Assessment on environmental quality of heavy metals in agricultural soils of Chongming Island, Shanghai City

The environmental quality of heavy metals （Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Hg） in agricultural surface soil of Chongming Island was assessed by national, local and professional standards based on a large scale investigation, in which 28 samples from vegetable plots, 65 samples from paddy fields and 9 samples from watermelon fields were collected from whole island area. Results showed that the average concentration of Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg was 21.6 mg.kg^-l,0.176 mg.kg^-1, 69.4 mg.kg^-1, 9.209 mg.kg^-1 and 0.128 mg.kg^-1, respectively. Compared with the background value of Shanghai City soil, except for Pb and Cr, all the other heavy metals average concentrations in Chongming Island agricultural surface soil exceeded their corresponding natural-background values. The concentrations of Cd, As and Hg were 33.0%, 1.2% and 26.3% higher than the background value of Shanghai City, respectively. In addition, inverse distance interpolation （IDW） tool of GIS was also applied to study the spatial variation of heavy metals. The results indicated that most of agricultural soil quality was good, and the ratio of ecological, good soil, certified soil and disqualified soil were 1.26%, 97.1%, 1.47% and 0.12%, respectively. About 10.1%, 85.7%, 27.0%, 55.4% and 55.2% soil samples exceeded the Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg background value of Shanghai City, respectively. Among these three land use type soils, vegetable soil was most seriously polluted by heavy metals, which is probably related to the over-application of pesticides. The annual deposition fluxes of Pb, Cd, As and Hg were 7736μg·m^-2·a^-1, 208μg·m^-2·a^-1, 2238μg·m^-2·a^-1 and 52.8 μg·m^-2·a^-1 respectively. Crop straw burning was the important source of heavy metals of atmospheric deposition, and atmospheric deposition contributed a lot to heavy metals in agricultural soil in Chongming Island.

The sediments of lake on the Ardley Island, Antarctica: Identification of penguin-dropping soil

During CHINARE 15(Dec. 1998 Mar. 1999), a lake core 67.5 cm in length, was sampled in Y2 lake, which is located on the Ardley Island, Antarctica. The concentrations of some chemical elements in Y2 lake sediments were analyzed. According to comparative research on elementary characters of sediments in Antarctic West Lake, fresh penguin dropping as well as guano soil on the Ardley Island and Pacific Island in South China Sea, it presents that the Y2 lake sediments were ameliorated by penguin dropping. The result of element cluster analysis shows that the type elements in the sediment impacted by penguin dropping include Sr,F,S,P,Ca,Se,Cu,Zn and Ba. This can provide a base for further interpreting the climatic and environmental event recorded in the sediment.

Variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration by planting Hevea brasiliensis in Hainan Island, China

The development of rubber industry depends on the sustainable management of rubber plantation. To evaluate the environmental effects of planting Hevea brasiliensis on a subsystem of tropical forest ecosystem, the variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration under rubber plantation within 30-year life period were investigated in Hainan Island. Results showed that （1） with the increase of stand age of rubber plantation, soil fertility decreased all along. From 1954 to 1995, soil organic matter, total N, available K and available P decreased by 48.2%, 54.1%, 56.7% and 64.1%, respectively. （2） If the complete return of litters was considered without additional fertilizer application to the soil of the rubber plantations, the consumption periods for P, N, K, Mg were only 825 years, 329 years, 94 years and 65 years, respectively~ To improve soil fertility is essential for rubber plantation development. （3） The C sequestration of rubber trees per hectare accounts for 272.08 t within 30-year life period and 57.91% of them was fixed in litters. In comparison with C sequestration by rain forest （234.305 t/hm^2） and by secondary rain forest （150.203 t/hm^2）, rubber forest has more potentials for C fixation. On the base of above results, the following measures would benefit the maintenance of soil fertility and the development of rubber industry, including applying fertilizer to maintain the balance of soil nutrients, intercropping leguminous plant to improve soil fertility, reducing the collection of litters, optimizing soil properties to improve element P availability such as applying CaCO3. The information gathered from the study can be used as baseline data for the sustainable management of rubber plantation elsewhere.

Spatial variability of soil nutrients in Punta Fort William,Greenwich Island,maritime Antarctic

This study aims to report baseline soil nutrients, specifically the organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus profile, in soil samples collected from Puntta Fort William on Greenwich Island in maritime Antarctic. Samples were collected along two transect lines during the early summer of 2008. Ward＇s method of hierarchical agglomerative clustering was employed to group the sampling points based on their physico-chemical properties. In this context, the soil samples can be grouped into three major clus- ters： （1） Samples with intensive biological activities, （2） samples from the area recently exposed by glacial retreat and （3） samples from barren and dried areas. Nutrient contents in Punta Fort William are driven by the intensity of biological activities as well as melt water from the Qnito glacier.

Field Soil Respiration Rate on a Sub-Antarctic Island: Its Relation to Site Characteristics and Response to Added C, N and P

Botanical, soil chemistry and soil microbiology variables were tested as predictors of in situ soil respiration rate in the various terrestrial habitats on sub-Antarctic Marion Island (47oS, 38oE). Inorganic P and total N concentration were the best predictors amongst the chemistry variables and bacteria plate count the best of the microbiology variables. However, while these chemistry and microbiology variables could accurately predict soil respiration rate for particular habitats, they proved inadequate predictors across the whole range of habitats. The best suite of predictors comprised only botanical variables (relative covers of five plant guilds) and accounted for 94% of the total across-habitat variation in soil respiration rate. Mean field soil respiration rates (2.1 - 15.5 mmol CO2 m-2 h-1) for habitats not influenced by seabirds or seals are similar to rates in comparable Northern Hemisphere tundra habitats. Seabird and seal manuring enhances soil respiration rates to values (up to 27.6 mmol CO2 m-2 h-1) higher than found at any tundra site. Glucose, N, P or N plus P were added to three habitats with contrasting soil types;a fellfield with mineral, nutrient-poor soil, a mire with organic, nutrient-poor soil and a shore-zone herbfield heavily manured by penguins and with organic, nutrient-rich soil. Glucose addition stimulated soil respiration in the fellfield and mire (especially the former) but not in the coastal herbfield soil. N and P, alone or together, did not stimulate respiration at any of the habitats, but adding glucose to fellfield soils that had previously been fortified with P or NP caused a similar increase in respiration rate, which was greater than the increase when adding glucose to soils fortified only with N. This suggests that fellfield soil respiration is limited by P rather than N, and that there is no synergism between the two nutrients. For the mire and coastal herbfield, adding glucose to soils previously fortified with N, P or NP did not enhance rates more than adding glucose to soils that had received no nutrient pre-treatment.

地理隔离与土地利用对北部湾海岸及岛屿土壤微生物分布的影响研究

为探明地理隔离(岛屿)与人类活动(土地利用)对土壤微生物分布格局及其演变的关键驱动因素,以广西壮族自治区北海市为研究区,包括大陆海岸带(北海大陆)、涠洲岛和斜阳岛,分析其土壤微生物(群落结构组成、生物量、多样性)的空间分布特征及其影响因素,探索北部湾区大陆海岸及岛屿土壤微生物生物地理学格局,解析地理隔离和土地利用方式的贡献率。结果表明:(1)研究区土壤微生物空间分异明显,涠洲岛和斜阳岛土壤微生物及其各组成群落生物量均显著高于大陆海岸,表现为斜阳岛>涠洲岛>北海大陆;(2)各分区土壤微生物群落均以土壤细菌为主,但各类微生物比例各异;(3)土壤微生物多样性指标的空间分布特征为涠洲岛拥有显著优势的Shannon-Wiener多样性和Simpson优势度,斜阳岛Pielou均匀度显著低于另两地,但其丰富度高于涠洲岛,并显著高于大陆海岸;(4)地理隔离、土地利用和土壤性质共同导致了研究区土壤微生物的分布特征,地理隔离导致土壤微生物群落特征在3地差异显著,土地利用驱使土壤微生物多样性分布符合中度干扰理论,相较于自然林,耕作显著降低了土壤微生物量和微生物丰富度,但提高了多样性指数、优势度指数与均匀度指数,土壤质地、养分与C/N对土壤微生物生物量影响显著,但土壤pH对土壤微生物群落结构、多样性的影响更为明显。

Spatial heterogeneity of soil chemical properties between Haloxylon persicum and Haloxylon ammodendron populations

Spatial heterogeneity is a ubiquitous feature in natural ecosystems, especially in arid regions. Different species and their discontinuous distribution, accompanied by varied topographic characteristics, result in soil resources distributed differently in different locations, and present significant spatial heterogeneity in desert ecosystems. In this study, conventional and geostatistical methods were used to identify the heterogeneity of soil chemical properties in two desert populations, Haloxylon persicum Bunge ex Boss., which dominates on the slopes and tops of sand dunes and Haloxylon ammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bunge, which inhabits interdunes in the Gurbantunggut Desert of Xinjiang, China. The results showed that soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon (SOC), available nitrogen (AN) and available phosphorus (AP) were significantly higher in H. ammodendron populations than that in H. persicum. The coefficient of variation (CV) indicated that (1) most parameters presented a moderate degree of variability (10% 【 CV 【 100%) except pH in both plots, (2) the variability of soil pH, EC and AP in H. ammodendron populations was higher than that in H. persicum populations, and (3) SOC and AN in H. ammodendron populations were lower than that in H. persicum populations. Geostatistical analysis revealed a strong spatial dependence (C0/(C0+C) 【 25%) within the distance of ranges for all tested parameters in both plots. The Kriging-interpolated figures showed that the soil spatial distribution was correlated with the vegetation distribution, individual size of plants, and the topographic features, especially with the plants nearest to sampling points and the topographic features. In each plot, soil EC, SOC, AN and AP presented similar distributions, and fertile islands and salt islands occurred in both plots but did not affect every individual plant, since the sampling distance was larger than the size of such fertile islands. The results of topographic effects on soil heterogeneity suggested significant differences between the interdunes and dune-tops. Different topographic characteristics (physical factors) between plots result in the differences in SOC, AN and AP, while the heterogeneity of soil pH and EC arise from plant species and their distribution (biotic factor). Such biotic and physical factors did not occur in isolation, but worked together on soil heterogeneity, and played important parts in improving the soil properties. Hence these factors were ecologically valuable in the highly resource-stressed arid study area.

福建琅岐岛表土孢粉与植硅体组合对农业活动的指示

孢粉和植硅体是重建古人类农业景观及环境变化的重要指标,明确它们在表土中的分布规律及其与现代植被组成之间的关系对于精确解释化石孢粉和植硅体数据具有重要的意义。本研究对福建琅岐岛3种土地利用类型的22个表土样品进行了孢粉与植硅体分析,基于地理信息系统和遥感技术,展示了不同类型孢粉百分比的空间分布及其与植被覆盖度间的数量对应关系。孢粉分析表明,以松属(Pinus)为代表的外来花粉普遍存在于表土样品中,这削弱了采样点周围植物的孢粉表现力,导致了果园和农田植被组成与表土孢粉组合间的巨大差异。与此同时,农业收割活动进一步降低了农田植物的花粉表现力。从遥感影像中提取的植被覆盖度数据仅与荒地上的木本植物花粉含量存在较强的相关性(R^(2)=0.7764),这显示茂密的草本植物降低了外来木本花粉的相对含量,证明了该植被类型具有良好的孢粉表现力。植硅体分析表明,表土样品含有丰富的竹亚科(Bambusoideae)、水稻(Oryza sativa)和杂草的植硅体。与孢粉指标相比,植硅体提供了更丰富的草本植物信息。

Densification of Reclaimed Soils with the Utilization of the Vibro Compaction Technique—A Case Study

This paper presents a case study of the extensive soil improvement work carried out on a reclamation project on the shores of United Arab Emirates. The project consisted an area of approximately 480,000 m2 for recreation purposes. Following the dredging work, approximately 6.8 million cubic meters underwent densification using the vibrocompaction method. The general aims of such analysis are to investigate the effectiveness of vibrocompaction as a method of soil improvement and appraise the selection of this method as the most appropriate soil treatment technique necessary for the adequate densification of the overall loose soil masses. The efficiency of the vibrocompaction technique to densify thick granular-based soil formations of considerable thickness and the benefits obtained, equated to other soil treatment methods, was assessed through a comprehensive post quality control program including field and laboratory post-compaction testing. Based on the analysis conducted it is concluded that soil strength of the reclaimed materials achieved a noteworthy improvement reaching comfortably the required degrees of densification.

崇明岛农林土壤养分分布特征及其影响因素研究

科学评价崇明岛农林土壤养分储存状况,阐述其空间分布特征,对于崇明岛农林生态可持续发展具有重要意义。针对上海崇明岛4种主要农林种植方式(粮田、菜田、果园和生态林)及3种代表性土壤类型(水稻土、潮土和滨海盐土),采集0~20 cm土壤样点100个,分析崇明岛农林土壤养分分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:崇明岛农林土壤pH均值为7.99,电导率(EC)均值为0.56 mS/cm;有机质平均含量为17.29 g/kg,属于中下水平;全氮平均含量为1.91 g/kg,属于丰富水平;全磷平均含量为1.33g/kg,属于中上水平。崇明岛的农林土壤基本呈碱性,中部的EC较低;土壤有机质含量在南部和中部较高,在东部偏低;全氮含量整体处于较高水平,中部偏高,西部偏低;全磷含量呈现出中部偏高,从南部向东北、东南方向逐步降低的分布格局。不同种植方式下各土壤养分指标均有显著性差异,粮田有机质含量最高,为19.20 g/kg;粮田与菜田全氮含量均较高,分别为2.09、2.17g/kg;土壤EC与全磷含量表现为菜田>果园>粮田>生态林。不同类型土壤的全氮、全磷含量表现为水稻土>潮土>滨海盐土;潮土的有机质含量最高,为18.00 g/kg,EC最低。崇明岛农林土壤养分分布受种植方式的影响显著,选择粮田种植方式有助于崇明岛农林土壤养分提升。

海南岛典型水稻土施硅肥对水稻产量与品质的影响

针对海南岛典型水稻土有效硅含量严重不足的现状,合理制定硅肥施用量成为当务之急。以海南岛5种典型成土母质(玄武岩、海相沉积物、河流冲积物、砂页岩、花岗岩)发育水稻土为研究对象,开展水稻硅肥肥效的田间小区试验;分析不同硅肥处理下水稻产量、品质及其相关的生理生化与农艺学指标。结果表明:对于玄武岩和花岗岩发育的水稻土,相较于空白对照,T_(2)与T_(3)施硅肥量均显著提高水稻产量及其相关的水稻茎蘖数、分蘖数、有效穗数、结实率、千粒重、根系活力、叶绿素、粗纤维素含量等指标水平,且稻米的精米率、垩白度、直链淀粉含量等品质特征也达到较好水平;综合推荐玄武岩水稻土最佳施硅肥量为750~950 kg/hm^(2)(有效态SiO_(2)为187~238 kg/hm^(2)),花岗岩水稻土合理施硅肥量为625~935 kg/hm^(2)(有效态SiO_(2)为156~234 kg/hm^(2))。对于海相沉积物、河流冲积物和砂页岩发育的水稻土,相较于空白对照,T_(2)与T_(3)施硅肥量均明显增加水稻分蘖数及根系活力、叶绿素、粗纤维素含量等指标;水稻产量在T_(2)施硅肥量时最高且品质也达到较好,继续提高施硅肥量(T_(3))水稻产量及其相关农艺学指标提高不明显,甚至个别指标出现下降趋势;综合推荐海相沉积物和河流冲积物水稻土施硅肥量为560 kg/hm^(2)(有效态SiO_(2)均为140 kg/hm^(2))为宜,砂页岩水稻土施硅肥量为750 kg/hm^(2)(有效态SiO_(2)为187 kg/hm^(2))为宜。因此,本研究揭示了海南岛典型水稻土施硅肥效应,为制定海南水稻土施硅肥标准以及水稻高效施硅技术的示范与推广提供科学基础。

乌兰布和沙漠不同演替阶段白刺灌丛沙堆土壤养分分布与富集特征

[目的]探究乌兰布和沙漠不同演替阶段白刺灌丛沙堆土壤养分垂直分布情况,为该区白刺灌丛稳定发展提供科学依据。[方法]选取不同演替阶段白刺灌丛沙堆作为研究对象。通过前期植被调查,依据白刺灌丛枯死率和盖度将其划分不同演替阶段,分别为发育阶段(枯死率10%~30%,盖度20%~40%)、稳定阶段(枯死率<10%,盖度40%~60%)和衰退阶段(枯死率>50%,盖度<20%),分别选取每个演替阶段3个相对独立的白刺灌丛沙堆,在丘间地、沙堆迎风坡和背风坡进行植被特征调查和土壤养分测定。[结果]随着白刺灌丛演替推进,白刺高度、冠幅长度和宽度呈先升后降趋势,其中,稳定阶段冠幅长度显著高于其他阶段(p<0.05),较发育阶段和衰退阶段分别增加45.50%和50.01%(p<0.05)。背风坡处,发育阶段土壤养分含量随着土层深度增加均呈“降—升—降”趋势,稳定和衰退阶段有机质含量呈下降趋势,40—60 cm达到最小值。迎风坡处,40—60 cm土层土壤有机质和全氮含量随着演替阶段发展在衰退阶段达到最大值,但发育和衰退阶段土壤全氮含量随着土层深度增加在40—60 cm达到最小值,较0—10 cm土层分别低83.33%和80.31%(p<0.05)。不同坡位白刺灌丛沙堆土壤养分均在0—10 cm达到最大值,但总体上白刺灌丛沙堆土壤养分富集作用不明显。[结论]白刺灌丛沙堆土壤养分主要集中在沙堆表层,如何缓解白刺灌丛沙堆活化和土壤养分流失,是白刺灌丛沙堆在干旱环境维持稳定的重要保障。

半灌木扩张草原土壤细菌群落特征及其影响因素

半灌木扩张频繁发生在干旱半干旱草地中,显著改变了地上/地下过程。然而,黄土高原半灌木扩张过程对土壤微生物群落的影响尚不清楚。因此,本文研究了不同半灌木(白莲蒿Artemisia sacroorum)扩张强度(轻度、中度和重度)草地的土壤性质和细菌群落变化及其相互关系。结果表明,中度和重度半灌木扩张草地具有沃岛效应,即中度和重度半灌木扩张显著提高了土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、有效磷和土壤水分含量(P<0.01)。半灌木扩张改变土壤细菌群落组成(OTUs水平),重度半灌木扩张显著增加土壤细菌群落α-多样性(P<0.01),Shannon,Chao1和ACE指数分别增加1.47%~1.80%,4.62%~6.77%和4.39%~6.82%。相关分析结果表明,土壤细菌优势门相对丰度和细菌群落多样性与土壤性质显著相关。冗余分析进一步表明,土壤碱解氮、全氮、水分、有机碳和全磷含量是影响土壤细菌群落组成的关键因子,对土壤群落组成差异的解释方差为39.04%。总体而言,本研究结果提高了我们对黄土高原半灌木扩张影响下土壤细菌群落变化过程的认识。

软土基础核岛厂房振动台试验数值模拟分析

采用土-结相互作用分区分析方法(partitioned analysis of soil-structure interaction,PASSI),对软土地基核岛厂房振动台试验中的筏基-混凝土框架模型以及桩基-混凝土框架模型进行了数值模拟,对比分析了振动台试验结果与数值模拟结果,并对软土地基下核岛厂房土-基础-结构的地震响应特征进行了分析。对2种模型输入调幅为0.05、0.10、0.20 g的RG160、Chi-Chi与Landers地震波,对比分析了各工况下振动台试验与数值模拟的土体与结构加速度放大系数、楼层反应谱、筏基底部土压力时程、桩身应变以及桩身弯矩。结果表明:数值模拟结果能较好地反映振动台试验结果;经过土层放大作用,随着楼层的增高,振动台试验和数值模拟中的加速度放大系数随之增大,反映了同样的规律;振动台试验与数值模拟所得的土-结体系的反应谱均与输入地震动频谱特征及体系的振动特性相关;振动台试验中,筏板基础会出现倾覆现象,筏基底部土压力时程表现出“东高西低”的现象,但数值模拟中筏基底部的土压力时程未出现此种现象,其原因是数值模拟中未考虑土体与基础的接触非线性;数值模拟中群桩的地震响应与试验的宏观现象基本吻合,定量上有差异,是数值模拟中未考虑桩的非线性所致。

非基岩场地基础隔震核岛厂房抗震性能分析

为了研究非基岩场地条件下基础隔震核电工程结构的抗震性能,本文依据外源波动理论提出了考虑土-结构相互作用效应的基础隔震核电工程结构抗震分析方法,该方法实现了地震动的高精度输入以及整体系统的直接求解,通过与传统封闭体系振动法计算结果的对比验证了其有效性。建立了基础隔震核岛厂房-地基整体有限元模型,开展了核岛厂房地震响应分析,讨论了不同剪切波速场地条件下核岛厂房的基础隔震性能。研究结果表明:非基岩场地条件下基础隔震核岛厂房表现出良好的隔震效果;随着场地剪切波速的降低,基础隔震的隔震能力逐渐下降,与剪切波速为1067 m/s的场地相比,当场地的剪切波速为305 m/s时,核岛厂房结构顶部的楼层反应谱、加速度放大系数和层间位移角的隔震率分别减小了14.30%、13.50%和23.41%。为了保证核电工程结构的安全性,在基础隔震设计中应充分考虑非基岩场地条件下的SSI效应。

双排型钢水泥土搅拌桩围护结合中心岛开挖在大型深基坑中的应用研究

结合背景工程实例,采用双排型钢水泥土搅拌桩围护结合中心岛开挖的基坑支护方案,对围护方案选型、施工关键技术以及基坑变形监测情况进行分析与总结,在有效缩短基坑施工时间的基础上,降低了工程造价,可为类似工程施工提供借鉴。

应用RUSLE模型和多源数据海南岛水土流失风险空间分析

为了全面评估海南岛水土流失风险,使用遥感和GIS技术,整合多源异构空间数据集,结合RUSLE模型,评价其水土流失强度等级及流失量特征。结果表明,海南岛土壤侵蚀模数为3.16t/hm^(2)·a,整体属微度等级,总水土流失量为4.66×10^(6)t/a;各风险等级所占面积依次为轻度(91.47%)>中度(6.06%)>剧烈(1.52%)>强度(0.72%)>极强(0.23%),相应地产生的流失量占比依次为剧烈(2.08%)<极强(4.54%)<强度(5.53%)<中度(12.60%)<轻度(75.24%)。海南岛水土流失风险呈破碎化分布,高侵蚀模数主要分布于环岛25~60km地带的丘陵、山地地带。

广州市珠江水系未开发江心岛土壤镉污染特征及生态风险评价

广州珠江水系中未开发的江心岛是广州市非常重要的城市湿地系统和自然景观资源,其土壤重金属镉污染不仅影响岛屿自身生态系统的发育与稳定,也是珠江水生生态系统安全与健康的重要影响因素。本研究调查与分析了广州市珠江水系5个流域的22个未开发江心岛的土壤镉含量及污染状态,并采用物种敏感性分布模型(SSD)评价了大洲岛和龙门沙这2座岛屿土壤镉对附近水域的水生生态风险。结果发现:22座江心岛共计67份土壤样品全镉含量范围为0.01~5.95 mg/kg,平均值为0.62 mg/kg,镉含量最高的为东江流域的大洲围,岛屿镉含量平均值达到2.35 mg/kg,其次是前后航道龙门沙、流溪河流域的大洲岛和南航道的屎船沙;根据《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618—2018),共有34份土壤样品镉含量超出风险筛选值。基于岛屿土壤样点镉地累积指数评价结果,22座江心岛中,仅有3座岛屿土壤镉处于无污染状态,其他19个存在不同程度的镉污染。土壤镉潜在生态风险分析结果表明,低风险岛屿9座,7座岛屿为中风险,6座岛屿为高风险,广州市珠江水系5个流域均有土壤镉呈现中、重度污染且存在中、高生态风险的江心岛。SSD曲线生态风险评价结果发现,大洲岛以及龙门沙2座岛屿的4份样品中仅大洲岛16号样品为中度生态风险,其余3份样品均为高风险,2座岛屿的土壤可能在丰水期淹没后成为镉释放源,对附近水生生态系统具有危害。因此,广州珠江水系江心岛土壤镉污染存在一定的生态风险,应该加以监控与修复。

不同质地土壤中荒漠灌木梭梭“肥岛”的初步探讨

为检验荒漠灌木＂肥岛＂是否受土壤质地调节,本研究选取了中亚干旱区梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron（C.A.Mey.））的两种原生生境：古尔班通古特沙漠的风沙土和绿洲区的灰漠土。两种土壤的质地有显著差异,风沙土中砂粒含量是灰漠土的2.1倍~2.4倍,而灰漠土中粉粒和黏粒含量分别是风沙土的3.0倍~3.6倍、2.9倍~5.1倍。通过对比分析两种土壤中梭梭冠下水分和养分的空间变异特征,获得了如下结果：两种土壤中均存在灌木＂肥岛＂效应,且随深度增加而减弱;在0~20 cm土层,与灰漠土相比,风沙土中冠下水分和养分的空间异质性更强,富集程度更高,风沙土中水分、有机质、有效氮和有效磷的富集率分别是灰漠土的4.6倍~12.3倍、3.4倍~8.6倍、3.0倍~4.9倍和2.1倍~2.6倍。本研究表明,两种土壤均存在灌木＂肥岛＂效应,而土壤质地可能决定了＂肥岛＂效应的强弱程度。

上海崇明岛表层土壤重金属元素分布特征与环境地球化学基线值研究

对上海崇明岛地区表层土壤中重金属元素的分布特征进行了研究,结果表明崇明岛表层土壤未受人为污染。运用标准化方法计算了崇明岛地区表层土壤中重金属元素镉、铬、铜、铅、锌、砷的环境地球化学基线值,建立了元素镉、铬、铜、铅、锌、砷的环境地球化学基线模型,确定其环境地球化学基线值分别为0.19、71.97、31.32、24.79、86.43、8.34μg/g。与上海市土壤背景值进行了对比检验,结果显示,标准化方法能有效计算土壤中元素的环境地球化学基线,获得的基线符合其定义和实际意义,为区域经济发展规划和环境评价提供了实用的基础地球化学信息。