位移的计算结果可靠性要高于应力,与实际情况更加接近;基于多传感器融合的监测方法能够提高监测结果的准确性和远程监控效果,为桁架结构的安全性和可靠性提供了有力支撑。研究结果可为大跨度钢结构建筑的施工提供参考。

大跨度木结构蒙古包的设计与工程实践

在我国“双碳”目标的实现和新时代中国民族建筑复兴的背景下,木结构建筑市场再次兴起。在原民族建筑文化内涵的基础上对结构进行创新,以满足现代市场的需求已成为新的研究方向。本文针对希拉穆仁草原景区设计了一座大跨度蒙古包,在不改变建筑材料的基础上,采用木网壳结构体系对传统建筑结构进行创新与优化,其最大跨度为23.5 m,最大高度为11.5 m,且整体结构稳定。在此基础上,利用有限元软件进行建模,对可能出现的各种工况进行静力计算和屈曲分析,验证了该结构的可靠性。本研究对我国大跨度木结构的发展和传统木结构建筑的创新具有重要的借鉴意义。

预应力在我国大跨度结构中的应用研究综述

为了提高大跨度结构的正常使用性能,通常在混凝土结构中施加预应力.结果表明,预应力混凝土结构具有更好的使用性、耐久性和大跨度适用性,其中预应力混凝土空心板结构在不显著降低承载力和刚度的前提下明显减小结构自重,预应力型钢混凝土梁(板)结构采用较小的截面尺寸即可满足承载力和刚度的需求.开发城市地下空间是解决城市用地紧张的有效手段,我国地下大跨空间常用的结构形式主要包括密排框架(肋梁)结构、折板或拱形结构、变截面(加腋)板结构、预应力混凝土结构、型钢-混凝土组合结构和Y形柱结构6种形式,相比之下,跨度较大时宜采用预应力结构.

大跨度空间非等间距喷口送风空调设计方法

针对大跨度空间负荷分布不均匀的情况,在传统射流公式法的基础上,提出了一种非等间距布置喷口的送风设计方案。结合某酒店多功能厅案例,阐述了如何根据房间负荷分布特点进行喷口的非等间距设计,并利用CFD软件对空调区温度场、速度场及热舒适性指标(PMV、PPD、DR(吹风感造成的不满意度))进行了模拟。结果表明,该方案取得了明显的改进效果,同时也验证了非等间距喷口送风设计方法的可行性。

某工程浅埋大跨度地下厂房围岩块体稳定性分析

通过块体理论对某水电站工程浅埋大跨度地下厂房围岩进行块体稳定性分析,结果表明不稳定块体主要分布于顶拱部位,地下水对块体稳定影响较大;随着地震动参数的增加,块体安全系数会随之降低,但降幅不大;地应力对顶拱块体稳定性影响较大;喷混凝土与锚杆相结合的支护措施对不稳定块体加固效果较好。

西安城市展示中心长悬挑、大跨度钢结构设计

西安城市展示中心由南馆、北馆和连桥组成,其中南馆悬挑长度62m,连桥跨度150m。结合建筑方案特点,南馆与连桥采用整层钢桁架结构体系,结构布置与建筑形态高度契合。介绍了南馆、连桥、穹顶、屋面等位置的结构布置情况,明确了超限项和抗震性能目标,对于多杆件复杂交汇钢节点进行有限元分析。针对南馆、连桥屋楼盖振动舒适度不足,设计布置了调谐质量阻尼器(TMD),实测减振效果显著。对连桥提升过程进行施工模拟,结果表明该过程增加了连桥挠度,需要考虑提前起拱。对超长连体结构温度和地震行波效应进行分析,根据结果对连桥楼板配筋和局部框架柱进行了加强。大震弹塑性分析与防连续倒塌分析结果表明,结构满足“大震不倒”的性能目标,结构冗余度较高,具有良好的防连续倒塌能力。

静风荷载下大跨斜拉桥上无缝线路受力与变形

大跨度斜拉桥在自然风场中易因自身柔度特性发生位移变形。为研究静风荷载作用下大跨斜拉桥上CRTS(China Railway Track System)双块式无砟轨道无缝线路桥梁及轨道结构在空间三向的力学性能分布规律,参照某一四线预应力混凝土斜拉桥工程实例,基于有限元法建立了大跨斜拉桥上无缝线路精细化空间耦合模型,分析了横桥向静风荷载作用下桥梁体系及桥上轨道结构的力学性能。分析结果表明:桥梁及桥上轨道结构三向(应)力最大值基本分布在斜拉桥跨中及边墩附近;各结构三向(应)力中,底座板、桥梁结构纵向应力峰值最大,约为横向应力峰值的8倍,约为竖向应力峰值的7倍、15倍,轨道板结构表现为横向应力峰值最大,且与其余两向应力峰值之间差距较小;各结构三向位移中,横向、竖向位移均在跨中及附近达到最大值,纵向位移在斜拉桥边墩附近达到最大值,其中,横向位移峰值是其余两向位移峰值的20余倍;桥梁两侧构件竖向、纵向位移方向相反,即桥梁表现为静风作用下的倾覆、弯曲倾向。研究成果可为风环境中大跨斜拉桥上线路设计、维护检修以及健康监测提供理论依据。

基于概率密度演化的大跨越导线铝部风振疲劳可靠度分析

为了掌握微风作用下大跨越架空输电导线铝股疲劳特性及其可靠度,提出了基于概率密度演化的大跨越输电导线铝部疲劳可靠度计算方法.首先建立了大跨越塔线体系有限元模型,研究了微风激振下导线悬挂点处振动位移时程,然后构建了导线节段有限元实体模型,以微风激振作用下导线位移时程为激励,研究了大跨越导线内外层铝股风振疲劳应力时程响应,最后采用概率密度演化方法,考虑线路风速风向概率分布,分析了大跨越导线疲劳可靠度,并与Miner线性累积损伤结果进行比较.结果表明:微风风速越大,大跨越导线振幅越大;微风作用下大跨越导线的外层铝股应力大于内层铝股,外层的钢股应力亦大于内层;大跨越导线运行年限越大,导线内外层铝股可靠度越小,但内层铝股可靠度大于外层铝股可靠度;基于Miner原理计算的铝股疲劳可靠度偏大,建议开展大跨越输电导线疲劳设计时考虑分层特性.