In situ digital testing method for quality assessment of soft soil improvement with polyurethane

This study purposes an in situ testing method on quality assessment of soil improvement.Factual drilling data includes the spatial distribution and in situ strength of untreated and treated soil along three different drillholes measured by on-site drilling monitoring method.These factual drilling data can characterize the degree of soil improvement by penetration injection with permeable polyurethane.Result from on-site drilling monitoring shows that the linear zones represent constant drilling speeds shown in the plot of drill bit advancement vs.net drilling time,which indicates the spatial distributions of soil profile.The soil profile at the study site is composed of four layers,which includes fill,untreated silty clay,treated silty clay,and mucky soil.The results of soil profile are verified by the parallel site loggings.The constant drilling speeds profile the coring-resistant strength of drilled soils.By comparing with the untreated silty clay,the constant drilling speeds of the treated silty clay have been decreased by 13.0-62.8%.Two drilling-speed-based indices of 61.2%and 65.6%are proposed to assess the decreased average drilling speed and the increased in situ strength of treated silty clay.Laboratory tests,i.e.uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)test,have been performed with core sample to investigate and characterize in situ strength by comparing that with drilling speeds.Results show that the average predicted strengths of treated silty clay are 2.4-6.9 times higher than the average measured strength of untreated silty clay.The UCS-based indices of 374.5%and 344.2%verified the quality assessment(QA)results by this new in situ method.This method provides a cost-effective tool for quality assessment of soil improvement by utilizing the digital drilling data.

An Overview of Soil Improvement through Ground Grouting

Soil is an essential component of what surrounds us in nature, providing as the basis for our infrastructure and construction. However, soil is not always suitable for construction due to a variety of geotechnical issues such as inadequate bearing capacity, excessive settlement, and liquefaction susceptibility. Through improving the engineering qualities of soil, such as strength, permeability, and stability, ground grouting is a specific geotechnical method used. Using a fluid grout mixture injected into the subsurface, holes are filled and weak or loose strata are solidified as the material seeps into the soil matrix. The approach’s adaptability in addressing soil-related issues has made it more well-known in the fields of civil engineering and construction. In the end, this has improved groundwater management, foundation support, and overall geotechnical performance.

Biological process of soil improvement in civil engineering:A review

The concept of using biological process in soil improvement which is known as bio-mediated soil improvement technique has shown greater potential in geotechnical engineering applications in terms of performance and environmental sustainability. This paper presents a review on the soil microorganisms responsible for this process, and factors that affect their metabolic activities and geometric compatibility with the soil particle sizes. Two mechanisms of biomineralization, i.e. biologically controlled and biologically induced mineralization, were also discussed. Environmental and other factors that may be encountered in situ during microbially induced calcite precipitation （MICP） and their influences on the process were identified and presented. Improvements in the engineering properties of soil such as strength/stiffness and permeability as evaluated in some studies were explored. Potential applications of the process in geotechnical engineering and the challenges of field application of the process were identified.

Functions of Russian Melilotus officinalis on Degraded Soil Improvement

To improve the serious situation of soil degradation in China, tests were carried out to study the improvement effects of Russian Melilotus officinalis on the low base saturation acid soil, the alkaline-saline soil and the heavy metal contaminated soil. The results showed that M. officinalis could improve the low base saturation acid soil, increase the salt, alkali content, mineral nutrition and organic nutrient, which indicated that M. officinalis could be planted in the acid soil, and had a significant ecological effect on soil improvement. M. officinalis achieved a remarkable effect on improving the alkaline-saline soil （pH 8.5-9.5） that the soil desalted, dealkalized and had more organic nutrient. Moreover, M. officinalis could improve the heavy metal contaminated soil and had the ability to enrich and transform heavy metal elements, especially Cd and Ni, thereby presenting significant repair effects on soil improvement. Therefore, Russian M. officinalis had multiple-effects on degraded soil improvement, so it is worthy of application and popularization.

A Study of the Effect of Soil Improvement Based on the Numerical Site Response Analysis of Natural Ground in Babol City

A series of numerical calculations have been performed to investigate the effect of soil improvement on seismic site response. Seismic site response analyses were also performed using data collected from a study area in Babol city. The improved site is a composite ground and has more or less different mechanical properties than the natural ground. In this research, the influence of the elastic modulus of the pile, the pile distance ratio, ground motion input, distance to fault rupture, and PGA of the earthquakes on seismic response characteristics are especially investigated. The results reveal that the values of the PGA and amplification factor on the surface of the natural and improved grounds depend strongly on the fundamental period of the site, the predominant period, and the intensity of the ground motion input. The acceleration response spectra also are affected by the characteristics of ground motion input and soil layers. Changing the pile distance ratio doesn’t have a significant effect on the seismic response of the site.

Study on Soil Improvement Measure of Plant Landscape Construction in Saline and Alkaline Area in Tianjin

A detailed research in soil improving measure was conducted during the process of plants that were cultivated in Tianjin saline and alkaline area. The results showed that the commonly used measures could improve the soil, and also we got some useful advices and suggestions for plants cultivating in Tianiin saline and alkaline areas.

Effects of Microbial Fertilizers on Soil Improvement and Wheat Growth Characteristics in Saline-alkali Land

[Objectives]This study was conducted to further enrich the research on saline-alkali land improvement,and explore the effects of biological bacterial fertilizers containing Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus velezensis HM-3 in saline-alkali land improvement and crop growth promotion.[Methods]Wheat was planted in saline-alkali land in Huanghua City,Hebei Province,and a mixed application experiment was carried out using biological agents from Hemiao Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.[Results]Compared with the field of control check(CK),water-soluble salts and pH value in the experimental fields decreased,and living bacteria count in the soil increased.Meanwhile,the economic characters of wheat in the experimental fields showed excellent performance,with yields increasing by 39.09%and 27.49%compared with the CK.It could be seen that the application of biological bacterial fertilizers achieved obvious effects of improving saline-alkali soil and increasing wheat yield.[Conclusions]In this study,the effects of biological bacterial fertilizers on saline-alkali land and wheat growth characters were clarified,providing some technical support and theoretical guidance for wheat planting in Huanghua saline-alkali land.

Research Progress on Effects of Continuous Cropping on Soil Microbial Florae and Its Restoration

Continuous cropping has become a common form of agricultural production at present, but with the increase of continuous cropping years, continuous cropping obstacles such as soil-borne diseases and plant growth potential decline are becoming more and more common. At present, the causes of continuous cropping obstacles and continuous cropping restoration have become a hot issue in agricultural research. This paper summarized the effects of continuous cropping obstacles on soil microbial community structure and main technical methods to repair continuous cropping obstacles, such as agricultural measure management, microbial balance adjustment and soil improvement, aiming to provide theoretical reference for protecting the sustainable utilization of soil ecosystem and ensuring the stability of crop production.

Improvement of geotechnical properties of sabkha soil utilizing cement kiln dust

Improvement of properties of weak soils in terms of strength,durability and cost is the key from engineering point of view.The weak soils could be stabilized using mechanical and/or chemical methods.Agents added during chemical stabilization could improve the engineering properties of treated soils.Stabilizers utilized have to satisfy noticeable performance,durability,low price,and can be easily implemented.Since cement kiln dust(CKD) is industrial by-product,it would be a noble task if this waste material could be utilized for stabilization of sabkha soil.This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing CKD for improving the properties of sabkha soil.Soil samples are prepared with 2% cement and 10%,20% or 30% CKD and are tested to determine their unconfined compressive strength(UCS),soaked California bearing ratio(CBR) and durability.Mechanism of stabilization is studied utilizing advanced techniques,such as the scanning electron microscope(SEM),energy dispersive X-ray analysis(EDX),backscattered electron image(BEI) and X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD).It is noted that the sabkha soil mixed with 2% cement and 30% CKD could be used as a sub-base material in rigid pavements.The incorporation of CKD leads to technical and economic benefits.

Emission control for precursors causing acid rain(V): Improvement of acid soil with the bio-briquette combustion ash

The bio-briquette technique which mixes coal, biomass and sulfur fixation agent and bio-briquettes under 3—5 t/cm 2 line pressure has aroused people's attention in view of controlling the air pollution and the acid rain. In this paper, the physicochemical properties of bio-briquette and its ash were investigated. And the acid soil was improved by the bio-briquette combustion ash, which contained nutritive substances such as P, N, K and had the acid-neutralizing capacity(ANC). The pH, EC, effective nutrient elements(Ca, Mg, K, P and N), heavy metal elements(Al, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn and Mn) and acid-neutralizing capacity change of ash-added soils within the range of 0—10%, were also studied. Specially, when 5% bio-briquette combustion ash was added to the tested soil, the content of the effective elements such as Ca, Mg and K rose by 100 times, 7 times and twice, respectively. The total nitrogen also increased by about twice. The results showed the oxyanions such as that of Al, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn and Mn were not potentially dangerous, because they were about the same as the averages of them in Chinese soil. It is shown that the ANC became stronger, though the ANC hardly increases in the ash-added soil. On the basis of the evaluation indices, it is concluded that the best mixture ratio is to add 2.5%—8% of the bio-briquette combustion ash to the tested soil.

The influence of hydrochar from biogas digestate on soil improvement and plant growth aspects

Hydrochar(HC),produced by hydrothermal carbonization,offers technical advantages over biochar(BC)produced by pyrolysis,and is suitable for soil amelioration,carbon sequestration,and enhanced plant growth.BC grain size has been shown to influence nutrient retention,microbial colonization and aggregate formation;however,similar research for HC is lacking.Pot trials were conducted to investigate the influence of HC grain size[coarse(6.3-2 mm),medium(2-0.63 mm)and fine(<0.63 mm)],produced from biogas digestate,for soil improvement in three soils:loamy Chernozem,sandy Podzol,and clayey Gleysol,at a 5%HC application rate(w/w).All soils including two controls(with and without plants)were analysed for water holding capacity(WHC),cation exchange capacity(CEC),wet aggregate stability,pH,plant available nutrients(PO_(4)-P,K and N_(min))and germination and biomass success using standard laboratory and statistical methods.Soil pH showed a compensatory shift toward the HC pH(7.2)in all soils over the course of the study.For example,the pH of the medium grained HC treatment for the Chernozem decreased from 7.9 to 7.2 and increased in the Podzol and Gleysol from 5.9 to 6.1 and 4.9 to 5.5,respectively.The nutrient-rich HC(2034±38.3 mg kg^(−1) PO_(4)-P and 2612.5±268.7 mg kg^(−1) K content)provided only a short-term supply of nutrients,due to the relatively easily mineralized fraction of HC,which allowed for quick nutrient release.The pH and PO_(4)-P effects were most pronounced in the fine grained HC treatments,with a~87%,~308%and~2500%increase in PO_(4)-P content in the Chernozem,Podzol and Gleysol,respectively,compared to the controls at the beginning of the study.The same trend was observed for the K and NH_(4)^(+)content in the fine and medium grained HC treatments in all soils.No seed germination inhibition of Chinese cabbage was observed,with average germina-tion rates>50%in all soils.An effect on NO_(3)^(−)content was indeterminable,while there was little to no effect on biomass production,WHC,CEC and aggregate stability.In conclusion,the application of 5%fine grained HC significantly influenced the nutrient content over a short-term.However,the application rate was insufficient to substantially improve plant growth,nor to sustain a longer-term nutrients supply,regardless of grain size.

Assessment of glass fiber-reinforced polyester pipe powder in soil improvement

This study investigates the use of glass fiber-reinforced polyester(GRP)pipe powder(PP)for improving the bearing capacity of sandy soils.After a series of direct share tests,the optimum PP addition for improving the bearing capacity of soils was found to be 12%.Then,using the optimum PP addition,the bearing capacity of the soil was estimated through a series of loading tests on a shallow foundation model placed in a test box.The bearing capacity of sandy soil was improved by up to 30.7%.The ratio of the depth of the PP-reinforced soil to the diameter of the foundation model(H/D)of 1.25 could sufficiently strengthen sandy soil when the optimum PP ratio was used.Microstructural analyses showed that the increase in the bearing capacity can be attributed to the chopped fibers in the PP and their multiaxial distribution in the soil.Besides improving the engineering properties of soils,using PP as an additive in soils would reduce the accumulation of the industrial waste,thus providing a twofold benefit.

Effects of Several Passivating Agents on Improvement of Cd Polluted Soil

Clay minerals,phosphates,alkaline materials,organic materials are common improvers in the management of Cd polluted soil. This paper systematically summarized types of common soil improvers and their passivation mechanism of Cd in soil. It reviewed advances in researches of soil improvers. Besides,it introduced major problems in four common passivating agents for management of Cd polluted soil. Finally,according to different mechanism characteristics of passivating agents,it came up with some recommendations.

Study on Improvement of Flowering Cherry Soil in Nanshan Botanical Park of Chongqing City

[Objectives] This study was conducted to analyze the current status of soil quality in Chongqing and provide scientific data for the rejuvenation of flowering cherry in the botanical park of the city. [Methods] With the flowering cherry soil in Chongqing Botanical Park as the research object, the typical soil in this area was investigated and improved. [Results] After applying soil conditioners, the pH value of the surface soil decreased from 7.32 to 6.34, and the pH value of the bottom soil decreased from 7.52 to 6.77;and the surface soil organic matter increased from 35.2 to 54.1 g/kg, and the bottom soil organic matter increased from 15.7 to 26.3 g/kg. [Conclusions] The soil has strong buffering capacity, and it is difficult to achieve rapid adjustment of soil pH and organic matter in actual work. Soil improvement needs to be carried out step by step. After targeted improvement, further maintenance is required in the later stage.

Densification of Reclaimed Soils with the Utilization of the Vibro Compaction Technique—A Case Study

This paper presents a case study of the extensive soil improvement work carried out on a reclamation project on the shores of United Arab Emirates. The project consisted an area of approximately 480,000 m2 for recreation purposes. Following the dredging work, approximately 6.8 million cubic meters underwent densification using the vibrocompaction method. The general aims of such analysis are to investigate the effectiveness of vibrocompaction as a method of soil improvement and appraise the selection of this method as the most appropriate soil treatment technique necessary for the adequate densification of the overall loose soil masses. The efficiency of the vibrocompaction technique to densify thick granular-based soil formations of considerable thickness and the benefits obtained, equated to other soil treatment methods, was assessed through a comprehensive post quality control program including field and laboratory post-compaction testing. Based on the analysis conducted it is concluded that soil strength of the reclaimed materials achieved a noteworthy improvement reaching comfortably the required degrees of densification.

Influence of Salt-Lime Stabilization on Soil Strength for Construction on Soft Clay

Construction on soft soil is one of the most challenging situations faced by geotechnical engineers. The heterogeneous and complex nature of soil, especially those containing organic clay, often makes it impossible for the construction specification to be addressed properly. Generally, clay exhibits low strength, high compressibility, and strength reduction when subjected to mechanical disturbance. This means that construction on clay soil is vulnerable to bearing capacity failure induced by low inherent shear strength. All these properties can be improved by the effective stabilization of soil. This study analyzed the effectiveness of incorporating salt-lime mixtures at various dosages in improving the strength increment of the soil. The results indicate that among different combinations of salt and lime, the best performance in terms of strength increase was achieved by adding 10% NaCl with 3% lime in the soil. The outcome of this study focuses on enhancing the ultimate strength of soil and its implementation in the field of foundation engineering.

Modelling smear effect of vertical drains using a diameter reduction method

Vertical drains are used to accelerate consolidation of clays in ground improvement projects.Smear zones exist around these drains,where permeability is reduced due to soil disturbance caused by the installation process.Hansbo solution is widely used in practice to consider the effects of drain discharge capacity and smear on the consolidation process.In this study,a computationally efficient diameter reduction method(DRM)obtained from the Hansbo solution is proposed to consider the smear effect without the need to model the smear zone physically.Validated by analytical and numerical results,a diameter reduction factor is analytically derived to reduce the diameter of the drain,while achieving similar solutions of pore pressure dissipation profile as the classical full model of the smear zone and drain.With the DRM,the excess pore pressure u obtained from the reduced drain in the original un-disturbed soil zone is accurate enough for practical applications in numerical models.Such performance of DRM is independent of soil material property.Results also show equally accurate performance of DRM under conditions of multi-layered soils and coupled radial-vertical groundwater flow.

Numerical simulations of shake-table experiment for dynamic soil-pile-structure interaction in liquefi able soils

A shake-table experiment on pile foundations in liquefi able soils composed of liquefi able sand and overlying soft clay is studied. A three-dimensional(3D) effective stress fi nite element(FE) analysis is employed to simulate the experiment. A recently developed multi-surface elasto-plastic constitutive model and a fully coupled dynamic inelastic FE formulation(u-p) are used to model the liquefaction behavior of the sand. The soil domains are discretized using a solid-fl uid fully coupled(u-p) 20-8 noded brick element. The pile is simulated using beam-column elements. Upon careful calibration, very good agreement is obtained between the computed and the measured dynamic behavior of the ground and the pile. A parametric analysis is also conducted on the model to investigate the effect of pile-pinning, pile diameter, pile stiffness, ground inclination angle, superstructure mass and pile head restraints on the ground improvement. It is found that the pile foundation has a noticeable pinning effect that reduces the lateral soil displacement. It is observed that a larger pile diameter and fi xed pile head restraints contribute to decreasing the lateral pile deformation; however, a higher ground inclination angle tends to increase the lateral pile head displacements and pile stiffness, and superstructure mass seems to effectively infl uence the lateral pile displacements.

Variation in glomalin in soil profiles and its association with climatic conditions,shelterbelt characteristics,and soil properties in poplar shelterbelts of Northeast China

Glomalin-related soil protein(GRSP)sequesters large amounts of carbon and plays important roles in maintaining terrestrial soil ecosystem functions and ecological restoration;however,little is known about GRSP variation in 1-m soil profiles and its association with stand characteristics,soil properties,and climatic conditions,hindering GRSP-related degraded soil improvement and GRSP evaluation.In this study,we sampled soils from 1-m profiles from poplar(Populus spp.)shelterbelts in Northeast China.GRSP contents were 1.8–2.0 times higher in the upper 40 cm soil layers than at 40–100 cm.GRSP-related soil organic carbon(SOC)sequestration in deeper soil layers was*1.2 times higher than in surface layers.The amounts of GRSP-related nutrients were similar throughout the soil profile.A redundancy analysis showed that in both surface and deeper layers,soil properties(pH,electrical conductivity,water,SOC,and soil nutrients)explained the majority of the GRSP variation(59.5–84.2%);the second-most-important factor in GRSP regulation was climatic conditions(temperature,precipitation,and altitude),while specific shelterbelt characteristics had negligible effects(<5%).Soil depth and climate indirectly affected GRSP features via soil properties,as manifested by structural equation model analysis.Our findings demonstrate that GRSP is important for carbon storage in deep soils,regardless of shelterbelt characteristics.Future glomalin assessments should consider these vertical patterns and possible regulating mechanisms that are related to soil properties and climatic changes.

Improvement of silty clay by vacuum preloading incorporated with electroosmotic method

A laboratory test was performed to assess the effectiveness of vacuum preloading incorporated with electroosmotic (EOM) treatment on silty clay (combined method) for reclamation projects like new disposal ponds, where the horizontal electrode configurations beneath the soil layer were possible and the drainage pipes and the prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) system could be easily installed in advance before the sludge dragged from sea bed or river bed was filled into the site. Three groups of tests were conducted on the silty clay from Qinhuai River in Nanjing, China. The model is able to apply vacuum pressure at the bottom of the soil layer and a direct current electric field simultaneously. It is also possible to measure the pore pressures at different depths of soil column, and the changes in settlement and volume with the elapsed time. In this study, the vacuum preloading method, vacuum preloading applied at the bottom (VAB method), was applied and the cathodes were installed beneath the soil layer. The results obtained indicate substantial reduction in water content, and increases in dry density and undrained shear strength in comparison with those obtained by the vacuum preloading only, particularly at the positions close to the anode. The combined method utilizes the vertical drainage flow created by the electroosmosis integrating the horizontal drainage flow created mostly by the vacuum pressure. The total drainage flow can be calculated as a result of the vertical drainage flow by electroosmosis only and the horizontal drainage flow by the vacuum preloading only. The way of placement of the cathode and the anode in the combined method also overcomes the disadvantage of EOM method itself, i.e. the appearance of cracks between the anode and the surrounding soil. Moreover, it is observed that the vacuum preloading plays a primary role in earlier stage in deduction of free pore water; meanwhile, the electroosmotic method is more efficient in later stage for absorbing water in the diffused double layers of soil.