不同土壤调理剂对Cd污染稻田修复效果

为验证不同土壤调理剂在轻度Cd污染稻田的修复效果,本研究于2021年和2022年在湖北大冶连续开展田间小区试验,研究了20种土壤调理剂对水稻产量、糙米Cd含量、土壤pH、土壤有效态Cd含量的影响,并选取2021年试验中具有代表性的4种调理剂(有机类:P3、P4,无机类:P11、P12),探究其对Cd在土壤-植株中转运累积和在土壤中5种赋存形态转化的影响。两年的结果表明:与对照组相比,各调理剂处理后水稻产量变化幅度为-9.80%~20.09%,糙米Cd降幅为8.05%~79.57%,土壤pH提高了-0.01~1.13个单位,有效态Cd含量降低了4.79%~25.00%,且连续两年土壤pH值与有效态Cd含量均呈显著负相关关系。2021年试验中4种调理剂处理均能显著降低Cd从土壤到水稻根系的转运系数,且无机类调理剂(P11、P12)效果显著优于有机类(P3、P4);各类调理剂(P3、P4、P11、P12)处理使土壤中可交换态Cd和碳酸盐结合态Cd占比分别降低5.91~17.77个百分点和6.33~8.88个百分点;使土壤中Fe-Mn结合态Cd、有机结合态Cd和残渣态Cd占比分别增加3.47~16.31、0.80~6.50个百分点和4.82~7.05个百分点。有机类调理剂(P3、P4)倾向于将土壤中Cd向有机结合态Cd转化,无机类调理剂(P11、P12)则更倾向将土壤中Cd向Fe-Mn结合态Cd转化。研究表明,选取适宜的调理剂能够实现Cd污染耕地安全利用,推荐无机类P12调理剂(主要成分CaO≥28%)作为湖北大冶轻度Cd污染修复调理剂。

LED3A强化紫花苜蓿修复Cd污染土壤的效果研究

研究可生物降解螯合剂N-十二酰基乙二胺三乙酸盐(LED3A)诱导强化紫花苜蓿修复Cd污染土壤的效果,采用盆栽方法,考察LED3A对紫花苜蓿生理指标、Cd亚细胞分布和化学形态以及增效提取土壤中Cd的影响.结果表明,Cd胁迫显著抑制紫花苜蓿的生长及光合作用,增加丙二醛(MDA)的积累.而在土培体系中施用LED3A,可以提高植株生物量、光合色素含量、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,缓解细胞膜脂过氧化损伤和Cd诱导产生的氧化应激.LED3A的螯合强化作用能够增大紫花苜蓿细胞质中Cd的分布比例,促使植株中的Cd由高活性形态向低活性形态转化,通过细胞壁固持和液泡区隔化提高耐Cd性能,进而减轻毒害.与不添加LED3A组相比,最佳LED3A添加量(321.3 mg·kg^(-1))组紫花苜蓿植株中的总Cd含量和积累量分别提高了29.4%和69.1%,地下/地上富集系数及转运系数分别增加了28.6%,36.4%和10.5%.说明添加适量LED3A可有效提高紫花苜蓿对Cd的耐受性与修复Cd污染土壤的效果.

复合生物炭-坡缕石对Cd污染土壤的钝化修复

为实现重金属污染土壤的高效、环保修复,采用慢氧限制热解法制备生物炭-坡缕石复合材料(BC/PAL)。考察BC/PAL对土壤理化性质、Cd的浸出毒性和在土壤中的赋存形态、玉米生长状况及Cd的富集转运影响,从而评价该材料对土壤中Cd的潜在生态风险改善及稳定效果。结果表明,添加BC/PAL后土壤pH显著增加,当投加量为8%时,pH较对照组(CK)升高1.14。当BC/PAL投加量为6%和8%时,土壤中Cd的毒性特征浸出程序(TCLP)浸出毒性较CK下降60%以上。添加BC/PAL后,Cd在土壤中的赋存状态从活泼趋于稳定。BC/PAL可减轻Cd对玉米的胁迫,促进玉米生长,当投加量为6%时,玉米鲜重增加221.43%。BC/PAL大大降低了土壤中Cd的潜在生态风险及生物有效性,是一种高效、环保的土壤修复材料。

Compound contamination and secondary ecological effects of Cd and As in soil－alfalfa ecosystems

d and As both have harmful effects on the growth,development and seed germination of alfalfa, especially in such a condition as the coexistence of Cd and As in soil environment The research using the pot-culture imitative method first found that if soil was simultaneously polluted by Cd and As,function of alfalfa absorbing Cd from soil may be promoted because of the existence of As,in conversely,Cd may inhibit alfalfa plant from absorbing As It was also found that secon- dary ecological effects were most likely to be brought out due to the coexistence of Cd and As. For example,alfalfa is passive to excessively absorb Cu and Pb .The harmful effects undoubtedly intensi- fy the contamination of alfalfa, The results showed that the mechanism of the interaction among Cd,As,Pb and Cu in soil-alfalfa ecosystems is very complicated.

Effects of Exogenous 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and 24-Epibrassinolide on Cd Accumulation in Rice from Cd-Contaminated Soil

High grain-Cd-accumulating rice variety Yongyou 9 was planted in Cd-contaminated farmland in Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, China to study the effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid(ALA) and24-epibrassinolide(EBR) on Cd accumulation in brown rice. Results showed that the exogenous ALA and EBR had no significant effects on agronomic traits, soil pH and total Cd content in soil, but had some effects on the available Cd content in soil, and significantly influenced the Cd accumulation in the different parts of rice. Results also showed that 100 mg/L exogenous ALA significantly reduced the Cd accumulation in brown rice to blow the food safety standard(0.2 mg/kg), and also significantly reduced the Cd contents in the roots and culm of rice. However, 200 mg/L exogenous ALA treatment increased the Cd content in brown rice remarkably. In addition, 0.15 mg/L EBR treatment increased Cd accumulation in roots, culm, leaves and brown rice notably, whereas 0.30 mg/L exogenous EBR treatment reduced the Cd accumulation in brown rice properly, but it was not significant. Therefore,proper concentration of ALA can effectively reduce the Cd accumulation in brown rice, which can be used as an effective technical method for the safe production of rice in Cd polluted farmland.

芽孢杆菌及其胞外多糖对空心菜和茼蒿Cd吸收及土壤团聚体的影响

本研究旨在探究产胞外多糖芽孢杆菌对蔬菜镉(Cd)积累及土壤结构的影响。采用以空心菜和茼蒿为供试材料的盆栽试验,研究了功能菌株Priestia megaterium YG35和Bacillus halodurans G20降低蔬菜吸收Cd的效果和可能作用机制。结果表明,与CK相比,菌株YG35、菌株G20及其胞外多糖处理显著增加空心菜和茼蒿可食用组织干质量(37.8%~115.1%),显著降低可食用组织Cd含量(21.9%~44.2%),并使茼蒿Cd含量(0.057~0.061 mg·kg-1)达到安全可食用标准,显著降低根际土壤有效态Cd含量(3.7%~11.7%),显著(P<0.05)增加根际土壤多糖含量(35.9%~49.5%)和蔗糖酶活性(15.3%~28.4%),促进根际土壤团聚体向大粒径转化。研究表明,YG35和G20及其胞外多糖能降低蔬菜对Cd的吸收,促进蔬菜生长,改善土壤结构,具有在Cd污染土壤上实现蔬菜安全生产的应用潜力。

基于作物Cd富集系数的土壤有效态Cd化学浸提方法筛选

土壤中镉(Cd)被作物吸收的程度及其生态风险取决于土壤中Cd的赋存形态,基于Cd有效形态的污染土壤风险评价及在此基础上制订污染土壤修复安全阈值是Cd污染农田土壤风险评价和治理亟待解决的问题。目前针对土壤中重金属有效态的化学浸提方法较多,但缺乏针对不同性质土壤中有效态Cd的普适性浸提方法已成为Cd污染土壤风险评价技术瓶颈。本研究采集了全国9个不同性质农田土壤,以水稻、小白菜和玉米为测试作物,通过外源添加方法制备Cd污染土壤,结合土壤培养和盆栽实验,测定了5种常用化学浸提方法,包括中性无机盐浸提方法(CaCl_(2)浸提法)、弱酸浸提法(HCl浸提法)、络合螯合剂浸提方法(DTPA和ETPA浸提法)和组合浸提方法(Mehlich-3(M3)浸提法)对不同性质土壤中有效态Cd浸提效果及其与作物Cd吸收的量化关系,筛选适用于不同性质土壤中有效态Cd的通用浸提方法。结果表明,不同化学浸提法提取的土壤有效态Cd含量间具有显著差异,不同浸提方法对土壤中Cd的浸提率(%)为DTPA≈EDTA≈HCl>M3≈CaCl_(2)。不同化学浸提态Cd与作物Cd吸收的相关系数间具有显著差异,基于综合相关系数方法,得出5种不同浸提态Cd与作物Cd吸收的综合相关系数为I M3=0.765,I EDTA=0.641,I DTPA=0.627,I HCl=0.606,I CaCl_(2)=0.711,M3浸提态Cd含量与不同性质土壤中水稻、小白菜和玉米植株地上部Cd相关性最高,可作为不同性质土壤中有效态Cd通用浸提方法。相关研究结果可为农田土壤中Cd有效态评价及Cd污染农田的修复提供理论依据。

基于三七质量安全的土壤Cd和Pb风险阈值

为保障三七(Panax notoginseng)绿色种植和质量安全,探讨中国三七安全生产的土壤风险阈值。分析土壤理化性质、土壤Cd(镉)、Pb(铅)含量和有效态、三七主根Cd、Pb含量,通过线性相关分析三七主根Cd、Pb与土壤理化性质及土壤Cd、Pb总量与有效态之间的关系。利用回归模型建立土壤Cd、Pb总量有效态与三七主根Cd、Pb的回归方程,反推土壤有效态Cd、Pb阈值。结果表明,三七种植区土壤Cd、Pb样品超标率分别是83.64%和16.36%,土壤Cd污染严重,土壤Pb处于清洁水平。三七主根Pb含量未超标,Cd含量超标率为29.09%。土壤pH与三七主根Pb呈显著负相关,三七主根Cd含量与土壤Cd含量和土壤有效态Cd含量分别呈显著和极显著正相关;三七主根Pb与土壤Pb含量和土壤有效态Pb均呈极显著正相关。基于三七主根Cd、Pb限量标准推导出土壤有效态Cd阈值为0.27 mg/kg,土壤有效态Pb阈值为70.66 mg/kg。

典型矿区周边水田土壤Cd生物有效性研究

为遴选可有效表征农田土壤Cd生物有效性的指标,文章采集浙江某地20组稻米及其协同土壤,分析稻米Cd质量比、土壤的基本理化性质、Cd总质量比、不同浸提态Cd质量比及欧共体标准物质局(European Community Bureau of Reference,BCR)形态。结果表明:稻米Cd质量比为0.01~0.51 mg/kg,土壤Cd质量比为0.17~3.15 mg/kg,稻米Cd富集系数为0.04~1.42;土壤Cd主要以弱酸态(40.5%)和还原态(37.1%)存在,二乙烯三胺五乙酸(diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid,DTPA)浸提土壤Cd能力最强(15.6%);基于w(CaCl_(2)-Cd)构建的三次函数建立的回归模型可解释稻米Cd 57.4%方差,w(CaCl_(2)-Cd)可以作为表征水稻土壤Cd生物有效性的指标,基于水稻土壤Cd生物有效性可提高污染风险评价的科学性。

Inhibition and Control Effects of Different Amendments on Cd Activation in Soil and Cd Absorption in Rice

Through pot tests of early rice and late rice in Cd polluted environment(soil Cd content,1.0 mg/kg),the inhibition and control effects of single application of organic fertilizers involving pig manure and biochar,and their combined application with alkaline amendments involving lime and oyster shell powder on soil Cd activation and rice Cd absorption were compared.And the correlation between soil available Cd and rice grain Cd was discussed.The results showed that compared with CK which did not involve amendments,the grain yields of early rice and late rice increased by 15.52%~36.01%and 12.02%~27.28%,respectively,the grain Cd content decreased by 24.76%~64.53%and 4.93%~58.32%,respectively,and the grain Cd accumulation decreased by 22.27%~51.76%and 33.84%~46.95%,respectively,except for single pig manure treatment.In particular,the Cd reduction effect of biochar was significantly better than that of pig manure,and the combined application with oyster shell powder was better than that with lime;after the harvest of early and late rice,the available Cd content in soil applied with amendments decreased by 35.00%~65.88%and 30.93%~68.57%,respectively,compared with CK.Further analysis showed that the soil available Cd content and rice grain Cd content could fit the linear equation well(R2>0.70,P<0.05),which demonstrated that the combined application of organic fertilizers and alkaline amendments can quickly reduce the Cd content of rice grain by passivating soil available Cd,and the combined application between biochar and oyster shell powder had a better effect.

Research Progress on Remediation Technology Suitable for Farmland Soil Contaminated by Cd

Cd contamination range of farmland soil in China is wide,which has constituted a major threat for food safety and residents＇ health. Via multi-year development,there are more remediation methods suitable for soil contaminated by Cd among the world,but some methods are only suitable for the contaminated sites and indoor research,and can not be applied in large-range contaminated farmland. We analyze the source of Cd in farmland soil. By combining farmland＇s characteristics,three remediation techniques（ low-absorption crops plantation,soil solidification and phytoremediation） and their effects are analyzed,and the existing problems and research prospects of the above techniques are explored. The research could provide reference for restoring farmland soil contaminated by Cd in China,recovering its production function and enhancing food safety standards.

纳米材料修复Cd污染土壤的人体健康风险研究

为评估纳米材料修复Cd污染土壤因偶然摄入导致的健康风险,该研究加入1.0%、1.5%、2.0%的纳米羟基磷灰石(n-HAP)、纳米四氧化三铁、改性纳米碳黑修复Cd污染棕壤,通过体外胃肠模拟法评估其对人体健康的影响。结果表明,3种纳米材料可有效降低土壤中DTPA提取态Cd含量,其中n-HAP效果最好;同时Cd的胃肠相生物可给性显著降低,并且随纳米材料添加量而降低,经口摄入的Cd胃相生物可给性均大于肠相。3种材料的添加量与胃肠相中Cd的生物可给性呈线性负相关,且对肠相生物可给性影响更大。纳米材料修复土壤显著降低了Cd污染土壤的非致癌健康风险和致癌健康风险,修复后土壤不存在显著的非致癌健康风险(HQ<1)和致癌风险(CR<1×10^(-6)),且对儿童的健康风险高于成人。因此,纳米材料能有效降低棕壤颗粒中Cd的生物可给性,从而缓解因偶然摄入导致的健康风险,为纳米材料修复Cd污染土壤的健康风险评估提供科学依据。

REGIONAL DIFFERENTIATION OF CRITICAL CONCENTRATION OF ARSENIC(As) AND CADMIUM (Cd) IN MAIN SOIL TYPES OF CHINA

Studies of critical concentration distribution features of polluted elements of Cd and As in main soil types of China, such as laterite, crimson soil, purplish soil, yellow brown soil, brunisolic soil, black soil, cinnamon soil and sierozem revealed that soil types vary in different zones, so do their critical concentrations.The critical concentration has a zonal differentiation with the distribution of soil types from south to north, and from east to west. The critical concentration of Cd increases from south to north (yellow brown soil,brunisolic soil and cinnamon soil),and from east to west (black soil and sierozem). This coincides With changes of climate zones and soil zones. On the contrary, the critical concentration of Asdecreases from south to north and from east to west.

两种Cd积累型番茄品种联合土著微生物对土壤有效态Cd的影响

镉(Cd)在作物体内的累积能力主要受土壤Cd有效性决定,为降低Cd积累和保障作物安全,本研究以低Cd积累型‘普罗旺斯’和高Cd积累型‘合作908’番茄品种为研究对象,结合Illumina MiSeq测序,探讨番茄和土著微生物共同作用对土壤中有效态Cd及微生物多样性的影响。试验设置背景土壤(Cd含量0.24 mg·kg^(-1))和Cd污染土壤(Cd含量0.60 mg·kg^(-1))的灭菌(无土著微生物)与不灭菌(有土著微生物)处理,在此基础上,分别设置不种植番茄、种植‘合作908’和‘普罗旺斯’处理。结果表明:在背景土壤和Cd污染土壤中,‘合作908’吸收积累土壤Cd的能力均显著高于‘普罗旺斯’。与不种植(CK)相比,在灭菌土壤种植‘普罗旺斯’和‘合作908’的单一作用使污染土壤有效态Cd含量分别增加3.16%和5.26%;不灭菌土壤的土著微生物单一作用使污染土壤有效态Cd增加27.37%;不灭菌土壤种植‘普罗旺斯’和‘合作908’(与土著微生物联合)比在灭菌土壤中作物单一种植使土壤有效态Cd含量分别增加29.59%和28.00%,比不灭菌土壤(土著微生物单一作用)分别提高4.96%和5.79%。与CK处理相比,不灭菌污染土壤种植‘普罗旺斯’和‘合作908’使土壤鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、微鞘藻属(Microcoleus)、Haliangium和爬管菌属(Herpetosiphon)相对丰度均明显增加。同时,在不灭菌污染土壤种植‘普罗旺斯’处理中游动放线菌属(Actinoplanes)和硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)相对丰度增加,而在不灭菌污染土壤种植‘合作908’处理中噬氢菌属(Hydrogenophaga)和溶杆菌属(Lysobacter)相对丰度增加,两处理间存在着明显的差异菌属。这些优势菌属可能与两种积累型番茄品种种植下的土壤有效态Cd含量差异有关。综上,两种积累型番茄品种-土著微生物的联合作用提高了土壤微生物的多样性,改变了土壤细菌群落结构,显著提升了土壤中有效态Cd的含量。

Distribution Characteristics of the Heavy Metal Cd in the Irrigation Water-Cultivated Soil-Fertilizer-Crop Ecosystem

Shuangqiao Countryside of Neijiang City in hilly ground area in the midland of Sichuan Province was chosen as the study geographic area to survey and analyze the content distribution characteristics of the Cd in the irrigation water,ground water mud,surface layer cultivated soil,profile soil and the fertilizer which were often used in the locality,and in different crops set earth,fructification as well. The results showed that the content of Cd in the irrigation and ground water mud respectively comply with the national agriculture use irrigation standard and the contamination control standard value in agriculture use mud ( GB4284-84) respectively. The average contents in the surface cultivated soil and each layer of soil profile are all above the background level of Chengdu economic region ( 44% ) ,referring to a large scale pollution risk. The average value of Cd element in fertilizer was 1. 81 μg / g,which was higher than the third class standard of national soil environment quality; The average content of Cd element in the crops' set earth was 0. 410-0. 439 μg / g,which was higher than the second class standard of national soil environment quality and there was a measure of cumulation; The average values of Cd in crops' fructificationwas all below the primary standard of national soil environment quality,and the bioamplification coefficient sorting was CF( Cdpeanut) > CF( Cdcitrus) > CF ( Cdrice) > CF( Cdcorn) . Irrigation water had little influence on the soil Cd pollution,where fertilizer using was closely related to the Cd pollution in the surface cultivated soil in the survey area and had a certain influence on the Cd cumulation in the crops. The sorption and enrichment of crops' set earth and fructification was obviously different.

淹水灌溉协同钝化剂对水稻Cd吸收和积累的影响

在严格管控区Cd污染稻田开展田间试验,探讨淹水灌溉协同石灰和土壤调理剂对土壤Cd的有效性,以及水稻Cd吸收和累积的影响。结果表明:淹水灌溉协同钝化修复技术可有效降低土壤Cd的有效性和水稻Cd的吸收和积累。淹水灌溉协同石灰和调理剂处理下,土壤pH值较对照显著(P<0.05)提高0.97个单位,且土壤有效态Cd含量以及水稻根、茎和叶片Cd含量较对照分别显著(P<0.05)降低36.4%、63.0%、80.3%和42.4%,糙米Cd含量降至0.15 mg·kg^(-1)。淹水灌溉协同石灰和调理剂处理还显著抑制Cd向糙米部位的累积。糙米Cd的富集系数和Cd累积量较对照分别显著(P<0.05)降低67.8%和62.8%。因此,淹水灌溉协同土壤钝化修复技术是一种有效实现Cd污染稻田水稻安全生产的措施。

活化剂添加对石灰性土壤中大豆生长及其富集Cd的影响

植物修复以其资源可回收、成本低、低碳绿色等优点逐渐成为土壤重金属污染原位修复的首选方式。然而石灰性土壤中重金属的生物有效性低,限制了植物修复技术的应用。为了探讨活化剂强植物修复技术对石灰性土壤重金属污染的修复效果,以大豆为模式植物,通过盆栽培养试验,研究添加不同浓度草酸、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和柠檬酸等活化剂对石灰性土壤中大豆生长及其富集Cd的影响。结果表明:添加低、中浓度的活化剂对大豆生长无显著影响,而高浓度活化剂在一定程度上会抑制大豆的发芽、生长及营养成分累积。添加活化剂可以促进大豆对Cd的吸收,其中添加1.0μmol·g-1EDTA和3.0μmol·g-1草酸的促进效果最显著,Cd去除率分别是对照组的3.99倍和3.96倍。添加活化剂降低了土壤pH值,改变了土壤中Cd的赋存形态,添加草酸和低浓度的EDTA能使土壤中的Cd从较稳定形态转化为植物易吸收态,从而促进大豆对土壤Cd的去除,而添加柠檬酸可以促进Cd的茎向传输从而提高大豆对Cd的去除率。此研究结果为石灰性土壤重金属污染植物修复技术的应用及推广提供参考。

Effects of Several Passivating Agents on Improvement of Cd Polluted Soil

Clay minerals,phosphates,alkaline materials,organic materials are common improvers in the management of Cd polluted soil. This paper systematically summarized types of common soil improvers and their passivation mechanism of Cd in soil. It reviewed advances in researches of soil improvers. Besides,it introduced major problems in four common passivating agents for management of Cd polluted soil. Finally,according to different mechanism characteristics of passivating agents,it came up with some recommendations.

含Cd根茬留田对土壤-水稻累积Cd的影响

为探讨根茬中Cd留田后的归趋及其对下茬水稻Cd积累的影响,该文通过盆栽试验,设置0(CK)、0.24%(SR1)、0.48%(SR2)、0.72%(SR3)(w/w)的含Cd根茬用量处理,研究含Cd水稻根茬留田对下茬水稻生长、吸收Cd和土壤Cd含量的影响,为Cd污染土壤管控及水稻的安全生产提供依据。结果表明,含Cd根茬对水稻生长有一定的促进作用,同时也提高了水稻的Cd含量,且在SR3处理水稻根Cd含量最高,与CK相比,SR3处理水稻根部Cd含量增加了86.90%。水稻各部位Cd含量的分布为:根>>茎≈叶>籽粒,籽粒中Cd含量均未超过可食用安全限值。与CK相比,含Cd根茬增加了13.27%~25.51%土壤总Cd含量,且在SR3处理达最大值1.23 mg/kg。含Cd根茬提高了土壤pH及养分含量,与CK相比,含Cd根茬处理下土壤pH提高了0.05~0.12个单位,有机质含量增加了8.55%~13.68%,碱解氮含量增加了11.24%~13.48%,速效钾含量增加了5.56%~14.16%。综上,含Cd根茬留田能提高土壤养分含量,促进水稻生长,同时也造成土壤Cd累积,增加了水稻根Cd含量。

不同修复剂对Cd污染土壤的修复效果研究

针对Cd污染土壤,本文对比分析海泡石、沸石和凹凸棒石三种修复剂的修复效果。试验结果显示,3种修复剂均能有效降低Cd含量,根据修复效果,排序为海泡石>凹凸棒石>沸石,海泡石表现最佳,平均降低率达46.98%。研究发现,随着修复剂加入量的增加,修复效果逐渐提高,土壤初始镉含量越高,修复效果越明显。此外,所有修复剂均能提高土壤pH,减少镉的生物有效性。本研究为Cd污染土壤修复提供新方法。