Soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis is important aquatic species in China, and searching for alternatives protein resources to fish meal (FM)-based feeds in feed has become urgent and important for its sustainabi...Soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis is important aquatic species in China, and searching for alternatives protein resources to fish meal (FM)-based feeds in feed has become urgent and important for its sustainability development. The present study was conducted to assess the effects of dietary soy protein concentrate (SPC) on growth, digestive enzymes and target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway of juvenile P. sinensis (4.56 ± 0.09 g). SPC was applied to replace FM protein at 0%, 15%, 30% and 60% (designated as T0, T15, T30 and T60, respectively), and each diet was fed to triplicate groups. The results showed that there was no significant difference in growth performance and feed utilization except of the turtles fed with T60 diet, of which showed poorer daily weight gain and feed conversion rate. The pepsin/trypsin and Na+-K+ ATP-ase activities decreased dramatically when SPC level increased, and lipase activities in liver and intestinal tract also showed decline tendency. However, amylase activities were unaffected. No significant differences were observed in TOR, S6K1 and 4E-BP1 genes mRNA expression level of TOR signaling pathway among the treatments. However, the relative phosphorylated level of these proteins decreased significantly when SPC level increased. The present study indicated that high SPC substitution level would suppress digestive enzymes and TOR signaling pathway proteins phosphorylated level and eventually result in growth reduction of P. sinensis.展开更多
Ultrastructure of spermatozoon in soft-shelled turtle Trionyx sinensis was examined by transmission electron microscope. The mature spermatozoon is vermiform in shape, which consists of a head, connecting piece, middl...Ultrastructure of spermatozoon in soft-shelled turtle Trionyx sinensis was examined by transmission electron microscope. The mature spermatozoon is vermiform in shape, which consists of a head, connecting piece, middle piece, principal piece and end piece, similar in morphology to that of the turtles, Chrysemys picta and Chimemys reevesii. However, several structures are unique. In the head, acrosomal complex covers the anterior protrusion of the nucleus, where there is a narrow lucent space between the subacrosomal cone and the outer acrosomal cap. 3-5 intranuclear tubules go through the anterior tow-thirds of the nucleus and their central cores extend towards the perforatorial rods. The connecting piece is located in the concave implantation fossa in the caudal end of the nucleus. The mitochondrial sheath in the middle piece is composed of concentric mitochondria arranged in 7-8 circles each of which contains 5 mitochondria. Concentric layers in the mitochondrion are double-membranes and they are cristae mitochondriales actually. The concentric cristae mitochondriales and lots of glycogens show the relationship to the vitality maintaining during long-time storage of the spermatozoon in the turtle. The structural modal of proximal centriole is 9×3+0, in which the typical nine triplet microtubules arrange in a pinwheel fashion and are surrounded by a dense material. By comparison, the structural modal of distal centriole is 9×3+2, and the central microtubules and outer triplet microtubules are embed in dense fibers respectively. The distal centriole stands vertically to the proximal one. There is a wedge-shaped annulus around the end of the mitochondriall sheath. The axonemal complex of the principal piece is surrounded by several layers of circumferential fibers, which obviously produces a fibrous sheath reducing backward gradually in thickness. In the axonemal complex that posses a structural model of 9×2+2, there are two thick fibers corresponding to No.3 and No.8 doublet microtubules respectively, which merge with the fibrous sheath. On the transection of principal piece, two dynein arms attached to A microtubule of the doublet which connected with the central microtubules through an obvious radial spoke. Two central microtubules are linked by a bridging substance. The end piece only contains an axonemal complex surrounded by cell membrane, the microtubules in which are dispersed gradually. The structural characteristics above were different evidently from other class animals or other order animals of the reptile.展开更多
文摘Soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis is important aquatic species in China, and searching for alternatives protein resources to fish meal (FM)-based feeds in feed has become urgent and important for its sustainability development. The present study was conducted to assess the effects of dietary soy protein concentrate (SPC) on growth, digestive enzymes and target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway of juvenile P. sinensis (4.56 ± 0.09 g). SPC was applied to replace FM protein at 0%, 15%, 30% and 60% (designated as T0, T15, T30 and T60, respectively), and each diet was fed to triplicate groups. The results showed that there was no significant difference in growth performance and feed utilization except of the turtles fed with T60 diet, of which showed poorer daily weight gain and feed conversion rate. The pepsin/trypsin and Na+-K+ ATP-ase activities decreased dramatically when SPC level increased, and lipase activities in liver and intestinal tract also showed decline tendency. However, amylase activities were unaffected. No significant differences were observed in TOR, S6K1 and 4E-BP1 genes mRNA expression level of TOR signaling pathway among the treatments. However, the relative phosphorylated level of these proteins decreased significantly when SPC level increased. The present study indicated that high SPC substitution level would suppress digestive enzymes and TOR signaling pathway proteins phosphorylated level and eventually result in growth reduction of P. sinensis.
文摘Ultrastructure of spermatozoon in soft-shelled turtle Trionyx sinensis was examined by transmission electron microscope. The mature spermatozoon is vermiform in shape, which consists of a head, connecting piece, middle piece, principal piece and end piece, similar in morphology to that of the turtles, Chrysemys picta and Chimemys reevesii. However, several structures are unique. In the head, acrosomal complex covers the anterior protrusion of the nucleus, where there is a narrow lucent space between the subacrosomal cone and the outer acrosomal cap. 3-5 intranuclear tubules go through the anterior tow-thirds of the nucleus and their central cores extend towards the perforatorial rods. The connecting piece is located in the concave implantation fossa in the caudal end of the nucleus. The mitochondrial sheath in the middle piece is composed of concentric mitochondria arranged in 7-8 circles each of which contains 5 mitochondria. Concentric layers in the mitochondrion are double-membranes and they are cristae mitochondriales actually. The concentric cristae mitochondriales and lots of glycogens show the relationship to the vitality maintaining during long-time storage of the spermatozoon in the turtle. The structural modal of proximal centriole is 9×3+0, in which the typical nine triplet microtubules arrange in a pinwheel fashion and are surrounded by a dense material. By comparison, the structural modal of distal centriole is 9×3+2, and the central microtubules and outer triplet microtubules are embed in dense fibers respectively. The distal centriole stands vertically to the proximal one. There is a wedge-shaped annulus around the end of the mitochondriall sheath. The axonemal complex of the principal piece is surrounded by several layers of circumferential fibers, which obviously produces a fibrous sheath reducing backward gradually in thickness. In the axonemal complex that posses a structural model of 9×2+2, there are two thick fibers corresponding to No.3 and No.8 doublet microtubules respectively, which merge with the fibrous sheath. On the transection of principal piece, two dynein arms attached to A microtubule of the doublet which connected with the central microtubules through an obvious radial spoke. Two central microtubules are linked by a bridging substance. The end piece only contains an axonemal complex surrounded by cell membrane, the microtubules in which are dispersed gradually. The structural characteristics above were different evidently from other class animals or other order animals of the reptile.
