Nutrient Budget and Soil Nutrient Status in Greenhouse System

This paper is based on nutrient budget and its effects on soil nutrient status in typical greenhouse system in China to provide a basis for raising the utilization rate of fertilizers and maintaining the sustainable development of agriculture in the greenhouse.By investigating the management of 18 representative greenhouses in Shouguang,Shandong Province,China,and analyzing both the greenhouse and open field soil samples,the soil nutrient budget and the trend of nutrient accumulation and translocation in soils were thus studied.The results under greenhouse system showed that the average annual inputs of N,P2O5 and K2O were 4 088,3 655 and 3 437 kg ha-1,respectively.The total inputs of N,P2O5 and K2O provided by chemical fertilizers which are the main source of soil nutrient were 63,61 and 66%,respectively.The utilization rates of N,P2O5 and K2O were only 24,8,46% and the input ratio among N,P2O5 and K2O （1：0.9：0.8） was quite different from the uptake ratio （1：0.3：1.4）.It had caused the excess of N,P2O5 and K2O in the soil,and the theoretical surpluses were 3 214,3 401 and 2 322 kg ha-1,respectively,for N,P2O5 and K2O.The level of the organic matter,total nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium was increased substantially,and their maximum level was observed in the topsoil （0-20 cm） with an average value being 1.4,1.9,21.2,5.4,and 3.7 times higher than that of the open field soil,respectively.The greenhouse soils showed leaching of the nutrients,especially NO3- which would cause a potential risk to the quality of groundwater in the area.It is necessary to apply more organic manure and provide nutrients according to the crop requirements and soil fertility as it could not only produce high crop yield,but also be beneficial to balance the soil nutrient and improve the utilization rate of fertilizers.Further,there would be no significant surplus of nutrients which may leach out of soil to contaminate the environment.

Nutrient Budget for Optimal Oil Palm (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i>Jacq) Yield on Coastal Plain Sands Soils of Akwa Ibom State Nigeria

The objective of the study was to establish approximate relationships between yield and soil nutrients in oil palm production. The study was conducted in Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR) substation Ibesit ekoi in Oruk Anam Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State Nigeria. Soil, rainfall and yield data were collected from oil palm plantation established 49, 29, 9 and 0 (control) years ago in an area underlain by coastal plain sands. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and multiple stepwise regression analysis were used to study variations, effect of land use on soil properties at different depths and contributions of various soil nutrients at different depths to the yield (fresh fruit bunch ‘FFB’ and palm oil) of oil palm. Results of coefficient of variability revealed that approx. 45.5% of the variables were highly variable including available phosphorus, extractable zinc, FFB and palm oil, while others were either least or moderately variable. Oil palm trees influenced soil development with its effect on silt content at 30 - 60 cm depth. Uptake of phosphorus in oil palm land use system decreases with depth. This was further confirmed by the relative contribution of available phosphorus to FFB yield that decreased from the surface of the soil downwards. Extractable zinc contents of oil palm land use were not significantly different from each other (ranging between 9.65 and 7.84 mg·kg–1) but significantly different from the control (23.99 mg·kg–1). In the modeling process, it was observed that the absolute contribution of texture was minimal while exchangeable sodium was highest (i.e. 66.5 percent) in the quantity of oil palm production. Also extractable copper and zinc were found to have made large contributions to FFB and oil palm. Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is a high-yielding source of edible and technical oils but requires proper knowledge and precise administration of nutrient demands for management of a major production constraint which is soil fertility.

Between and Within-Farm Variability in Soil Fertility Management and Status in the Central Highlands of Kenya

The processes of nutrient depletion and soil degradation within smallholder farms of central Kenya are spatially heterogeneous, determined by both biophysical and socio-economic factors. A monitoring study involving nutrient stocks, flows and balances was conducted in central Kenya to explore between and within-farm variability in soil fertility management and identify spatial niches for targeting soil fertility management strategies. Focus group discussions were conducted and farms grouped into 3 farm types （rich, medium and poor）. Nine case-study farms - three from each of the farm types - were randomly selected from the 50 farms studied, for detailed resource flow mapping. The farms were visited to record movement of nutrients inputs using a monitoring protocol covering soil, crops, livestock, and socio-economic aspects of the farm. Soil in different plots were sampled at a depth of 0-20 cm and analyzed for texture, pH, C, N, available P, exchangeable K＋, Mg2＋ and Ca2＋. Results revealed that wealthy farmers added an average of 51.3 kg/ha N, 37 kg/ha P, and 244 kg/ha K, compared to 25.9 kg/ha N, 14.5 kg/ha P and 50.7 kg/ha K for the poor farmers. In all farm types, home fields received more nutrient inputs compared to the outfields. Consequently, maize grain yields, partial nutrient balances and soil nutrient stocks were significantly higher in wealthy farms and home fields compared to poor farms and outfields, respectively. These results imply that different soil management strategies are required to achieve similar yields on the different field and farm types and avert soil degradation.

黑土长期施肥及养分循环再利用的作物产量及土壤肥力质量变化Ⅲ.土壤养分收支

计算了 1985～ 1999年试验期间各模拟施肥模型的作物移出养分量和施肥输入养分量 .结果表明 ,施用N肥可加剧土壤P收支赤字 ,而施用N、P肥则加剧土壤K收支赤字 .实验展示了我国在 2 0世纪70年代大面积贫P土壤和 80年代大面积缺K土壤出现的原因 .保持养分循环再利用可缓解土壤养分收支赤字 ,但不能满足丰产作物的养分需求 .在保持养分循环利用基础上根据土壤肥力适当施用化肥 ,可满足丰产作物的养分需求和平衡土壤养分收支 ,不致发生大量过剩N进入环境 .

下辽河平原农业生态系统不同施肥制度的土壤养分收支

本试验是在潮棕壤上进行了 10年的定位试验 .研究了在养分循环再利用的基础上采取不同施肥制度下作物养分移出量 ,并结合施肥量计算出土壤中N、P、K养分收支 .结果表明 ,在保持农业系统养分循环再利用的基础上 ,根据养分供给力设计化肥施用量 ,不仅可实现作物高产 ,而且可平衡土壤养分收支 ,避免土壤中肥料养分过剩 (主要是N)进入环境 .并揭示了我国在 2 0世纪 70年代以前大面积农田土壤缺P和 80年代农田土壤大面积缺K的原因 .

温室栽培系统的养分平衡及土壤养分变化特征

【目的】弄清中国典型地区温室栽培系统的养分收支状况及其对土壤养分累积变化的影响,为节肥增效,实现温室生产的可持续发展提供依据。【方法】选取中国典型温室栽培地区山东寿光具有代表性的18个温室大棚为研究对象,通过对各温室肥料投入、作物种类及产量等情况的详细调查及土壤分析,研究温室系统养分的收支平衡及土壤养分变化特征。【结果】(1)在中国典型温室栽培生产基地,每年氮、磷、钾养分的平均投入量为4088、3656和3438kg.hm-2,其中随化肥投入的氮、磷、钾养分分别占到各养分总量的63%、61%和66%,是土壤养分的主要来源。(2)温室栽培条件下,氮、磷、钾养分的利用率分别仅为24%、8%、46%,且施用比例(1﹕0.9﹕0.8)与作物的需求比例(1﹕0.3﹕1.4)严重失衡。温室土壤有机质相对缺乏,而氮、磷、钾则大量累积,其理论盈余量分别为3214、3401和2322kg.hm-2。(3)温室土壤有机质、全氮、硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量均显著高于露地土壤,且耕层(0—20cm)的累积量最高,其平均含量分别为露地土壤的1.4倍、1.9倍、21.2倍、5.4倍和3.7倍。各养分在土壤剖面存在不同程度的向下迁移现象,其中NO3-的大量累积和向下迁移是造成当地地下水污染风险的关键因子。【结论】温室栽培系统中,盲目过量的施肥,不仅造成肥料资源的浪费,破坏土壤-植物的养分供需平衡,影响蔬菜品质,同时氮、磷的随水淋失也会带来巨大的环境风险。温室生产中不仅应重视高质量有机肥的投入,还应根据作物的需肥特性及土壤供肥能力进行计量施肥,以实现温室生产高效、优质、环境友好的发展目标。

我国不同区域农田养分平衡对土壤肥力时空演变的影响

区域农田养分盈亏是驱动农田土壤肥力时空变化的主要因素。对我国6个农业生态试验站(海伦、沈阳、栾城、长武、常熟、鹰潭)站区农田土壤肥力在近年来时空演变的研究表明,除了海伦站黑土和常熟站水稻土的有机质和全氮平均含量下降外,其他站区均呈现增加趋势,主要原因是黑土和乌栅土有机质和全氮含量较高,目前农田有机C和N投入水平无法维持其平衡;6个站区土壤速效磷有增有减,而土壤速效钾除了栾城和鹰潭站区域外均呈降低趋势。从站区农田养分的年平衡与土壤养分的年变化量关系看,农田氮、磷、钾的盈亏量决定了土壤养分的变化方向。土壤有机碳和全氮的初始含量过高(分别超过15.1 g/kg和1.60 g/kg)时,也会导致其年际间的变化方向从增加变为降低。农田氮素盈亏量与土壤全氮变化量之间相关不显著,主要是由于化肥投入和作物籽粒输出的农田氮平衡不能完全代表土壤氮素的真实盈亏情况;而农田磷素和钾素的盈亏量与土壤速效磷和速效钾的年变化量的显著相关。

下辽河平原不同水-肥条件下玉米地土壤养分收支及氮肥利用效率

【目的】了解下辽河平原地区施肥与水分条件对玉米地土壤中氮、磷、钾养分收支以及氮肥利用效率的影响。【方法】利用持续16年的长期田间试验结果结合气象观测资料,对不同水肥条件下玉米农田养分收支与氮肥利用效率进行研究。【结果】施肥条件差异可使玉米移出农田的养分量高出无肥处理2～3倍。水分条件对农田养分移出量的作用虽不如施肥明显,但在较好的降水条件下,即使较为理想的施肥模式,玉米地土壤中养分仍有可能出现赤字;氮肥的施用加剧了土壤磷的赤字,而氮、磷肥施用可加剧土壤钾收支赤字,有机肥的施用可以使养分收支赤字得到缓解;水分条件的改善则加速了养分收支赤字的出现,但适宜的水分供给对氮肥利用效率的提高作用显著。【结论】在下辽河平原地区,水肥条件对玉米土壤养分收支有显著影响,水分条件适宜土壤养分收支出现赤字的可能性增大,但保持农业系统养分循环再利用并根据土壤肥力适当施用化肥,既可满足作物丰产的养分需求又有利于平衡土壤养分收支,提高氮肥利用效率,减少农业对环境的影响。

土壤氮磷平衡在评价区域氮磷损失中的应用

土壤氮磷平衡是评价农田生态系统氮磷迁移损失的有效工具。文章从土壤氮磷平衡的定义、分类及模型计算表达出发,结合国内外土壤氮磷平衡研究实例,探讨了土壤氮磷平衡的分析过程,并提出了土壤氮磷平衡研究的新动向。

不同施肥模式对作物-土壤系统养分收支的影响

以1组20年长期定位试验为基础,针对不同施肥模式下作物-土壤系统养分收支状况进行研究。本试验共8个处理,分别由化肥氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)和循环有机肥(M)组合而成。结果表明,养分循环再利用有利于作物产量的提高,对大豆和玉米籽实平均增产率分别为22.9%和16.4%;但随化肥的均衡施用,有机肥增产作用明显降低。仅施用循环有机肥可缓解土壤养分收支赤字,但无法实现作物高产和土壤养分收支平衡;施用氮肥加剧土壤磷收支赤字,同时施用氮、磷肥加剧土壤钾赤字。本研究中同时施用氮、磷、钾肥和循环肥模式可满足作物高产的养分需求,同时能够平衡土壤养分收支,是较为理想的施肥模式。

辽西褐土施肥及养分循环再利用中长期试验 Ⅱ.土壤养分收支

持续10 a的田间试验结果表明，在保持农业系统养分循环再利用的基础上，根据土壤养分供给力设计化肥施用量，可以在实现作物高产的同时，平衡土壤养分收支，从而避免土壤中肥料养分（主要是氮）过剩而进入环境。

树木根系呼吸及其对环境的反应研究进展

对根系呼吸在植物生态系统碳平衡中的作用、根系呼吸的碳消耗、根系呼吸与林木生长间的关系、土壤温度、CO2、养分以及水分对根系呼吸的作用等方面进行了综述。结果认为,由于根系呼吸占土壤碳释放的40%～70%,是土壤碳过程的一个重要环节,是植物生态系统碳平衡的重要组成成分。植物通过根系呼吸可消耗8%～52%的叶片光合作用所固定的碳,是影响植物生态系统初级生产力的重要因素。通常根系维持呼吸占根系呼吸的大部分,它在一定范围内随根系年龄的升高而提高。土壤温度和CO2对根系呼吸的作用有一定争议,但普遍认为CO2体积分数升高大幅度降低根系呼吸强度,土壤温度升高会显著提高根系呼吸强度。土壤养分对根系呼吸的影响主要起因于根系生长和根系吸收养分对能量的消耗,尤其是根系蛋白质的周转和修复对能量的消耗。土壤水分显著影响根系呼吸强度,但这方面的研究较少。

水旱连作高产田能量和养分转换效率研究

在四川省温江县连续３年研究了水旱连作高产田复种方式的能量和养分转换效率。结果表明，产量在１５ｔ／ｈｍ￣２左右时，麦稻玉米（或马铃薯）三熟制的能量与养分投入多于麦稻两熟制，但能效与养分转换效率却相反。总能投入须１８～２５×１０￣４ＭＪ／ｈｍ￣２，Ｎ，Ｐ＿２Ｏ＿５和Ｋ＿２Ｏ投入分别为３５０～４００ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２，１４０～１７０ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２和３５０～４００ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２。

长期不同施磷条件下玉米产量、养分吸收及土壤养分平衡状况

以设置在沈阳潮棕壤上的连续12年的田间定位磷微区试验为依托，研究在不同磷肥施用条件下（施用量和施磷频次），玉米产量、养分吸收以及土壤养分平衡状况。结果表明：磷素不是该研究区域玉米生产的主要限制因子；施肥促进养分吸收，其各处理间增加趋势为氮磷〉氮〉对照，并且一次性施磷肥方式优于每年施磷肥方式；与土壤本底值相比，施肥后土壤耕层（0～20cm）全磷、速效磷、全氮、碱解氮呈增加趋势，由于长年没有外源钾的补充，土壤全钾和速效钾呈下降趋势，其各处理问下降趋势为氮磷〉氮〉对照；土壤速效磷在不施用肥料条件下有下降趋势，只施用氮肥条件下有增加趋势，只是两者变化并不很明显；在每年施磷条件下，土壤速效磷量呈缓慢上升趋势，而在一次性施磷条件下，施肥当年的土壤速效磷量激增，而后呈减小的趋势，即与每年施磷肥方式相比，一次性施磷方式更有利于建立土壤“宏大”有效磷库；为了保证土壤养分平衡，在施用足量氮肥的前提下，施用磷肥量为等于或略高于作物移出磷量，施氮磷比控制在1：0．167到1：0．5之间。