Objective Faunal health is largely dependent on their soil environment and available litter quality. So the effects of different soil habitats and pesticides on citrate synthase (CS) activity of soil fauna and its pop...Objective Faunal health is largely dependent on their soil environment and available litter quality. So the effects of different soil habitats and pesticides on citrate synthase (CS) activity of soil fauna and its population were studied. Methods The soil animals were collected from different pedoecosystems for habitat study. Whereas Vigna radiata based system was selected for pesticidal observations. The field was divided into five equal plots for control and treatment of γ-BHC, quinalphos, carbaryl and cypermethrin. Soil fauna was collected by quadrat method and extracted by Tullgren funnel. Individuals of a species having similar sizes were collected for the estimation of CS activity. They were homogenized and fractions were obtained by differential centrifugation. The activity of CS was assayed spectrophotometrically. Results Citrate synthase (CS) activity of beetle (Rasphytus fregi), woodlouse (Porcellio laevis) and centipede (Scolopendra morsitans) varied significantly with respect to changes in different soil habitats. Though the CS activity of R. fregi, P. laevis, and S. morsitans differed among themselves but the highest activity of CS in these animals was in V. radiata and lowest in A. nilotica based pedoecosystem. The aerobic capacity of centipede was maximum followed by woodlouse and beetle. The treatment of γ-BHC, quinalphos, carbaryl and cypermethrin significantly reduced the CS activity of these animals. γ-BHC showed maximum reduction in CS activity indicating highly toxic effect of organochlorine on aerobic metabolism of soil fauna. However, minimum reduction was observed in response to carbaryl (in beetle) or cypermethrin (in woodlouse/centipede) leading to impairment of aerobic capacity. The differences in pesticide effects might be assigned to the differences in chemical nature of pesticides and their interactions with below-ground fauna. Treatment of γ-BHC and quinalphos reduced the population of Acari, Coleoptera, Collembola, other arthropods as well as total soil fauna. Acari was least affected by γ-BHC and maximally affected (72%) in response to quinalphos. The effect of γ-BHC was fairly similar on Coleoptera, Collembola, other arthropod and total soil fauna suggesting almost similar sensitivity to this pesticide. Likewise, quinalphos was similarly effective on Collemobola and other soil arthropods. Application of carbaryl decreased Acari and Coleoptera population but increased Collembola, other arthropods and total faunal populations. However, application of cypermethrin significantly reduced the population of Acari, Coleoptera, Collembola and total soil fauna and increased the population of other soil arthropods. In both the cases, acarine population was least affected. Conclusion The observations show the habitat-specific variation in aerobic capacity of soil fauna. However, pesticide-dependent loss in population might be due to impairment of aerobic capacity of soil inhabiting animals in desert.展开更多
在陆上的系统的土壤生物不均匀的在时空被散布，并且经常聚集了。在土壤环境的时间空间的补缀被认为为土壤生物多样性的维护关键，提供紧与资源划分交织的多样的微产地。“到帮助的一个规模单位”的决心理解生态的过程在最近的年里成为...在陆上的系统的土壤生物不均匀的在时空被散布，并且经常聚集了。在土壤环境的时间空间的补缀被认为为土壤生物多样性的维护关键，提供紧与资源划分交织的多样的微产地。“到帮助的一个规模单位”的决心理解生态的过程在最近的年里成为了重要、很可争辩的问题之一。一个现场考古工作在一个荒芜的生态系统在北 Negev 荒芜的高地，在 biogeochemical 变量上决定好规模的风景补丁潮湿异质的影响的以色列和微生物引起的活动连接被执行。结果证明我们把有影响的性质归因于的土壤潮湿的时间空间的补缀，在土壤潮湿可获得性与减少被发现成为更多的异种遗传因子(从 8.2～0.4 g kg ? 1 )向热，干旱期，随着变异系数( CV )变化等于66.9%。有机物( OM )和全部的可溶的氮( TSN )的时间空间的分发被发现到一致地相对在整个湿季节(冬季和春天)被散布，随向干旱期的相对高的异质的增加(从0.25%～2.17%为 OM ，并且从 0～10.2 mg kg ? 1 为 TSN )与为 OM 和 TSN 的47.4%和99.7%的 CV 分别地。不同时间空间的风景模式为 Ca 被获得(CV =44.6%) ， K (CV =34.4%) ，并且 Na (CV =92%) 在整个学习时期的离子。 CO2 进化( CV =48.6%)被发现具有更低的异质(在 2 和 39 g CO2-C g 之间变化? 1 干土 h ? 1 )在潮湿的季节，例如，冬季和春天，与Na+的异质和 TSN 和有机物的底层满足的高结合的呼吸的更低的价值，并且与在干旱期的更多的同质(在 1 和 50 g CO2-C g 之间变化? 1 干土 h ? 1 )。我们的结果阐明影响的荒芜的系统产地的异质和复杂性玷污生物区系活动。展开更多
Taishan Mountain has diverse habitats and abundant groups of soil animals. Five habitats,Platycladus orientalis forest,Pinus densiflora forest,Robinia pseudoacacia forest,Pinus tablaerormis forest and Grassland, were ...Taishan Mountain has diverse habitats and abundant groups of soil animals. Five habitats,Platycladus orientalis forest,Pinus densiflora forest,Robinia pseudoacacia forest,Pinus tablaerormis forest and Grassland, were selected and the diversity of soil animals in different habitats in Mt. Taishan were investigated and studied in 1997–1999. Totally 52 groups of soil animals were found, belonging separately to 7 Phyla, 11 Classes, 25 Orders and 28 suborders or families. There exists remarkable difference in groups, quantity and diversity of soil animals among the five habitats. Grassland habitat was the highest andPinus densiflora forest was the lowest in groups, quantities, Density-group index (DG) and Diversity index of comparing many communities (DIC) of soil animals. Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index (H′) for soil animals of different habitats was in order ofPlatycladus orientalis forest>Pinus densiflora forest>Pinus tablaerormis forest>Grassland>Robinia pseudoacacia forest, Pielou’s equality index (J′) wasPlatycladus orientalis forest>Pinus densiflora forest>Grassland>Pinus tablaerormis forest>Robinia pseudoacacia forest, and Simposn’s dominant index (C) was Grassland>Robinia pseudoacacia forest>Pinus tablaerormis forest>Pinus densiflora forest>Platycladus orientalis forest. The H index and J index of macro-soil animal all were larger than that of mid-small soil animal. Clustering analysis for five soil animal communities and ordination analysis for community structure by multidimensional scaling (MDS) were made and completely identical results were obtained. Soil animal communities of five habitats were divided into 3 groups.展开更多
Fragmentation and loss of habitats due to natural disasters,like earthquakes and earthquaketriggered debris flows are existing threats to the longterm survival of the giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca).To better unde...Fragmentation and loss of habitats due to natural disasters,like earthquakes and earthquaketriggered debris flows are existing threats to the longterm survival of the giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca).To better understand natural recovery processes of the damaged habitat,field investigation and laboratory analysis were used to analyze relationships between plant colonization and soil characteristics in an over 30-year natural recovery of a damaged giant panda habitat in a debris flow gully after the 1976 Songpan-Pingwu earthquake in Sichuan Province,China.Four different damaged sites were selected that located at the center of the gully(center),on a flat alluvial fan(fan),in a side slope of the gully(slope),and at the ecotone between the gully and native forest(ecotone).Vegetation characteristics,soil physicochemical properties,and microbial biomass in the different sites and soil depths were measured.After the natural recovery,the soil fertility,water retention,and microbial biomass were highest at ecotone,followed by fan,slope,and center.Only a few perennial herbs colonized at center;shrubs started to invade at fan and slope,and thenative trees dominated the community of ecotone.Furthermore,Fargesia spathacea(food for the giant panda) started to be re-established at ecotone,and the community characteristic of ecotone recovered similarly to the native habitat.These results suggested that improving the soil fertility,water retaining capacity and microbial biomass is fundamental to the plant colonization,particular for F.spathacea's reestablishment in a damaged giant panda habitat.展开更多
In Central Europe, a large portion of post-mining sites were afforested with Scots pine, which is characterized by good adaptability and a tolerance for poor habitat at the beginning of forest ecosystem development. C...In Central Europe, a large portion of post-mining sites were afforested with Scots pine, which is characterized by good adaptability and a tolerance for poor habitat at the beginning of forest ecosystem development. Conversion of monoculture on mine sites into more biodi- verse mixed hardwood forests, especially on more fertile deposits, can be an emerging need in this part of Europe in next decades. The ability to classify the forests at these post-mining sites will facilitate proper species selection as well as the management and formation of the developed ecosystem＇s stability. This work describes the guidelines that can be followed to assess reclaimed mine soil （RMS） quality, using the mine soil quality index （MSQI） and a classification of developed forest sites as a basis of tree-stand species selection and conversion of pine monocul- tures. The research was conducted on four post-mining facilities （lignite, hard coal, sulphur, and sand pit mining areas） on different RMS sub- strates dominant in Central Europe. Soil quality assessment takes into account the following features of the soil： texture soil nutrients （Ca, Mg, K, Na, P）; acidity （pH KC1）; and Corg-to-Nt ratio in the initial organic horizon. An analysis was conducted of classification systems using the MSQI validation correlation （at p =0.05） with vegetation features af- fected by succession： aboveground biomass of forest floor and ecological indicators of vascular plants （calculated on the basis of EUenberg＇s （2009） system）. Eventually, in the analysed data set, the MSQI ranged from 0.270 for soils on quaternary sands to 0.720 for a mix of quaternary loamy sands with neogene clays. Potential forest habitat types and the role of the pine in the next generation of tree stands on different RMS parent rock substrate were proposed.展开更多
文摘Objective Faunal health is largely dependent on their soil environment and available litter quality. So the effects of different soil habitats and pesticides on citrate synthase (CS) activity of soil fauna and its population were studied. Methods The soil animals were collected from different pedoecosystems for habitat study. Whereas Vigna radiata based system was selected for pesticidal observations. The field was divided into five equal plots for control and treatment of γ-BHC, quinalphos, carbaryl and cypermethrin. Soil fauna was collected by quadrat method and extracted by Tullgren funnel. Individuals of a species having similar sizes were collected for the estimation of CS activity. They were homogenized and fractions were obtained by differential centrifugation. The activity of CS was assayed spectrophotometrically. Results Citrate synthase (CS) activity of beetle (Rasphytus fregi), woodlouse (Porcellio laevis) and centipede (Scolopendra morsitans) varied significantly with respect to changes in different soil habitats. Though the CS activity of R. fregi, P. laevis, and S. morsitans differed among themselves but the highest activity of CS in these animals was in V. radiata and lowest in A. nilotica based pedoecosystem. The aerobic capacity of centipede was maximum followed by woodlouse and beetle. The treatment of γ-BHC, quinalphos, carbaryl and cypermethrin significantly reduced the CS activity of these animals. γ-BHC showed maximum reduction in CS activity indicating highly toxic effect of organochlorine on aerobic metabolism of soil fauna. However, minimum reduction was observed in response to carbaryl (in beetle) or cypermethrin (in woodlouse/centipede) leading to impairment of aerobic capacity. The differences in pesticide effects might be assigned to the differences in chemical nature of pesticides and their interactions with below-ground fauna. Treatment of γ-BHC and quinalphos reduced the population of Acari, Coleoptera, Collembola, other arthropods as well as total soil fauna. Acari was least affected by γ-BHC and maximally affected (72%) in response to quinalphos. The effect of γ-BHC was fairly similar on Coleoptera, Collembola, other arthropod and total soil fauna suggesting almost similar sensitivity to this pesticide. Likewise, quinalphos was similarly effective on Collemobola and other soil arthropods. Application of carbaryl decreased Acari and Coleoptera population but increased Collembola, other arthropods and total faunal populations. However, application of cypermethrin significantly reduced the population of Acari, Coleoptera, Collembola and total soil fauna and increased the population of other soil arthropods. In both the cases, acarine population was least affected. Conclusion The observations show the habitat-specific variation in aerobic capacity of soil fauna. However, pesticide-dependent loss in population might be due to impairment of aerobic capacity of soil inhabiting animals in desert.
文摘在陆上的系统的土壤生物不均匀的在时空被散布，并且经常聚集了。在土壤环境的时间空间的补缀被认为为土壤生物多样性的维护关键，提供紧与资源划分交织的多样的微产地。“到帮助的一个规模单位”的决心理解生态的过程在最近的年里成为了重要、很可争辩的问题之一。一个现场考古工作在一个荒芜的生态系统在北 Negev 荒芜的高地，在 biogeochemical 变量上决定好规模的风景补丁潮湿异质的影响的以色列和微生物引起的活动连接被执行。结果证明我们把有影响的性质归因于的土壤潮湿的时间空间的补缀，在土壤潮湿可获得性与减少被发现成为更多的异种遗传因子(从 8.2～0.4 g kg ? 1 )向热，干旱期，随着变异系数( CV )变化等于66.9%。有机物( OM )和全部的可溶的氮( TSN )的时间空间的分发被发现到一致地相对在整个湿季节(冬季和春天)被散布，随向干旱期的相对高的异质的增加(从0.25%～2.17%为 OM ，并且从 0～10.2 mg kg ? 1 为 TSN )与为 OM 和 TSN 的47.4%和99.7%的 CV 分别地。不同时间空间的风景模式为 Ca 被获得(CV =44.6%) ， K (CV =34.4%) ，并且 Na (CV =92%) 在整个学习时期的离子。 CO2 进化( CV =48.6%)被发现具有更低的异质(在 2 和 39 g CO2-C g 之间变化? 1 干土 h ? 1 )在潮湿的季节，例如，冬季和春天，与Na+的异质和 TSN 和有机物的底层满足的高结合的呼吸的更低的价值，并且与在干旱期的更多的同质(在 1 和 50 g CO2-C g 之间变化? 1 干土 h ? 1 )。我们的结果阐明影响的荒芜的系统产地的异质和复杂性玷污生物区系活动。
文摘Taishan Mountain has diverse habitats and abundant groups of soil animals. Five habitats,Platycladus orientalis forest,Pinus densiflora forest,Robinia pseudoacacia forest,Pinus tablaerormis forest and Grassland, were selected and the diversity of soil animals in different habitats in Mt. Taishan were investigated and studied in 1997–1999. Totally 52 groups of soil animals were found, belonging separately to 7 Phyla, 11 Classes, 25 Orders and 28 suborders or families. There exists remarkable difference in groups, quantity and diversity of soil animals among the five habitats. Grassland habitat was the highest andPinus densiflora forest was the lowest in groups, quantities, Density-group index (DG) and Diversity index of comparing many communities (DIC) of soil animals. Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index (H′) for soil animals of different habitats was in order ofPlatycladus orientalis forest>Pinus densiflora forest>Pinus tablaerormis forest>Grassland>Robinia pseudoacacia forest, Pielou’s equality index (J′) wasPlatycladus orientalis forest>Pinus densiflora forest>Grassland>Pinus tablaerormis forest>Robinia pseudoacacia forest, and Simposn’s dominant index (C) was Grassland>Robinia pseudoacacia forest>Pinus tablaerormis forest>Pinus densiflora forest>Platycladus orientalis forest. The H index and J index of macro-soil animal all were larger than that of mid-small soil animal. Clustering analysis for five soil animal communities and ordination analysis for community structure by multidimensional scaling (MDS) were made and completely identical results were obtained. Soil animal communities of five habitats were divided into 3 groups.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation Project of China(Grant No.31100358)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2011BAC09B0404)
文摘Fragmentation and loss of habitats due to natural disasters,like earthquakes and earthquaketriggered debris flows are existing threats to the longterm survival of the giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca).To better understand natural recovery processes of the damaged habitat,field investigation and laboratory analysis were used to analyze relationships between plant colonization and soil characteristics in an over 30-year natural recovery of a damaged giant panda habitat in a debris flow gully after the 1976 Songpan-Pingwu earthquake in Sichuan Province,China.Four different damaged sites were selected that located at the center of the gully(center),on a flat alluvial fan(fan),in a side slope of the gully(slope),and at the ecotone between the gully and native forest(ecotone).Vegetation characteristics,soil physicochemical properties,and microbial biomass in the different sites and soil depths were measured.After the natural recovery,the soil fertility,water retention,and microbial biomass were highest at ecotone,followed by fan,slope,and center.Only a few perennial herbs colonized at center;shrubs started to invade at fan and slope,and thenative trees dominated the community of ecotone.Furthermore,Fargesia spathacea(food for the giant panda) started to be re-established at ecotone,and the community characteristic of ecotone recovered similarly to the native habitat.These results suggested that improving the soil fertility,water retaining capacity and microbial biomass is fundamental to the plant colonization,particular for F.spathacea's reestablishment in a damaged giant panda habitat.
基金financially supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education Grant N 309 013 32/2076partly by statutory financial support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education RP(DS-3420 in 2012 and 2013,Department of Forest Ecology University of Agriculture in Krakow
文摘In Central Europe, a large portion of post-mining sites were afforested with Scots pine, which is characterized by good adaptability and a tolerance for poor habitat at the beginning of forest ecosystem development. Conversion of monoculture on mine sites into more biodi- verse mixed hardwood forests, especially on more fertile deposits, can be an emerging need in this part of Europe in next decades. The ability to classify the forests at these post-mining sites will facilitate proper species selection as well as the management and formation of the developed ecosystem＇s stability. This work describes the guidelines that can be followed to assess reclaimed mine soil （RMS） quality, using the mine soil quality index （MSQI） and a classification of developed forest sites as a basis of tree-stand species selection and conversion of pine monocul- tures. The research was conducted on four post-mining facilities （lignite, hard coal, sulphur, and sand pit mining areas） on different RMS sub- strates dominant in Central Europe. Soil quality assessment takes into account the following features of the soil： texture soil nutrients （Ca, Mg, K, Na, P）; acidity （pH KC1）; and Corg-to-Nt ratio in the initial organic horizon. An analysis was conducted of classification systems using the MSQI validation correlation （at p =0.05） with vegetation features af- fected by succession： aboveground biomass of forest floor and ecological indicators of vascular plants （calculated on the basis of EUenberg＇s （2009） system）. Eventually, in the analysed data set, the MSQI ranged from 0.270 for soils on quaternary sands to 0.720 for a mix of quaternary loamy sands with neogene clays. Potential forest habitat types and the role of the pine in the next generation of tree stands on different RMS parent rock substrate were proposed.
