Selection of Judging Indicators for Surface Morphology of Soil Crack under Different Development Degrees in Yuanmou Arid-Hot Valley Region

Quantification of complicated surface morphology of soil crack is a prerequisite and key to soil crack study. This paper takes soil crack quads in Yuanmou arid-hot valley region as examples, selecting several morphological indicators, and analyzes the soil crack＇s morphological features under various development degrees. By statistic analysis, three quantitative indicators for surface morphology are selected, namely soil crack area density, area weighted mean fractal dimension and connectivity index R, which can not only express the development intensity of soil cracks, but also effectively describe its morphological complexity and connectivity. The research results set a good base for the establishment of soil crack assessment system in Yuanmou arid-hot valley region.

Simulation of Morphological Development of Soil Cracks in Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley Region, Southwest China

Soil cracking is an important process influencing water and solutes transport in the Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley region of Southwest China. Studying the morphological development of soil cracks helps to further reveal the close relationship between the soil cracking process and water movement in such semi-arid regions. Here we report regular changes on surface morphology of soil cracks with decreasing water in four different soils (Typ-Ustic Ferrisols,Ver-Ustic Ferrisols,Tru-Ustic Vertisols and Typ-Ustic Vertisols) through simulation experiments. Our results indicate the following: 1) Different soils ultimately have different development degrees of soil cracks,according to their various values of crack area density. Soil cracks in Typ-Ustic Ferrisols can only develop to the feeble degree,while those in the other three soils are capable of developing into the intensive degree,and even into the extremely intensive degree. 2) Soil crack complexity,as expressed by the value of the area-weighted mean of crack fractal dimension (AWMFRAC),is found to continuously decrease as a whole through the whole cracking process in all the studied soils. 3) Soil crack connectivity shows a uniform trend in the studied soils,that is to say,connectivity gradually increases with soil crack development.

Surface Morphology of Soil Cracks in Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley Region,Southwest China

Surface morphology of soil cracks is one of the important factors influencing the water evaporation rate in cracked soil in Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley Region,Southwest China. Quantitative study of the complicated surface morphology of soil cracks is a prerequisite for further studies of soil-cracking mechanisms. The present paper establishes a quantitative indicator system by application of concepts and methods originating from Fractal Geometry and Network Analysis. These indicators can effectively express the complicated features of soil-crack network structure. Furthermore,a series of values related to soil-crack morphology was obtained by image processing on field photos of soil-crack quads,and gradation criteria for the degree of development of soil cracks were determined. Finally,the changes in values of the morphological indicators under different degrees of development were analyzed in detail. Our results indicate that (1) the degree of development of soil cracks can be divided into five grades,i.e.,feeble development,slight development,medium development,intensive development and extremely intensive development; (2) the values of the indicators change predictably with increasing degree of development of soil cracks. The area density (Dc) increases,and both the area-weighted mean ratio of crack area to perimeter (AWMARP),which reflects the intensity of cracking,and the index r,which is related to the connectivity of a soil crack,grow uniformly (albeit with different forms). AWMRAP increases at a geometric rate while r shows logarithm-mic growth,indicating a gradual increase in theconnectivity of a soil crack. Nevertheless,the area-weighted mean of soil-crack fractal dimension (AWMFRAC) shows a decreasing trend,indicating a gradual decline in the complexity of cracks as area density increases.

Cracking in an expansive soil under freeze–thaw cycles

Expansive soils located in cold regions can easily endure the action of frost heaving and cyclic freezing–thawing. Cracking can also occur in expansive clayey soils under freeze–thaw cycles, of which little attention has been paid on this issue.In this study, laboratory experiment and cracking analysis were performed on an expansive soil. Crack patterns were quantitatively analyzed using the fractal concept. The relationships among crack pattern, water loss, number of freeze–thaw cycles, and fractal dimension were discussed. It was found that crack patterns on the surface exhibit a hierarchical network structure that is fractal at a statistical level. Cracks induced by freeze–thaw cycles are shorter, more irregularly oriented,and slowly evolves from an irregularly rectilinear pattern towards a polygonal or quasi–hexagonal one; water loss, closely related to specimen thickness, plays a significant role in the process of soil cracking; crack development under freeze-thaw cycles are not only attributed to capillary effect, but also to expansion and absorption effects.

Quantitative Analysis of Relationships Between Crack Characteristics and Properties of Soda-saline Soils in Songnen Plain, China

The Songnen Plain has a typical soda-saline soil, which often shrinks and cracks under natural conditions during water evaporation. This study aims to analyze the relationships between the crack characteristics and the soil properties of soda-saline soils quantitatively, and attempts to establish prediction models for the main soil properties of soda-saline soils based on the results. In order to achieve these objectives, a desiccation cracking test was conducted using 17 soil specimens with different salinity levels under controlled laboratory conditions. Correlation analysis was then performed between the crack characteristics and the soil properties. The results indicate that the crack characteristics can well represent the surface appearances of cracked soils, they also can well distinguish the salinity levels of soda-saline soils while the clay contents and mineralogical compositions of soils are stable. Among the crack characteristics, crack length has the best relationships with the salinity levels of soda-saline soils. Specifically, the crack length has high correlation(R2 > 0.87) with the electrical conductivity(EC), Na+, CO32– and the salinity, it also has reasonable relationship(R2 > 0.68) with HCO3–, this indicates crack length can be well used for the prediction of these properties of soda-saline soils.

Theoretical and experimental study of initial cracking mechanism of an expansive soil due to moisture-change

Swelling and shrinkage due to moisture-change is one of the characteristics of the expansive soil,which is similar to the behavior of most materials under thermal effect,If the deformation is restricted,stress in expansive soil is caused by the swell-shrinking.The stress is defined as "moisture-change stress" and is adopted to analyze swell-shrinkage deformation based on the elasticity mechanics theory.The state when the total stress becomes equal to the soil tensile strength is considered as the cracking criterion as moisture-change increases.Then,the initial cracking mechanism due to evaporation is revealed as follows:Different rates of moisture loss at different depths result in greater shrinkage deformation on the surface while there is smaller shrinkage deformation at the underlayer in expansive soil;cracks will grow when the nonuniform shrinkage deformation increases to a certain degree.A theoretical model is established,which may be used to calculate the stress caused by moisture-change.The depth of initial cracks growing is predicted by the proposed model in expansive soil,A series of laboratory tests are carried out by exposing expansive soil samples with different moisture-changes.The process of crack propagation is investigated by resistivity method.The test results show good consistency with the predicted results by the proposed theoretical model.

Effect of deteriorated microstructures on stress corrosion cracking of X70 pipeline steel in acidic soil environment

In order to investigate stress corrosion cracking （SCC） of X70 pipeline steel and its weld joint area in acidic soil environ- ment in China, two simulating methods were used： one was to obtain bad microstructures in heat affected zone by annealing at 1300 ℃ for 10 min and then, quenching in water; the other was to get different simulating solutions of acidic soil in Yingtan in south- east China. The SCC susceptibilities of X70 pipeline steel before and after quenching in the simulating solutions were analyzed using slow stain rate test （SSRT） and potentiodynamic polarization technique to investigate the SCC electrochemical mechanism of different microstructures further. The results show that SCC appears in the original microstructure and the quenched microstructure as the polarization potential decreases. Hydrogen revolution accelerates SCC of the two tested materials within the range of-850 mV to -1200 mV vs. SCE. Microstructural hardening and grain coarsening also increase SCC. The SCC mechanisms are different, anodic dissolution is the key of causing SCC as the polarization potential is higher than the null current potential, and hydrogen embrittlement will play a more important role to SCC as the polarization potential lower than the null current potential.

Factors Predisposing and Triggering the Phenomenon of Shrinkage-Swelling of Clay Soils in the Urban Center of Diamniadio

The phenomena of shrinkage and swelling of clay induce damage to housing structures every year. Precipitation, climatic changes and drought are the cause of wall cracks due to subsidence or swelling of the supporting soil. This movement alters the balance between the soil and the structures. To explain this defection, the soil is made up of three elements: the solid, the liquid and the gas. Sometimes in a natural way or following a human intervention, one of these elements undergoes an abnormal variation that causes the loss of the balance between land and works. It is in this sense that this article deals on the one hand with the factors of predisposition and triggering of the phenomena of shrinkage-swelling of the clay soils of Diamniadio and on the other hand, the factors of aggravation linked to the lithological heterogeneity and the variation in the thickness of the layers susceptible to shrinkage-swelling. The studies carried out have enabled a deeper understanding of the behavior of expansive soils following their interactions with climate, vegetation, hydrology, hydrogeology, constructions among others, but also the influence of lateral and vertical variations of fine soil facies.

干湿循环作用下剑麻纤维加筋膨胀土的抗裂作用及影响因素

为研究干湿循环作用下纤维加筋膨胀土的抗裂效果,分别开展了素土和剑麻纤维加筋膨胀土的干湿循环试验,并采用图像处理技术提取试样表面裂隙参数,分析了剑麻纤维含量及长度、干湿循环次数、试样含水率对裂隙发育的影响.结果表明:1)剑麻纤维加筋膨胀土具有较好的抗裂性能,且剑麻纤维的掺入对膨胀土的裂隙率和裂隙平均宽度影响较大,相较于素土试样,最优加筋土试样的裂隙率和裂隙平均宽度均比素土试样减小了约1/2.2)纤维长度相同时,随着纤维含量的增大,裂隙率、裂隙总长度、裂隙平均宽度和分形维数均呈先减小后增大的趋势,且纤维含量为0.4%时各参数值最小;纤维含量相同时,纤维长度对各裂隙参数影响不大.3)随着干湿循环次数的增加,加筋土和素土试样裂隙参数均呈逐渐增大趋势,但纤维加筋土裂隙率和裂隙平均宽度的增大幅度均比素土小;从第5次干湿循环开始,各裂隙参数增长趋缓.4)单次脱湿过程中,试样含水率由20%降至10%时,裂隙急剧发育,且素土裂隙的发育对含水率的变化更加敏感,含水率低于10%时,随着含水率的减小,试样裂隙率变小并趋于稳定;相同含水率条件下,剑麻纤维加筋土具有更好的抗裂性能.5)剑麻纤维加筋膨胀土的抗裂机理主要表现在两方面,一方面是剑麻纤维的掺入增大了膨胀土的渗透系数,促进了试样内水分的均匀分布,减小了试样各处的胀缩差异;另一方面纵横交错的剑麻纤维约束了聚集体之间大孔隙的收缩.

冻融损伤过程中纤维加筋土的抗压性能与裂隙演化

冻融损伤土的微观结构,土中产生微裂隙,宏观上表现为土的力学性能下降。文章完成了石灰固化土和纤维与石灰加筋固化土的冻融试验、无侧限抗压强度试验、CT扫描试验,分析冻融损伤过程中石灰固化土和纤维与石灰加筋固化土的抗压性能与裂隙演化特征,评价纤维对提高土的抗冻融性能的积极作用。结果表明:石灰固化土、纤维与石灰加筋固化土的抗压强度与破坏应变均随冻融次数的增加呈阶段性下降,即降幅较大阶段、降幅较小阶段和强度基本稳定阶段,纤维加筋显著提高了土的抗变形性能;土的压实度越大,纤维加筋提高土的力学性能就越明显;冻融过程中,裂隙主要分布在试样的表面、上部和下部,面裂隙率随扫描层数的增加呈先减小后增大的变化规律;纤维与石灰加筋固化土的体裂隙率、裂隙长度均值、裂隙宽度均值均小于石灰固化土,纤维加筋延缓了裂隙的形成、发展与连通。纤维与石灰加筋固化土的抗压性能与抗冻融性能显著优于石灰固化土,纤维加筋减弱了冻融土的微观结构损伤程度。

裂隙影响下的微润灌水分运移和分布规律

为研究裂隙发育对微润灌水分运移和分布特征的影响规律,进行了室内土箱水分入渗试验.通过人造裂隙方式,设置不同裂隙间距(6,8 cm)和裂隙深度(5,10,15 cm)处理,同时以无裂隙处理(CK)为对照,测定了入渗过程中入渗量变化、湿润体形态演变和入渗结束时水分分布特征.结果表明:裂隙对微润灌水分入渗速率基本无影响,各处理之间累积入渗量随入渗时间变化趋势接近,最终累积入渗量差异不显著.裂隙改变湿润体形态演变和水分分布特征,湿润锋到达裂隙区域后,在裂隙毛管阻隔效应影响下,水分水平运动受到抑制,向上运动得到加强,最终导致湿润体上部呈近似矩形、下部呈近似椭圆,剖面水分分布呈指状特征.裂隙深度对湿润体规则度、湿润锋向上运移距离和灌后水分分布均匀度影响显著,而裂隙间距对其影响不显著.相比CK,裂隙深度15 cm时湿润体分散度约增加了34.5%,湿润锋最终向上运移距离约增加了12.9%,水分分布均匀度约降低27.5%.综合考虑,在微润灌实际应用过程中应控制田间裂隙深度发育,以降低其不利影响.

干湿循环作用下高压实膨胀土及改性土裂隙演化规律及机理研究

干湿循环作用下膨胀土裂隙发育是影响南水北调工程渠坡安全的主要因素之一。为研究不同干湿循环作用下高压实膨胀土及水泥改性土的裂隙演化规律及机理,分别对为20 mm和40 mm高度的渠坡膨胀土及水泥改性土的环刀试样进行了7次室内干湿循环试验。试验结果表明:(1)随着干湿循环次数的增加,高压实膨胀土试样的最终裂隙率和分形维数不断增大并趋于稳定,达到一定的循环次数后,试样高度对裂隙率的影响减弱,而对分形维数的影响增大。(2)高压实水泥改性土在经历7次干湿循环后,试样表面没有出现裂隙,表明水泥可以有效的抑制膨胀土裂隙的发育。(3)在第2~3次干湿循环过程中,试样表面裂隙出现了自愈合现象。随着干湿循环次数的增加,膨胀土试样裂隙起裂时间提前,试样出现了不可逆转的损伤,自愈合现象消失。试样高度越高,试样裂隙的起裂时间越长。(4)由于高压实膨胀土团聚体失水收缩使得其空隙空间增加,加速了水分子的逃逸,导致高压实膨胀土和改性土的失水速率可分为3个阶段:加速率阶段、常速率阶段、减速率阶段。(5)在加速率和常速率阶段,试样高度对失水速率几乎没有影响。在减速率阶段,与40 mm高度试样相比,20 mm高度试样的失水速率降低的更快,进入减速率阶段的时间更早。随着干湿循环次数的增加,试样失水速率明显降低。

考虑毛细与吸附作用的黏土干缩开裂过程离散元模拟

黏土干缩开裂过程中土颗粒间的作用非常复杂,导致难以从颗粒层面对干缩裂缝的形成机理开展定量研究。基于非饱和土中的吸应力曲线,明确区分黏土中的毛细与吸附作用,在此基础上建立考虑黏土颗粒间吸引力随含水率变化的离散元接触模型,开展黏土干缩开裂的数值模拟,并与室内试验结果进行对比。结果表明,数值模拟得到的裂缝形态、裂缝发育历程、土样应变均与室内试验较为吻合,验证了离散元接触模型的可靠性。对模拟结果的进一步分析发现:①在黏土干缩开裂过程中,毛细与吸附作用共同发挥效果。随着含水率的降低,吸附作用的影响逐渐超过毛细作用。在吸附作用占优阶段,模拟土样的土颗粒沿裂缝分布方向的平均位移为最终位移值的73%。②土颗粒间总接触数量随含水率的降低先减少后增加。③在毛细/吸附作用占优阶段,土颗粒间的物理接触力会迅速增加并引起应力集中,土颗粒间接触因此集中断开进而形成裂缝。

黄原胶改良陡坡生态修复基材保水及抗裂特性研究

针对陡坡生态修复基材失水易开裂的问题,利用黄原胶作为土体改良剂,通过室内试验探究黄原胶掺量对黏土体保水及抗开裂特性的影响,并利用MATLAB软件对其开裂特征进行了提取、统计与分析,探讨了黄原胶改良土体的作用机理.研究结果表明,黄原胶掺量的增加抑制了黏土试样在匀速蒸发阶段的平均蒸发速率,延长了稳定蒸发阶段的时间,阻碍了试样主裂隙的宽度和长度的发育;当黄原胶掺量由0%增加至0.4%时,试样平均蒸发速率由2.68 g/h下降至2.11 g/h,裂隙平均长度和宽度分别下降58.1%和73.6%.此外,试样表面的宏观裂隙形态由复杂“X”形向“Y”形转变,相比于素土试样,表面裂隙率由19.9%降低至1.6%.黄原胶在黏土颗粒表面形成一层胶质黏膜,通过包裹、联结颗粒及填充孔隙等作用使土体颗粒间胶结更加紧密,从而改变土体颗粒间水分迁移的路径,能够很好地改良黏土抗蒸发开裂的效果.

盐分对水分蒸发和土壤裂隙发育的影响

揭示盐碱土壤干燥开裂机理可为干旱半干旱盐碱地区基于裂缝网络的精量灌溉制度的制定提供理论基础。通过设置5种土壤含盐量(0、0.3%、0.6%、1%、2%,分别记作CK、T3、T6、T10、T20)处理,开展恒温土壤蒸发试验,探究含盐量对土壤蒸发过程的影响,并结合数字图像处理技术对蒸发过程中土壤干缩裂缝网络几何形态特征进行定量分析。结果表明:(1)不同处理蒸发过程具有相似性,即蒸发过程均包含一个线性阶段和一个非线性阶段,但各处理蒸发阶段占总蒸发阶段的比重不同,T20处理最早进入减速率阶段,说明盐分导致土壤渗透性减弱。(2)累积蒸发量随土壤含盐量的增加而降低,即CK>T3>T6>T10>T20,表明盐分可以抑制土壤蒸发。(3)随着土壤含盐量的增加,开裂含水量不断降低,土壤裂隙面积和长度逐渐减小随后趋于稳定。水分蒸发和表面开裂之间的相互作用表现为水分流失过程中游离Na+对土壤颗粒的化学影响和沉淀Na 2SO 4晶体对土壤孔隙的物理影响。(4)相关分析表明,累积蒸发量与土壤开裂水平呈正相关关系,含水量与土壤开裂水平呈负相关关系,且累积蒸发量与裂缝参数的相关程度整体高于土壤含水量与裂缝参数的相关程度。

考虑干湿循环累积损伤的膨胀土土水特征研究

为探明干湿循环中膨胀土裂隙发育对其土水特征的影响,制备经历不同次数干湿循环的柱状土样,并对其土水特征曲线进行测定。结合CT扫描结果,基于裂隙的分形特征构建土柱截面和整体损伤变量,通过其变化规律阐明裂隙发育对土水特征的影响。结果表明:裂隙的分形维数沿深度方向逐渐减小,大体呈线性变化规律,不同循环次数下裂隙的开展过程具有相似性;基于裂隙分形维数构造的损伤变量能够较好描述干湿循环对膨胀土的累积损伤效应,土柱的整体损伤变量随干湿循环次数逐渐增加,且增速逐步提高;提出的基于土柱整体损伤变量进行修正的Fredlund-Xing模型能够较好拟合裂隙膨胀土的土水特征曲线。研究成果能够为后续裂隙膨胀土的渗流和工程应用研究提供理论支持。

非饱和土干缩开裂分析的近场动力学模拟

非饱和土失水收缩变形是一种水力耦合现象,其诱发的开裂问题严重削弱了土体的水力和力学特性,造成各种潜在的自然灾害.相对于饱和土体,非饱和土的失水收缩机制更为复杂,受到广泛关注.为此,提出了一种考虑水-力耦合作用效应的键型近场动力学(PD)模型,探究由于水分变化引起的非饱和土体变形开裂特征.在该模型中,非饱和土扩散方程由近场动力学微分算子进行重构,键型近场动力学运动方程采用改进的微弹性模量.然后提出了一种显-隐式混合算法,扩散方程采用显式差分格式求解,运动方程采用隐式整体格式求解,有效避免了两类方程在同一显式格式下时间步不协调的问题.通过非饱和土块干燥收缩变形和三维土盘干燥开裂的算例分析,验证了模型和算法的有效性.研究结果表明,所建立的模型和算法能较好地捕捉非饱和土失水收缩开裂的过程.

充填型岩溶隧道仰坡滑塌机制及稳定性控制技术——以宜宾巡场至玉和公路下坝隧道出口段为例

为解决充填型岩溶隧道进洞过程中引起的仰坡滑塌问题,利用现场调查和MultiFracS多物理场断裂分析软件,对隧道进洞过程中仰坡体内裂缝发展过程和围岩变形情况进行分析,提出洞口仰坡加固措施并进行效果评价,得出如下结论:1)连续降雨是引起仰坡滑塌的直接原因,随着含水率的增加,碎石土充填物抗剪强度降低,溶腔区位移变化显著且出现微裂隙;当含水率增加至20%时,溶腔区裂缝进一步发展,局部出现开裂,地表滑动位移不断增加。2)隧道进洞施工扰动加速了地表覆盖层与下伏基岩间贯通裂缝的形成,仰坡体呈现整体滑动趋势。基于现场调查和数值分析,采用“缓坡+钢锚管/锚索框架梁”的仰坡防护形式,用注浆钢锚管替代锚杆和部分锚索,能够避免溶腔内碎石土在雨水下渗中产生变形破坏。经现场实测数据验证,加固后的仰坡在隧道二次进洞过程中处于稳定状态,隧道洞内变形和地表沉降均得到了有效控制。

武汉四环线吴家山至沌口段软土地基病害处置技术研究

武汉四环线吴家山至沌口K81+700~K82+600段两侧鱼(藕)塘密布,软土较厚,地质条件差。软土地基经过清淤回填+土工格栅+碎石垫层+CFG桩方式初步治理后,发生路面裂缝等病害,主要是由于路基填土未得到有效压实、沉降,形成超静孔隙水压力,以及降雨丰沛和重载车辆频繁行驶造成的,因此采用了注浆加固路基+抛石挤淤+反压护坡道的方式对裂缝进行治理。治理监测结果和长期的通车运行表明,路面稳定、软土地基病害得到有效处置。

同步同心旋喷式复合斜撑桩周边底板开裂原因初步分析及预防措施

结合宁波滨海软土地区典型同步同心旋喷式复合斜桩支撑项目的各种底板裂缝情况,分析了复合斜撑桩周边底板出现裂缝的初步原因,并提出了多种预防措施,上述措施在后续项目实践中取得了良好效果,可供今后同类项目设计及施工借鉴。