Stress Relaxation of Grouted Entirely Large Diameter B-GFRP Soil Nail

One of the potential solutions to steel-corrosion-related problems is the usage of fiber reinforced polymer （FRP） as a replacement of steel bars. In the past few decades, researchers have conducted a large number of experimental and theoretical studies on the behavior of small size glass fiber reinforce polymer （GFRP） bars （diameter smaller than 20 ram）. However, the behavior of large size GFRP bar is still not well understood. Particularly, few studies were conducted on the stress relaxation of grouted entirely large diameter GFRP soil nail. This paper investigates the effect of stress levels on the relaxation behavior of GFRP soil nail under sustained deformation ranging from 30% to 60% of its ultimate strain. In order to study the behavior of stress relaxation, two B-GFRP soil nail element specimens were developed and instrumented with fiber Bragg grating （FBG） strain sensors which were used to measure strains along the B-GFRP bars. The test results reveal that the behavior of stress relaxation of B-GFRP soil nail element subjected to pre-stress is significantly related to the elapsed time and the initial stress of relaxation procedure. The newly proposed model for evaluating stress relaxation ratio can substantially reflect the influences of the nature of B-GFRP bar and the property of grip body. The strain on the nail body can be redistributed automatically. Modulus reduction is not the single reason for the stress degradation.

Numerical modelling of pullout of helical soil nail

An investigation into the pullout response of helical soil nail using finite element subroutine Plaxis 2D is presented.The numerical modelling of actual pullout response is achieved by axisymmetric and horizontal loading condition.The effect of varying number of helical plates,helical plate spacing and helical plate diameter is studied to understand the pullout capacity behaviour.The failure surfaces for various helical soil nail configurations and their pullout mechanisms are also analysed and discussed.The pullout capacity is found to increase with increase in number of helical plates.The helical plate spacing ratio（s/D;） and diameter ratio（D;/D;） are found to increase the pullout only up to a critical value.The response of helical soil nail using axisymmetric finite element simulation is found similar to the uplift behaviour of helical piles and helical soil anchors.In the absence of literature regarding numerical modelling of helical soil nail,simulation results are validated with uplift responses of helical piles and soil anchors.A good agreement in their comparative study for pullout response is also observed.

Pullout of soil nail with circular discs: A three-dimensional finite element analysis

An internal failure mode for a soil-nailed system consists of failure at nail heads,slope facing,nail strength,along groutesoil interface and pullout failure.A better understanding of pullout of soil nail thus becomes important to assess the stability of a soil-nailed system.In the present study,an investigation into the pullout behaviour of soil nail with circular discs along the shaft has been carried out by a threedimensional finite element analysis using Abaqus/Explicit routine.A total of 67 simulations have been performed to accurately predict the pullout behaviour of soil nail.The soil nail under study has circular discs along its shaft varying in numbers from 1 to 4.The pullout of this soil nail in a pullout test box has been simulated with a constant overburden pressure of 20 kPa acting on the nail.The pullout load edisplacement characteristics,stresses around soil nail and failure mechanism during pullout are studied.Variations of dimensionless factors such as normalised pullout load factor and bearing capacity factor have been obtained with different combinations of parameters in terms of relative disc spacing ratio,anchorage length ratio,embedment ratio,diameter ratio and displacement ratio.From the results of analyses,it is found that nail with more circular discs requires higher pullout load.There are critical relative disc spacing ratio and diameter ratio which significantly affect the pullout behaviour of nail.

Limit equilibrium analysis for stability of soil nailed slope and optimum design of soil nailing parameters

Reinforcement of slopes using soil nailing can effectively improve slope stability, and it has been widely used in upgrading cut slopes. Based on the assumptions of stresses on the slip surface, a new method for analyzing the stability of a slope reinforced with soil nails was established in the limit equilibrium theory framework, by considering that slope sliding occurs owing to shear failure of the slip surface, which subjects to Mohr–Coulomb(M–C) strength criterion. Meanwhile, in order to easily analyze the stability of a soil nailed slope in actual engineering and facilitate optimum design of parameters for soil nailing, factor of safety(FOS) contour curve charts were drawn on the basis of the established linear proportional relationship between the spacing of soil nails and slope height, and the length of soil nails and slope height. Then, by analyzing and verifying the results obtained from classic examples, some conclusions can be got as follows: 1) The results obtained from the current method are close to those obtained from the traditional limit equilibrium methods, and the current method can provide a strict solution for the slope FOS as it satisfies all the static equilibrium conditions of a sliding body, thus confirming the feasibility of the current method; 2) The slope FOS contour curve charts can be used not only to reliably analyze the stability of a soil nailed slope, but also to design optimally the parameters of soil nailing for the slope with a certain safety requirement.

Comparative study on pullout behaviour of pressure grouted soil nails from field and laboratory tests

一根土壤钉子的撤退抵抗为 geotechnical 工程师是在设计和分析的一个批评参数。由于领域条件的复杂性，领域里的水泥 grouted 土壤钉子的撤退行为很好没被调查。在这个工作，压力 grouted 土壤钉子的很多地撤退测试被进行估计土壤钉子的撤退抵抗。领域土壤钉子的有效契约长度被一个新 grouting packer 系统精确地控制。有典型实验室测试结果的典型的地测试结果和相关比较表明磨擦( ACF )的明显的系数随增加减少压垂当 grouting 压力是不变的时，玷污压力，但是随 grouting 压力的增加几乎线性地增加什么时候压垂压力(土壤深度)是未改变的。在土壤钉子表面的土壤样品的水内容从 drillholes 与土壤样品的结果相比显示出明显的减小。在土壤钉子完全地面被拔出以后，土壤钉子和包围土壤的表面条件被检验。在土壤 / 钉子接口的土壤的水内容价值从 drillholes 提取的土壤样品与那些相比实质地减少，这被发现。另外，所有土壤钉子在地面被拔出以后在直径的方向显著地膨胀，显示密封水泥薄泥浆压缩土壤并且渗透进土壤虚空，导致进显著地包围土壤质量的失败表面的相应移动。

A case study on behaviors of composite soil nailed wall with bored piles in a deep excavation

深挖掘的一个完全的盒子被探索。根据实际工作条件， 3D 非线性的有限元素过程被用来模仿合成土壤支持的深挖掘有在软土壤的无聊的堆积的钉的墙。修改凸轮泥土模特儿在数字模拟作为土壤的组成的关系被雇用。从数字分析的结果与领域数据被适合很好，它显示使用的研究途径是可靠的。基于数据和钉的合成土壤的四个不同模式支持的深挖掘的数字结果围的地，重要角落效果深在 3D 被成立挖掘。如果无聊的堆积或土壤锚在钉的合成土壤被认为墙，他们对减少的变丑和在深挖掘附近的无聊的堆积，混合堆积的水泥，土壤锚，土壤钉和土壤的内部力量有益。而且，效果由于无聊的堆积比从土壤锚推出的那些更重要。上面提及的所有证明合成土壤与无聊的堆积钉了墙在深挖掘是可行的。

深基坑支护理念演进和设计方法改进剖析

基于我国30多年建设实践,分析现有深基坑支护临时性理念、与主体结构相结合理念实施的优点和不足,提出促进基坑支护工程高质量发展的永久化理念。结合济南某基坑工程,阐释三个理念的逐次提升和相应支护结构的计算内容,定义适应与主体结构相结合理念、永久化理念的结构岩土化、岩土结构化设计方法;重点分析土钉墙与抗浮锚杆相结合的复合土钉墙的设计,以及抗浮锚杆与外伸支撑、水平楼板永久支护结构中抗浮锚杆的力学性状与耐久性,分析了永久支护对于地下室外墙受力机制的影响,阐释深基坑支护理念演化方向和与之适应的设计改进内容。对于反思我国岩土与结构设计管理体制,促进基坑与基础设计理论和方法进步,推动“新发展理念”在基坑工程的实践具有导向价值。

循环张拉作用下新型多节泡土钉抗拔性能现场试验研究

新型多节泡土钉具有拉拔硬化特征,相比传统土钉,其在土质边坡中抗拔性能更优。为了探究实际工况条件下新型多节泡土钉的边坡加固性能,并与传统土钉进行比较,开展7组新型多节泡土钉及传统土钉现场循环张拉试验,研究注浆工艺、节泡间距及埋深对土钉抗拔力及其发挥速率的影响规律,进而探明了每一循环下土钉弹、塑性拉拔位移占比,并分析其内在机理。试验结果表明:循环张拉作用下,注浆工艺对土钉的抗拔力影响显著,采用改进式压密注浆工艺和直接压密注浆工艺的土钉抗拔力远远超出传统注浆工艺,且初期的拉拔硬化现象更明显。采用改进式压密注浆工艺的土钉抗拔力发挥速率最快,直接压密注浆工艺次之,传统注浆工艺最小。从总体趋势上看,新型多节泡土钉抗拔力发挥速率在降低,传统土钉抗拔力发挥速率在升高。采用改进式压密注浆工艺虽然不能提升土钉弹性拉拔位移的占比,却能显著提高极限抗拔力;节泡间距对多节泡土钉抗拔力和抗拔力发挥速率影响较小,主要受到土钉周围土体强度的影响;埋深影响多节泡土钉的极限抗拔力,埋深越大,极限抗拔力和初始抗拔力发挥速率越大,同时抗拔力发挥速率随拉拔位移递减的趋势也更加明显。研究成果对提高新型多节泡土钉加固性能和优化工程应用提供指导。

考虑土性参数空间变异性的珠三角软土地区土钉支护结构可靠度分析

如何定量定性描述软土土性参数空间变异性对准确确定软土土性参数和合理评价软土地区土钉支护结构稳定性至关重要。采用既有统计分析方法定量描述空间变异性通常需要大量数据,难以满足。本文基于随机场理论模拟软土土性参数空间变异性,建立了一套考虑土性空间变异性的软土地区土钉支护结构可靠度设计方法,最后以MATLAB软件包为平台进行计算程序的开发与工程实例研究。分析结果表明,本文采用随机场方法模拟软土土体固有空间变异性及其在土钉支护结构可靠度分析中的应用具有合理性与普适性。

深基坑斜直交替钢管桩复合土钉墙数值模拟分析

依托福建某医院的基坑工程实例,采用数值模拟方法,研究斜直交替钢管桩复合土钉墙支护结构的变形特征及其稳定性。结果表明:坡面水平位移最大变形出现在基坑“腰部”,设计时应适当加强此位置的变形控制;斜直交替钢管桩复合土钉墙支护体系安全可行,其较双排直立钢管桩复合土钉墙及单一土钉墙有更好的变形控制能力和更高的稳定性。

土钉支护边坡物理模型试验研究进展

为提高工程扰动与自然因素联合作用下边坡稳定性,厘清不同加载条件下边坡土钉支护方式的作用过程及其特点,选取适用于实际工况的最优支护模式及布设工艺,保障边坡结构系统的本质安全。首先,在静力、振动和离心3类受力作用下系统阐述土钉支护物理模型试验过程与结果;其次,对比分析典型边坡支护技术与新型边坡支护方式的特点及适用性;最后,通过复杂环境效应下的物理模型试验,探究海底边坡、台风暴雨边坡及高速远程滑坡3类特殊边坡的变形破坏机制。结果表明:土钉在各类边坡支护中均具有良好的适用性,但对于复杂特殊环境下边坡支护的可靠度与安全系数仍有待提高。实际中需融合新材料新工艺开展组合支护结构研究;同时,加强物理模型试验中的相似材料选取、观测手段创新、特殊环境模拟研究,提高监测数据的高还原度,实现边坡系统的全过程安全保障。

GFRP筋土钉支护钉头的锚固性能

土钉钉头为土钉墙整体结构中的薄弱部位,为研究土钉钉头锚固性能,以一种装配式柔性面层GFRP筋土钉墙为例,通过室内钉头锚固性能试验及三维数值模拟对外径32 mm的中空GFRP筋钉头的极限抗拉强度、钉头变形及破坏规律进行研究。研究结果表明,该GFRP筋钉头极限承载力在240~290 kN之间,当螺母拧紧时螺纹副的应力主要分布在螺纹牙前3环,其中以钉头第1环螺纹牙应力集中现象尤为明显;此外,采用螺纹展开法建立钉头螺纹牙的力学模型,得出了第1环螺纹极限剪切强度与钉头极限荷载之间的关系,并通过计算得出该GFRP筋钉头极限承载力为244.54 kN,与试验结果相符。通过室内钉头锚固性能试验的脆性破坏特点,确定GFRP筋钉头安全系数在1.8~2.0之间,并判定此种GFRP筋安全荷载在125~135 kN之间。

Seismic analysis of nailed vertical excavation using pseudo-dynamic approach

An attempt has been made to study the behavior of nailed vertical excavations in medium dense to dense cohesionless soil under seismic conditions using a pseudo-dynamic approach. The effect of several parameters such as angle of internal friction of soil （φ）, horizontal （kh） and vertical （kv） earthquake acceleration coefficients, amplification factor （fa）, length of nails （L）, angle of nail inclination （a） and vertical spacing of nails （S） on the stability of nailed vertical excavations has been explored. The limit equilibrium method along with a planar failure surface is used to derive the formulation involved with the pseudo-dynamic approach, considering axial pullout of the installed nails. A comparison of the pseudo-static and pseudo-dynamic approaches has been established in order to explore the effectiveness of the pseudo-dynamic approach over pseudo-static analysis, since most of the seismic stability studies on nailed vertical excavations are based on the latter. The results are expressed in terms of the global factor of safety （FOS）. Seismic stability, i.e., the FOS of nailed vertical excavations is found to decrease with increase in the horizontal and vertical earthquake forces. The present values of FOS are compared with those available in the literature.

中空GFRP筋土钉抗拔性能研究

中空GFRP筋土钉是一种空心厚壁土钉,具有质量轻、易切割、耐腐蚀等优点。目前,对中空GFRP筋土钉的研究相对较少,对其抗拔性能和抗拔机理尚不清楚。依托北京地铁12号线北岗子站基坑工程,对中空GFRP筋土钉进行了现场抗拔试验,并采用FLAC3D数值模拟探究了不同拉拔力下中空GFRP筋土钉应力和位移沿钉长的分布规律,分析了不同内径和长度对应力分布和抗拔力的影响,对中空GFRP筋土钉的抗拔机理进行了分析。研究结果表明,拉拔过程中土钉的位移和轴力沿钉长呈指数衰减,剪应力在距钉头1.5 m处达到峰值,在距离钉头3.5 m处降至零;增大内径使土钉轴力沿钉长衰减更快,同时可提高其抗拔承载力,建议外径为32 mm的中空GFRP土钉内径取为15 mm;增加土钉长度不仅可以在一定范围内提高其抗拔力,还可使土钉轴力分布更均匀;中空GFRP筋土钉的破坏过程可分为弹性、塑性和破坏三个阶段,其破坏形式表现为拔出。

地铁车站附属结构工程中的清障施工技术

[目的]随着城市地铁建设施工技术的不断提高,地铁车站附属结构距离既有建(构)筑物越来越近,既有建(构)筑物用于边坡支护的土钉及锚杆不可避免地与附属围护结构在空间上存在冲突。因此,需选择合理清障施工技术方案,清除现有障碍物,确保附属围护结构顺利施工。[方法]根据城市地铁车站附属结构施工中清障工程经验及现状调查研究,总结了土钉及锚杆的常用清障技术,结合土钉及锚杆的主要清障技术提出了4种地铁车站附属结构施工的清障施工技术方案,并结合工程实际从清障施工技术方案的优缺点、造价、工期、成桩质量及安全等方面对附属结构施工的清障施工技术方案进行了对比分析。[结果及结论]经工程现场实施,全回转清障技术的施工功效高,其采用钢套筒护壁时的成桩质量好,基坑开挖后SMW(型钢水泥土搅拌)桩止水效果较好,基坑变形均在监测可控范围。因此,地铁附属结构工程中清障施工采用全回转清障+SMW桩的施工技术方案,可取得较好的工程实施及经济效果。

棚户村改造工程中深基坑开挖及支护技术研究

文中以驸马庄棚户改造工程为例,结合地质勘察资料,采用“土钉墙+挂网喷浆”复合支护技术,按照分层开挖、层层支护的原则确保深基坑开挖任务顺利完成。从沉降观测情况看,最大累积沉降量为18.5 mm,在允许范围内,工程实践取得了良好的支护加固效果,为深基坑开挖与支护提供了参考。

基于渗流场-应力场耦合作用的基坑土体变形特性研究

对渗流场-应力场耦合理论及耦合作用下土体固结特性进行分析,建立耦合作用下有限元方程及有限元模型。从理论联系实际的角度出发,利用岩土有限元分析软件PLAXIS对某采用复合土钉支护方案的基坑工程进行有限元模拟分析,分别建立不考虑渗流场影响及考虑渗流场-应力场耦合作用的2种计算模型,模拟分步开挖时复合土钉支护结构下基坑土体变形特性,并对2种模型计算结果进行对比分析,通过模拟结果与现场实测数据的对比,结果表明耦合作用下的基坑土体变形计算值与现场实测值较为一致。说明考虑渗流场-应力场耦合作用下的有限元数值模拟方法是可行的,计算结果是合理的,对类似工程具有一定的指导意义。

无地基处理的深坑开挖方法

超高层房屋建设时,通常会存在地下结构施工,其中,基坑开挖中最为重要的是电梯井、集水井等深坑结构的开挖,其开挖速度决定了结构的施工速度。采用槽钢支护法不仅避免了放坡开挖对原状土层的扰动,还提高了施工效率,是一种较为实用的深坑开挖方法。

土钉墙+桩锚式组合的深基坑支护技术研究

以石家庄市某深基坑项目为案例背景,通过研究土钉墙+预应力锚索组合的支护形式,将理论与施工现场实际相结合,同时对常见的施工质量问题进行分析并提出相应的解决措施,以期为相关工程提供参考经验。

考虑地质影响的深基坑复合土钉墙最优支护参数选择技术

通过勘察一区域综合办公写字楼主楼获取土层详细指标,利用土钉抗力参数计算选取最佳土钉墙材料,并设计深基坑复合土钉墙支护方案与施工流程。将设计好的施工方案输入到FLAC3D软件中模拟深基坑支护结构,模拟不同地质影响下的侧压力系数。经试验验证:当土钉参数为5排、钢管嵌固深度参数为2 m时,支护结构可以最大程度降低深基坑的水平位移与沉降;在侧压力系数较大情况下,可以保持较低的竖直位移与深基坑坑底隆起值,具有较好的支护效果。