Study on Relative Soil and Water Conservation Benefits of Ridge Tillage in Different Terrain Conditions in the Black Soil Area of Northeast China

Ridge tillage, which is a very common and important tillage measure in the black soil area of northeast China, has some soil and water conservation bene- fits, but has little attention. It is very important to explore the spatial distribution of the ridge direction of the arable land and its soil and water conservation benefits in different terrain conditions in the black soil area. So Binxian County of Heilongjiang Province was selected as the study area, and 168 field investigation units were ex- tracted by stratified sampling method and investigated. According to equations of slope gradient factor and slope gradient in ridge direction, and based on the soft- ware of Arcmap, SPSS and Excel, the investigation data of soil and water loss in Binxian County were analyzed and counted, The results show that in plain, hilly and mountainous areas, the average ground slope gradients are 1.92°, 6.20° and 8.27° respectively, and the average slope gradients along ridge direction are 1.33°, 4.52°and 6.45° respectively, which account for about 70%, 73% and 78% of the average ground slope gradients in the same terrain condition; the relative quantities of soil erosion in the present ridge tillage condition account for about 55%, 69% and 67% respectively of that in down-slope ridge tillage conditions, so the present ridge tillage has obviously relative soil and water conservation benefits. Based on these results, the reasons of the present ridge tillage status were analyzed, and some reform measures were proposed. The results could not only help to comprehend the spatial distribution and soil and water conservation benefits of ridge tillage in the black soil area of Northeast China, but also provide scientific references for the layout of local soil and water conservation measures.

Benefit measurement of the soil and water conservation for ecological forestry engineering

Data were collected from Three-north Region, Middle and upper reaches region of Yangtze River and Coastal region. By analysis of factors influencing soil erosion, the longitude, latitude, annual precipitation, and the slope degree were selected as regional independent variables and canopy density and stock litter were selected as independent variables, and integral diffusing models were established for evaluation of the benefit of soil and water conservation of forest. By solving the parameters of models using the package of STATISTICA, the Power function between independent variables and dependent variables was set up. The soil conservation amount of forest and economic values were estimated using the contrast method for the ecological forestry engineering of the above three areas.

Analysis on Countermeasures of Water and Soil Conservation and Eco-environment Construction in China

With economy development,human destruction of eco-environment is deteriorating,which has become a key treatment nationwide.What＇s more,eco-environment construction is proceeding and multi-eco-environment projects are developing.Water and soil conservation and eco-environment construction should be a strategic task long-term insisted on,which is a part of agricultural construction.The research analyzed the relationship between water and soil conservation with eco-environment,concluded the process of ecological civilization construction in promoting water and soil conservation,and proposed countermeasures,laying foundation for water and soil conservation and ecological construction.

Subsurface irrigation with ceramic emitters improves wolfberry yield and economic benefits on the Tibetan Plateau, China

Climate warming has led to the expansion of arable land at high altitudes,but it has also increased the demand for water use efficiency(WUE).To address this issue,the development of water-saving irrigation technology has become crucial in improving water productivity and economic returns.This study aimed to assess the impacts of three irrigation methods on water productivity and economic returns in wolfberry(Lycium barbarum L.)cultivation on the Tibetan Plateau,China during a two-year field trial.Results showed that subsurface irrigation with ceramic emitters(SICE)outperformed surface drip irrigation(DI)and subsurface drip irrigation(SDI)in terms of wolfberry yield.Over the two-year period,the average yield with SICE increased by 8.0%and 2.3%compared with DI and SDI,respectively.This improvement can be attributed to the stable soil moisture and higher temperature accumulation achieved with SICE.Furthermore,SICE exhibited higher WUE,with 14.6%and 4.5%increases compared with DI and SDI,respectively.In addition to the agronomic benefits,SICE also proved advantageous in terms of economic returns.Total average annual input costs of SICE were lower than the other two methods starting from the 8th year.Moreover,the benefit-cost ratio of SICE surpassed the other methods in the 4th year and continued to widen the gap with subsequent year.These findings highlight SICE as an economically viable water-saving irrigation strategy for wolfberry cultivation on the Tibetan Plateau.Thus,this research not only provides an effective water-saving irrigation strategy for wolfberry cultivation but also offers insights into addressing irrigation-related energy challenges in other crop production systems.

Influences of mechanized tillage and sowing modes on soil physical properties,soybean yield and economic benefits in mollisols region of Northeast China

Appropriate mechanized straw returning and tillage sowing techniques were effective means to optimize soil physical properties and enhance agricultural productivity,as well as important measures for the conservation and restoration of mollisols region in Northeast China.Under the condition of full-scale maize straw returning,four mechanized tillage and sowing modes were set,including plough tillage and sowing(PTS),combined tillage and sowing(CTS),no-tillage and sowing(NTS),and no-tillage and sowing with straw mulching(NTSM).In 2020 and 2021,the study investigated the effects of different mechanized tillage and sowing modes on soil physical properties,soybean yield and economic benefits.The results showed that during the pod-setting and pod-filling period of soybean,the NTS and NTSM treatments exhibited better effects on deep soil insulation and shallow soil moisture retention,the soil physical structure of PTS and CTS treatments were relatively ideal.Compared with PTS and CTS treatments,NTS and NTSM treatments significantly increased soil gravimetric water content(SWC)by 2.35%to 7.98%in the 5-15 cm soil layer and increased soil temperature(ST)by 3.94%to 10.42%in the 25-35 cm soil layer(p<0.05),significantly increased soil bulk density(SBD)by 2.98%to 6.72%and significantly reduced soil total porosity(STP)by 3.88%to 6.53%in the 5-25 cm soil layer,and significantly reduced soil gas phase ratio by 8.26%to 6.27%at the 15-25 cm soil layers,which caused soil three-phase ratio(STPR)of PTS and CTS treatment in 15-25 cm soil layer were relatively ideal.The soybean yield of NTSM treatment in 2020 was not significantly different from PTS and CTS treatment(p>0.05),the soybean yield of NTSM treatment in 2021 significantly increased by 7.30%and 5.84%over PTS and CTS treatments,respectively.And the average annual profit per unit area of NTSM treatment increased by 12.84%,12.41%and 8.57%compared with PTS,CTS and NTS treatments,respectively.Therefore,it was recommended to combine NTSM technique with PTS or CTS technique in a maize-soybean rotation system in mollisols region.The research results provided reference for the selection of appropriate mechanized tillage and sowing techniques in Northeast China’s mollisols region and had important guiding significance and practical value for the construction of rational plow layers and the implementation of conservation tillage.

Study on Soil and Water Conservation Benefit Models of Grassland Ecosystem──A Case Study on Jianou Mountain Grasslan Ecosystem

This paper studies the mechanism of grassland ecosystem's soil and water conservation function on the basis of two years experiment and inspection in Jianou mountain grassland ecosystem experiment station, Fujian province. After anaIysis on the data of soil erosion and runoff coefficient, relations between eroded soil, runoff and slope gradient. we establish soil and water conservation benefit models. According to the mode1s, experiment and inspection results, some proposals have been made to decrease the area of soil erosion in Fujian mountainous areas, e. g., optimizing land use structure in mountainous areas, taking suitable measures for local condition, closing hills for grassland development, accelerating restoration and raising quality of mountain grassland ecosystem, strengthening scientific and technological input, breeding the grass species that are suitable to local physical geographic condition.

滴灌条件下不同覆盖材料对玉米产量效益及土壤水分的影响

为探明不同覆盖材料对滴灌水肥一体化条件下玉米产量和土壤水分分布的影响,以普通PE地膜和裸地为对照,分析全生物降解膜、加厚PE地膜、玉米秸秆等3种材料覆盖下对玉米产量和水分的影响。结果表明,玉米秸秆、加厚PE地膜和生物降解膜覆盖后玉米产量为13114.5~13708.5 kg/hm^(2),较普通PE地膜增产1.4%~6.0%;水分利用效率为24.17~25.11 kg/(mm·hm^(2)),较普通PE地膜提高2.3%~3.8%。产值与效益均高于普通PE地膜,均以玉米秸秆处理最高,分别为38383.8、24283.8元/hm^(2);生物降解膜次之,分别为37674.0、21624.0元/hm^(2);加厚PE地膜排第3,分别为36720.6、21570.6元/hm^(2)。收获后覆盖处理土壤水分均呈典型的“双峰”曲线,上层含水量高于下层,对深层土壤水分影响较大。在降水量低、蒸发量高的沿黄灌区,覆膜的主要作用是减蒸保水,用可生物降解的环保型降解地膜、易回收型的加厚PE地膜或固炭培肥型的秸秆替代普通PE膜可行。

中卫市退砂土地农作物复垦的可行性分析研究

本研究旨在分析宁夏中卫市沙坡头区退砂地的土壤质量提升及农作物种植适宜性。通过连续3年的田间试验,收集并分析了8种宁夏地区广泛栽培的耐旱作物对土壤理化性质的影响及其经济效益。分析了退砂耕地适生农作物对当地土壤质量的影响及经济效益。结果表明,朝天椒和红葱在退砂地上表现出较高的产量和产值,且投入产出比大,是退砂地优先选择的作物。此外,玉米和小杂粮等作物轮作种植也显示出改良土壤结构和提高肥力的潜力。本研究为退砂地的科学利用提供了理论依据和实践指导,有助于推动中卫市经济社会可持续发展。

低空遥感技术在水土保持规划设计中的应用研究

为满足水土保持规划设计对数据高精度、高效率及现势性要求,并探究低空遥感技术在水土保持规划设计中的应用前景,本研究以榆林市横山区鲍家寺景区为研究区,基于数字正射影像(DOM)和数字高程模型(DEM)构建三维模型和矢量图。结果表明:与公开获取的遥感数据在时效性、分辨率和精度方面进行对比分析发现,公开获取的实验区遥感影像偏移量中误差约为1.75 mm,低空遥感获取的实验区影像偏移量中误差约为0.47 mm,低空遥感影像较谷歌等可公开获取的影像精度更高、分辨率更好、时效性更强。

湖北省全口径水土流失治理现状调查及对策研究

当前,湖北省水土流失防治取得了显著成效,但成效仍不稳固,防治任务仍然繁重。建立规划实施监测评估机制,统筹区域全口径水土流失治理情况、跟踪规划实施情况,有利于切实提升区域水土流失治理效益,切实改善区域水土流失情况。收集整理了湖北省8个三级水土保持功能区内的典型县全口径水土流失治理措施实施相关情况以及各类项目图斑、竣工验收图和评估年卫星影像等资料,结合GF-1卫星遥感影像分析及无人机摄影测量等手段踏查治理图斑现场并矢量化治理图斑信息,完成了图斑现场信息化复核校验工作,基本摸清了2020年全口径新增水土流失治理任务分部门、分工程、分措施、分图斑分解落实情况。发现湖北省全口径水土流失治理措施图斑坐标准确率为96.13%、图斑有效率为93.22%、图斑完成率为97.37%,但部分项目进度存在一定滞后、田间配套设施配置不太完善、人为扰动风险仍居高位等实际困难。据此,提出了强化目标责任考核、健全监督检查和监理工作机制、推动防治工作统筹的对策建议,可为湖北省水土流失治理满足《全国水土保持规划(2015~2030年)》中制定的目标任务提供决策依据。

水土保持方案编制现状分析与讨论

为贯彻落实《水利部印发贯彻落实〈关于加强新时代水土保持工作的意见〉实施方案》,根据2022年水土保持方案质量抽查情况和2023年1月发布的《生产建设项目水土保持方案管理办法》(以下简称《管理办法》)要求,2023年7月水利部制定了针对不同区域、不同行业水土流失特点的《生产建设项目水土保持方案审查要点》(以下简称《审查要点》)。为更好地理解与把握新颁布的《审查要点》和《管理办法》,针对当前水土保持方案中存在的变更率过高、前期工作不扎实、水土保持内容缺失、响应法规标准要求不够等问题进行了剖析,并就项目的完整性、前期工作的重要性、对主体工程的理解程度、水土保持措施布设的科学性及其他相关内容的相符性方面,对方案编制内容进行了重点分析,在此基础上对《审查要点》的条款要求进行了系统解读,明确了水土保持方案内容审查的红线要求,为规范水土保持方案编制与审查提出了解决方案。

南通市码头改造工程水土保持生态效益监测与评价

以南通市码头改造工程为例,分析项目建设过程中的地表扰动变化、土壤流失情况、措施落实情况、生态效益评价。结果表明,在工程施工期,地表受到扰动破坏,土壤流失量急剧增加,至水土保持运行期,随着植被、地表状况的逐渐恢复,土壤侵蚀量趋于稳定减少。项目区并未引起水土流失灾害,水土保持措施运行相对完好,对该区域的水土流失起到了较好的防治作用。

辽西低山丘陵区坡面暴雨产流产沙过程及水保效益

基于辽西低山丘陵区二道岭小流域坡面径流和泥沙现场观测,研究暴雨条件下(7·28暴雨)6种不同水土保持措施的坡面产流产沙过程及水土保持效益。结果表明,在暴雨过程中,与裸地相比,耕作措施中的顺垄耕作缩短了初始产流时间,工程措施和林草措施延长了初始产流时间。不同措施的产流产沙过程和雨强变化趋势相似,横垄耕作的径流和含沙量与雨强存在延后现象。在暴雨条件下,以裸地作为对照,林草措施具有良好的减流减沙效果,而农业措施的顺垄耕作则增大了产流产沙作用,加剧了水土流失。

宋代明州碶水利工程考析

宋代明州碶水利工程多以石材修筑而成,既可以防止河湖泛滥、治理内涝,又可以利用淡水冲洗滨海卤壤,降低碱卤浓度,具有显著的水利效益。碶水利工程与海塘、湖泊、堰闸等中小型水利工程共同构成有效水利网络,为当地农田灌溉提供了有力保障,促进了农业生产力水平的提高,为宋代明州社会经济发展奠定基础。

辽西矿区废弃地水保生态修复措施探究

随着采矿业的不断发展,矿区的废弃地问题也日益凸显。废弃地的土壤侵蚀严重,植被稀少,同时水、土壤和大气污染严重,给周围环境带来了严重的破坏。因此,实施废弃地的水土保持生态修复关键技术就显得尤为重要。以辽西地区为例,通过废弃地的水土保持生态修复措施,可以有效地实现水土保持和荒漠化治理,对促进矿区土地快速修复具有至关重要的作用。矿区废弃地的生态修复措施产生了显著的效果。植被覆盖率得到明显的提高,小气候也得到了明显的改善。逐步实现了生态修复的社会化和专业化,也带来了良好的生态效益和经济效益。

生态湿地蓄洪区水土保持方案探讨

文章以巢湖十八联圩生态湿地蓄洪区为研究对象,通过分析工程现状及主体设计内容,确定水保方案执行的水土流失防治标准,制定防治措施总体布局,全面界定主设中水保措施,并在方案中进行补充设计,同时对防治效果进行预测,使项目区水土流失得到有效治理,生态环境得到改善,以期为同类项目的水保方案设计带来一些参考。

太阳能热水系统在住宅建筑节能减碳中的应用研究

城镇化的推进促使能源消耗日益增加,节能环保越来越受到重视,针对住宅建筑给排水系统的要求也进一步提升。热水系统在给排水系统中发挥着关键作用,但其也是住宅建筑中能耗较高的一部分,因此,合理选用热水的制备方式意义重大。太阳能属于清洁的可再生能源,便于采集,可直接开发和利用,具有较大的利用潜力,是替代传统能源、减少城乡碳排放的重要能源。以武汉市某住宅项目为例,将太阳能热水系统应用于住宅建筑的给排水系统中,从太阳能热水系统设置、碳排放量计算和经济效益3个方面对太阳能热水系统相应设计参数的取值和实际运行的经济效益进行了分析。研究结果表明:太阳能热水系统在一定程度上可以满足住宅建筑中用户的生活热水用水需求,太阳能热水系统能够节约经济成本,并且具有显著的节能成效。

黑龙江省水土保持方案质量抽查实践与思考

为加强水土保持事中事后监管,基于工作实践,黑龙江省采用专家打分法,综合考虑数量、行业类别、监管重点、方案级别、许可方式等,抽取2018—2022年市、县批复的116个生产建设项目水土保持方案进行了质量抽查。结果表明:方案总体质量较好,中等及以上方案有111个,合格率达到95.69%,不合格方案有5个,不合格率为4.31%;2021—2022年的水土保持方案质量优于2018—2020年的,2021—2022年大部分方案存在缺少现场调查情况、水土保持措施针对性不强等问题,但在表土保护、土石方综合利用、取弃土场选址等方面的质量明显高于2018—2020年的;市、县两级水土保持方案质量情况基本一致,建议在水土保持方案评审中,邀请至少3位以上的省级专家进行质量把关;铁路、输变电、机场、水利等项目水土保持方案质量整体优于其他行业项目,大型项目的方案质量较高,建议对方案质量不高的项目,加强质量把控,即前期严格审查、后期加强监管。

基于侵蚀模数法的道路水土流失预测与防治

随着经济的快速发展和城市化进程的加快,人为因素已经成为水土流失的主导因素,东莞市大岭山镇矮岭冚村地块配套道路工程建设期间降低了植被覆盖率,破坏原有生态防护体系,开工后将造成不同程度的水土流失,亟需防护治理。在分析该工程区域水土流失现状及影响因素的基础上,进行水土流失预测,并划分两个水土流失防治分区。采取工程与植物措施相结合的综合防治措施,以期使因工程建设而引起的水土流失降到最低程度,并进行水土保持监测布置和效益评价分析,结果显示防治指标均达到目标值,效益良好。

鹿鸣关灌区节水改造水土流失问题与防治对策分析研究

对鹿鸣关灌区节水改造过程中的水土流失问题进行深入研究,提出了一系列有效的防治对策。通过对工程建设区水土流失现状的调查和分析,发现该区域存在以轻度侵蚀为主的水土流失现象;通过对水土流失的预测和分析,确定了未来可能出现的水土流失状况;根据不同防治区的划分,提出了一系列切实可行的水土保持措施,包工程措施和植物措施,并对其防治效益进行了综合评价。