Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Different Nitrogen Forms in Paddy along Soil Depth Gradient

The combined application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer is an effective measure to increase nutrient content of soil plough layer, which must have a profound impact on the deep soil nutrients, especially the contents of nitrogen forms. The purpose of this study was to explore the characteristics of soil nitrogen forms in plough layer and along depth gradient in different fertilization treatments, so as to evaluate the soil quality in spatial dimension, further providing a theoretical basis for scientific fertilization and improvement of paddy soil fertility. Here, a 34-year field experiment was conducted with three treatments: without any fertilizer (CK), pure chemical fertilizer (NPK) and chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer (NPKM). We analyzed the content of nitrogen forms in 0 - 100 cm soil depth and their ratios to total nitrogen (TN), and discussed the correlation between nitrogen forms contents and pH, CEC. Results showed that, compared with CK, both NPK and NPKM significantly increased the contents of nitrogen forms in topsoil (soil layer of 0 - 20 cm), especially nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) content increased by 70% (NPK) and 111% (NPKM), respectively. Although the contents of different nitrogen forms decreased gradually along soil depth gradient, NPKS slowed down the decline rate of TN and alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen (AN) in 0 - 60 cm soil layer, compared to CK. Compared to NPK, NPKM significantly increased the NO3--N/TN ratio in 0 - 20 cm soil layer, but also decreased the content of -N in 20 - 40 cm, which was beneficial to reduce the risk of nitrogen leaching caused by nitrate leaching into deep layer. The increase of soil pH in NPKM treatment obviously alleviated the problem of soil acidification caused by long-term application of chemical fertilizer. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between soil nitrogen forms and cation exchange capacity (CEC), but no significant correlation with soil pH. In conclusion, NPKM ensured the nutrients of soil plough layer (0 - 20 cm), also reduced the risk of nitrogen infiltration and nitrogen loss, thus ensuring the fertility of soil profile.

沿海拔梯度神农架土壤呼吸特征及其温度敏感性

[目的]深入了解森林生态系统土壤呼吸特征及其温度敏感性的变异规律。[方法]以神农架自然保护区不同海拔梯度上有机和矿质层的土壤为研究对象,探讨不同海拔梯度土壤的呼吸特征及其温度敏感性。[结果]随着海拔梯度的增加,土壤CO_(2)产生率先升高后降低,在海拔1892 m处达到最大值,而土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性(Q_(10))则随海拔的升高呈现增加的趋势;多数海拔梯度下,B层(20~40 cm)土壤CO_(2)产生率明显高于A层(0~20 cm),Q_(10)则与之相反;土壤性质影响了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性,0~40 cm土壤的Q_(10)与EC、SOC、TN、MBC存在显著正相关。[结论]在气候变化的背景下不同海拔梯度的Q_(10)可能发生分异。

秦岭太白山北坡土壤有机碳储量的海拔梯度格局

土壤碳库是陆地生态系统的重要碳库,山区大约占全球25%的陆地表面积,因此研究山区土壤有机碳储量的变化特征及其影响因素对丰富陆地生态系统土壤碳循环理论具有重要的意义。在秦岭太白山北坡上,海拔高度每隔50 m设置一个采样点,研究土壤有机碳储量的海拔梯度变化特征及其影响因素。海拔梯度对太白山北坡的SOCD影响显著,且不同土层厚度的SOCD均呈现出随着海拔梯度的增加而增加的趋势,增加幅度高达10%—88%。不同气候带上的SOCD差异显著,呈现出亚寒带(3.63 kg/m^2)大于寒温带(3.40 kg/m^2)大于温带(3.39 kg/m^2)大于暖温带(3.30 kg/m^2)的趋势。SOCD也因植被带发生显著差异,最小值出现在低山扰动带仅为2.15 kg/m^2,而最大值出现在高山草甸带高达3.63 kg/m^2,平均2.94 kg/m^2。SOCD随着土层厚度的增加呈现出减少的趋势,减少幅度为14%—70%。在太白山北坡上,随着海拔梯度的增加,土层深度从低山区的78 cm减少到中山区的33 cm和高山区的10 cm,相应的总SOCD从低山区的35.45 kg/m^2减少到中山区的28.84 kg/m^2和高山区的12.29 kg/m^2,但是对应单位土层深度上的SOCD却从低山区的0.51 kg/m^2增加到中山区的0.87 kg/m^2和高山区的1.23 kg/m^2。因此,在秦岭太白山北坡上,除了海拔梯度、气候带、植被带、土层厚度等因素以外,土层深度对土壤有机碳储量的影响不容忽视,这对准确预测该区域的土壤碳储量具有重要的理论和实际意义。

不同雨型下紫色土区坡耕地产流产沙特征

利用遂宁水土保持试验站5个径流小区1984—2015年次降雨和径流输沙数据,基于降雨过程定量划分出4种雨型,分析了雨型对不同坡度坡耕地产流产沙的作用。结果表明:径流深与各时段最大雨强均呈极显著相关(p<0.01),随着坡度的增加,最大相关系数所对应的雨强时段越短;冲刷量均与Ⅰ平均呈极显著相关,且相关系数最大。径流深、冲刷量与雨强拟合关系均为幂函数,分别为"凸型"和"凹型"增函数,且拟合度区间分别为[0.79,0.88]和[0.90,0.97],说明冲刷量和雨强的关系更密切。各雨型下的产流产沙量随坡度的增大而增大,同一坡度下基本表现为雨型Ⅳ(短历时、大雨强)>雨型Ⅲ(中历时、中雨强)>雨型Ⅱ(长历时、中雨强)>雨型Ⅰ(长历时、小雨强),其中,雨型Ⅳ明显大于雨型Ⅰ且达到显著水平(p<0.05),且在15°小区的响应最为明显。雨型Ⅳ是造成该区坡耕地水土流失的主要降雨类型,且径流深和冲刷量随坡度的增大而增加,故应在水土保持工作中着重采取相应措施进行防治。

基于线弹性力学的非饱和红粘土裂缝开展分析

湖南郴宁高速公路沿线分布的红粘土是一种典型的高塑性粘土,极易干燥失水开裂导致严重的工程病害。以郴宁高速公路红粘土为研究对象,分析了粘土干缩裂缝的开展机理,采用线弹性力学和非饱和土力学理论,在一定的假设条件下导出了考虑土体抗拉强度的裂缝开展深度的理论解。理论解分析表明,裂缝开展深度主要受地表基质吸力控制,地表基质吸力越大,裂缝越深;当吸力梯度较小时,吸力梯度对裂缝深度的影响较大;土体参数泊松比对裂缝开展深度的影响较小。

土壤微生物多样性海拔格局研究进展

生物多样性的海拔分布格局与维持机制是生物多样性与生态系统功能研究的热点领域。相比动植物多样性海拔分布格局,土壤微生物多样性海拔分布格局的研究还处在起步阶段。近年来,随着以罗氏454、Illumina Mi Seq等为代表的高通量测序平台的发展,土壤微生物海拔梯度分布格局的研究进展较快。对土壤微生物多样性海拔分布格局最新研究综述发现,土壤微生物海拔分布模式并不明确,表现为无趋势、下降、单峰或者下凹型等多种海拔分布模式。这与大型动植物并不相同,暗示其驱动机制可能存在一定的差异。微生物由于其个体微小、扩散能力强以及较高的多样性和个体丰度而在局域尺度上可能更易受到气候环境因素的影响。土壤pH、碳、氮等因子是影响微生物多样性和群落组成在海拔梯度上变异的重要因素。此外,温度和降水也具有重要作用。另外,除微生物自身属性以及取样限制外,测序深度可能是影响土壤微生物物种丰富度海拔分布格局的重要因素。目前,对土壤微生物群落的研究在功能基因、群落构建机制以及生态学理论的验证方面还存在着不足。未来的研究应进一步加大测序深度,增加取样密度,着重关注全球气候变化及生物多样性丧失背景下土壤微生物群落的构建和维持机制及其生态系统功能等方面。

藏东南色季拉山西坡不同植被土壤有机碳垂直分布特征及其影响因素

【目的】藏东南地区高山生态系统有巨大的土壤碳汇潜力,研究其不同生态系统下土壤有机碳(SOC)储存的变化特征及其影响因子,有助于深入了解青藏高原土壤碳循环及区域碳源汇平衡。【方法】本研究在西藏色季拉山西坡海拔3000~4600 m开展密集土壤采样,研究不同海拔高度下不同植被类型SOC的储存特征,并分析其关键影响因子。【结果】表层0-5 cm的SOC含量随海拔升高而增加,4个植被带SOC含量平均值表现为高寒草甸(8.31%±0.77%)>暗针叶林(7.20%±0.90%)>高寒灌丛草甸(6.74%±0.80%)>针阔混交林(3.88%±0.46%)。在剖面5-10、10-15、15-20、20-30、30-40、40-60 cm各层SOC含量随海拔升高呈先增加后降低趋势,SOC含量在4种植被带的平均值表现为暗针叶林>高寒灌丛草甸>高寒草甸>针阔混交林。SOC含量随剖面深度增加而显著下降,高寒草甸和高寒灌丛草甸SOC垂直分布特征为表层聚集型,而针阔混交林和暗针叶林SOC垂直分布特征为普通递减型。剖面0-20、20-40、40-60 cm的SOC储量随海拔升高呈先增加后降低的特征。在表层0-20 cm高寒草甸SOC储量最高(C 95.66±4.81 t/hm^2);在剖面20-40和40-60 cm暗针叶林SOC储量最高,且其在整个0-60 cm剖面的SOC总储量在所有植被类型中最高(C 199.14±11.10 t/hm^2);针阔混交林SOC储量在剖面各层均为最低,且其在整个剖面的SOC总储量(C 111.45±10.30 t/hm^2)显著低于其他植被类型。剖面各层SOC储量与年平均温度、凋落物碳氮比呈显著负相关,而与海拔高度、年平均降水量和土壤含水量呈显著正相关。逐步回归显示土壤含水量是影响剖面各层以及整个剖面SOC储存的关键因子。随机森林模型对SOC储存的解释度为50.32%~65.82%,土壤含水量对表层土体SOC预测的相对贡献最高,年平均温度、年平均降水量和凋落物质量对各层SOC预测均有显著贡献,而植被类型对SOC预测的相对贡献随剖面加深而逐步增加。【结论】色季拉山西坡不同海拔高度下SOC的储存特征随不同植被类型和剖面深度而发生显著变化,环境因子(如土壤水分)对表层土体SOC储存有关键影响,植被类型对深层土体SOC储量变化的预测有重要贡献。

Bacterial Community Structure in a Mollisol Under Long-Term Natural Restoration, Cropping, and Bare Fallow History Estimated by PCR-DGGE

Soil microbial biomass and community structures are commonly used as indicators for soil quality and fertility. A investigation was performed to study the effects of long-term natural restoration, cropping, and bare fallow managements on the soil microbial biomass and bacterial community structures in depths of 0–10, 20–30, and 40–50 cm in a black soil (Mollisol). Microbial biomass was estimated from chloroform fumigation-extraction, and bacterial community structures were determined by analysis of 16S rDNA using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR- DGGE). Experimental results showed that microbial biomass significantly declined with soil depth in the managements of restoration and cropping, but not in the bare fallow. DGGE profiles indicated that the band number in top 0–10 cm soils was less than that in depth of 20–30 or 40–50 cm. These suggested that the microbial population was high but the bacterial community structure was simple in the topsoil. Cluster and principle component analysis based on DGGE banding patterns showed that the bacterial community structure was a?ected by soil depth more primarily than by managements, and the succession of bacterial community as increase of soil depth has a similar tendency in the three managements. Fourteen predominating DGGE bands were excised and sequenced, in which 6 bands were identified as the taxa of Verrucomicrobia, 2 bands as Actinobacteria, 2 bands as α-Proteobacteria, and the other 4 bands as δ-Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Nitrospira, and unclassified bacteria. In addition, the sequences of 11 DGGE bands were closely related to uncultured bacteria. Thus, the bacterial community structure in black soil was stable, and the predominating bacterial groups were uncultured.

武夷山沿海拔梯度土壤活性有机碳库的变化(英文)

土壤活性有机碳(LOC)是一组活跃的化学物质,由于其较短的周转时间和对环境变化的敏感性在全球碳循环中发挥着重要的作用。但是,对活性有机碳在亚热带森林沿海拔梯度的空间变异还缺乏了解。在本研究中,我们测定了福建武夷山自然保护区不同海拔高度具有代表性的中亚热带常绿阔叶林(500 m)、针叶林(1150 m)、亚高山矮林(1750 m)以及高山草甸(2150 m)土壤不同土层(0-10,10-25和25-40 cm)中微生物可利用碳(MAC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化碳(ROC)、水溶性碳(WSOC)和轻组碳(LFC),并观测了相应的植物凋落物质量(LM),土壤温度和湿度。结果表明:沿海拔梯度的植被变化和土层深度变化对土壤活性有机碳有显著的影响。微生物可利用碳、微生物量碳、易氧化碳和水溶性碳在不同土层均沿海拔高度的增加而显著增加;而低海拔的常绿阔叶林和针叶林中轻组碳的含量高于亚高山矮林和高山草甸的轻组碳的含量。各土壤活性有机碳库均随土层的加深而减小。除轻组碳外,各碳库间存在着极显著的正相关(p<0.001)。轻组碳分别在低海拔(常绿阔叶林和针叶林)和高海拔(亚高山矮林和高山草甸)与各碳库显著相关。