Anaerobic soil disinfestation:A chemical-independent approach to pre-plant control of plant pathogens

Due to increasing regulations and restrictions, there is an urgent need to develop effective alternatives to chemical-dependent fumigation control of soilborne pests and pathogens. Anaerobic soil disinfestation （ASD） is one such alternative showing great promise for use in the control of soilborne pathogens and pests. This method involves the application of a carbon source, irrigation to field capacity, and covering the soil with a plastic tarp. While the mechanisms of ASD are not completely understood, they appear to be a combination of changes in the soil microbial community composition, production of volatile organic compounds, and the generation of lethal anaerobic conditions. The variety of materials and options for ASD application, including carbon sources, soil temperature, and plastic tarp type, influence the efficacy of pathogen sup- pression and disease control. Currently, both dry （e.g., rice bran） and liquid （e.g., ethanol） carbon sources are commonly used, but with different results depending on environmental conditions. While solarization is not an essential component of ASD, it can enhance efficacy. Understanding the mechanisms that mediate biological changes occurring in the soil during ASD will facilitate our ability to increase ASD efficacy while enhancing its commercial viability.

Effect of Soil Amendments on Soil Borne Pathogens of French Bean （Phaseolus vulgaris L,） in Organic Farming System in Manipur

The rationale behind the use of soil amendments by traditional marginal farmers against soil borne pathogen is an area of interest. The present work ascertain the effect of certain soil amendments against pre emergent and post emergent rot of French bean in the agro climatic condition of Manipur, Four soil amendments： cow dung （COD）, sawdust （SD） ＋ paddy husk （PH）, decomposed floating phytomat （DFP） was tried in field conditions in four different combinations. These have been often used by the traditional farmers. A locally available commonly cultivated pole type of French bean has been used for the study. Disease incidences in plots treated with these amendments were then compared with that of control plots where no amendments were made. The plots with a combined treatment of the soil amendments showed maximum seed germination and least post emergent rot against sclerotinia rot. But DFP showed effectiveness against rhizoctonia rot with maximum seed germination while saw dust showed maximum decrease in post emergent rot against rhizoctonia rot. The plots treated with organic soil amendments showed statistically significant positive effect against the pathogens as compared with untreated control plots.

Fungal community structure analysis of peanut pod rot in soil in Hebei Province,China

In recent years,peanut yield and quality are more seriously affected by pod rot disease in China.However,managing this disease has proven challenging due to the wide host range of its pathogens.In this study,four soil samples were collected from fields with pod rot disease in Hebei Province,and 454 pyrosequencing was used to analyze the fungal communities structure within them.All 38490 ITS high-quality sequences were grouped into 1203 operational taxonomic units,the fungal community diversity of four soil samples was evaluated and compared using Shannon index and Simpson index.The results showed that members of Ascomycota were dominant,followed by Basidiomycota.According to the BLAST results at the species level,Guehomyces had the highest abundance,accounting for about 7.27%,followed by Alternaria,Fusarium,and Davidiella.The relative abundance of Fusarium oxysporum isolated from rotting peanuts in soil with peanut rot was higher than that in the control,indicating that Fusarium oxysporum might be one of the main pathogenic fungus of peanut rot in this area.This study delved into the broader fungal community associated with peanut pod rot,providing a theoretical foundation for preventing and treating this disease in agriculture.

微生物对食用菌生长发育影响的研究进展

食用菌已经成为我国继粮、油、果、蔬后的第五大种植业。食用菌作为一类大型真菌,目前主要采用纯培养技术进行栽培,然而在自然界中食用菌与各种微生物并存,并且在长期的演化中形成了复杂的相互关系,根据其对食用菌的影响,可分为有害微生物和有益微生物,常见的有害微生物包括竞争性杂菌和侵染性病原;有益微生物主要包括覆土微生物、伴生菌、生防类微生物等。在农作物生产中,人们根据土壤微生物和根际微生物的营养、促生、抗病等功能,开发出多种微生物肥料和菌剂,有效的推动了作物的优质高产,而食用菌在菌丝际微生物的研究和开发尚未起步。本文对目前关于食用菌和其他微生物之间相互关系的研究进展进行综述,旨在推动相关研究,为下一步食用菌新种类的驯化,以及高产、稳产、优质、高抗、广适和绿色生产提供新的思路。

间甲氧基苯甲酸和噻唑膦复配对土传病原微生物的联合毒力评价

为筛选出更适合作物土传病害防治的高效农药品种,在室内条件下分别测定了间甲氧基苯甲酸与噻唑膦单剂及其复配对青枯雷尔氏菌、尖孢镰刀菌和根结线虫的毒力,并采用Wadley法对复配药剂的联合毒力进行评价。结果表明,不同复配比混合物对土传病原物的活性有所差异。间甲氧基苯甲酸与噻唑膦体积比为1∶1时,对青枯雷尔氏菌和南方根结线虫的增效作用最强,增效系数SR分别为1.67和1.83;而该体积比下对尖孢镰刀菌的SR同样最高,为1.16,表现为相加作用。间甲氧基苯甲酸和噻唑膦按体积比1∶1复配可用于防治土传病原微生物引起的植物病害。

马铃薯土传病原菌胁迫对其根际土壤可培养微生物的影响

采用人工接种、稀释平板计数法研究了马铃薯土传病原菌胁迫对其植株生长发育及其根际土壤可培养微生物数量的影响。结果表明:马铃薯的出苗率、株高、叶片SPAD值和薯块产量均不受土传病原菌胁迫的影响;土传病原菌胁迫显著提高了马铃薯土传病害的发生率;马铃薯在整个生育期间的根际土壤可培养微生物数量总体上呈先增加后下降的变化趋势,其总量表现为细菌>放线菌>真菌;疮痂病原菌胁迫可以显著提高马铃薯根际土壤可培养细菌和真菌的数量;粉痂病原菌胁迫可以显著增加细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量;青枯病原菌胁迫促进了根际土壤细菌数量的增长,而抑制了真菌和放线菌数量的增长;马铃薯疮痂病和粉痂病的发病率均与土壤中可培养放线菌数量呈显著负相关。

连作根系分泌物加剧土传病害的机制和缓解措施研究进展

基于植物-土壤反馈理论,连作体系中的根系分泌物必然在加剧土传病害发生中起重要作用,但相关研究证据尚缺少系统总结。本文梳理了连作加剧土传病害发生的现象以及连作累积典型根系分泌物组分的案例。从有利于土传病原菌由土体向根际迁移、增殖和致病(“利病”)、破坏根际有益微生物群落防线(“压益”)和毒害根系免疫系统(“自毒”)等三个方面,阐述连作根系分泌物中某些物质促进土传病原菌入侵的机制。从根系分泌物的角度阐述轮作、间作、套作、伴生和嫁接等多样性种植方式缓解连作土传病害的发生机制。提出鉴定“利病”、“压益”和“自毒”物质以及构建对应的消减技术途径,可为土传病害绿色高效综合防控提供科学支撑。

施肥旱作农田土壤中人类病原菌群落组成及动态变化特征

采集浙江省杭州、嘉兴、衢州、金华、龙游5个地区长期施用鸡粪、猪粪或化肥的农田土壤进行室内培养实验,然后采用高通量测序及序列比对方法分析供试土壤细菌和人类病原菌(human pathogenic bacteria,HPB)群落组成,旨在进一步探究施用粪肥后土壤中HPB群落组成差异及动态变化特征。结果表明:在160个供试土壤样品和2种粪肥样品中共比对到75种HPB,其中优势HPB为巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus_megaterium_QM_B1551,24.2%)和拜氏梭菌(Clostridium_beijerinckii_NCIMB_8052,23.1%);施用猪粪处理的土壤中细菌和HPB的香农(Shannon)指数均有所降低,而施用鸡粪或化肥处理的土壤中细菌和HPB多样性无明显变化。主坐标分析结果表明,施用粪肥处理的土壤细菌群落组成与未施肥对照之间具有显著差异,尤其是施用猪粪处理差异最显著(P<0.001);土壤样品间共有HPB占所有HPB的22.7%;施用粪肥处理的土壤中大部分HPB的相对丰度高于未施肥对照,并随培养时间的延长而不断下降。方差分解分析结果表明,土壤理化性质、细菌群落及两者交互作用是土壤中HPB变异的重要因素。综上所述,施用粪肥处理的土壤中HPB的变化特征主要受肥料类型、土壤类型、土壤理化性质及固有细菌群落的影响。

有机肥施用土壤-蔬菜系统中潜在人畜病原菌及其耐药性分析

畜禽粪便类有机肥中含有大量的人畜病原菌和抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs),施入农田后部分病原菌仍能继续存活并繁殖,且可能污染所种植的蔬菜,尤其是一些具有耐药性的人畜病原菌经食物链传递后将对人体健康造成巨大威胁。然而,当前大量的研究仅基于单纯的分离培养或高通量测序技术,对有机肥施用土壤-蔬菜系统中的人畜病原菌及其携带的毒力因子基因(virulence factor genes,VFGs)与ARGs认识有限。因此,本研究针对典型的长期施用有机肥的土壤-蔬菜系统,采集有机肥、施肥土及该土壤上种植的叶类蔬菜,如鸡毛菜、菜心、油麦菜和白菜等,结合传统分离培养及全基因组测序(whole genome sequencing,WGS)技术,利用生物信息学方法对分离菌株进行分类学及基因组注释,探究人畜病原菌的分布以及VFGs和ARGs的携带情况。结果表明在该施用有机肥的土壤-蔬菜系统中分离检测到42株人畜病原菌,其中37株属于肠杆菌科,5株属于假单孢菌科,主要的菌株包括大肠杆菌、克雷伯氏菌、假单胞菌和柠檬酸杆菌等,其中,大肠杆菌在土壤环境中显著富集,假单胞菌和柠檬酸杆菌主要分布在蔬菜根际及叶际。此外,全基因组测序提供了病原菌遗传信息,表明了人畜病原菌可能具有潜在的攻击性和代谢活性,携带有效应子、粘附性、生物膜、免疫调节性、侵袭性及毒素相关的VFGs。更重要的是,这些人畜病原菌均携带多种ARGs,这些ARGs编码了对多重耐药类、β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、磷霉素类和多黏菌素类等抗生素的抗性。综上,本研究揭示了有机肥施用导致的土壤-蔬菜系统中人畜病原菌的分布情况,详细解析了病原菌携带的VFGs与ARGs类型,指明了食用叶类蔬菜存在的潜在健康风险,为加强畜禽粪便有机肥中重要人畜病原菌的风险防控提供了理论依据。

生物炭对连作土壤微生物群落影响研究进展

随着我国集约化、现代化农业的迅速发展,土壤连作障碍日趋严重,而连作改变了土壤微生物多样性,打破了土壤有益菌和病原菌群间的平衡,引发了多种病害的发生。生物炭作为土壤改良剂,可以改善连作土壤微生物多样性、丰度及菌群结构,进而改善土壤环境,有利于作物生长发育。生物炭对土壤微生物的影响与生物炭施入方式、施用量、种类和配施物质等有关,各研究结论并不一致。本文主要从生物炭不同施入方式、不同施用量、不同生物炭种类和生物炭配施不同物质对作物连作土壤微生物数量、多样性、群落结构及致病微生物的影响进行总结,以期明确生物炭的最优使用方式。未来建议研究生物炭对不同连作土壤中微生物差异影响的作用机制、基于生物炭的农业生态环境调控机制、新型生物炭的开发等,以实现农业的绿色、健康、可持续发展。

生物炭协同棉隆熏蒸对连作西瓜生长的影响

为探究不同防控策略对设施连作西瓜生长和土传病害发生情况的影响,利用田间试验研究了棉隆熏蒸土壤施加不同肥料及生物炭处理的西瓜产量及枯萎病发病率。结果表明,棉隆熏蒸对控制西瓜土传病原菌数量有一定的效果,在此基础上追施生物炭+有机肥(Fu+BOF)比单纯施加化肥(Fu+CF)或有机肥(Fu+OF)能更好地缓解西瓜连作障碍,移栽后期Fu+BOF处理的土壤病原菌数量最低,为2273 CFU·g^(-1),且植株过氧化物酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性最高,连作西瓜植株发病率控制在20%以内。此外,Fu+BOF处理的西瓜总产量、商品果质量、商品果率及单果质量均高于其他处理,移栽后期地上部与地下部生物量均最高,分别为6.13 kg·株^(-1)和6.94 g·株^(-1)。因此,在西瓜连作栽培条件下,棉隆熏蒸+生物炭+有机肥配施能够促进西瓜生长,在减少病原菌数量的同时改变植株自身生理生化反应,增强植株抗病相关酶活性,降低西瓜枯萎病发病率,有助于缓解西瓜连作障碍。

黄腐酸对植物生长的促进作用及其在农业生产中的应用

黄腐酸来源广泛、制备工艺简单、制备成本低廉。因黄腐酸对植物的生长发育具有明显的促进作用,基于此其具有极大潜力作为植物刺激剂,应用于农业生产中。由于上述原因,近年来针对黄腐酸提取及应用等方面的研究逐渐增多。经过对目前已有的研究结果进行总结,详细阐述黄腐酸对植物生长发育的促进作用及机制,对农田土壤改良作用,对根际微生物生长的促进作用,对植物病害菌的抑制作用。此外,还对目前黄腐酸应用于农业生产的现状进行概括。通过上述总结,该文揭示黄腐酸对促进农业生产的重要作用及巨大潜力,为黄腐酸未来的继续开发指明方向。

卷丹鳞茎腐烂病株及种植土壤真菌多样性研究

为探明药用百合基源植物卷丹发生鳞茎腐烂病后植株与土壤真菌群落结构的变化,解析卷丹鳞茎腐烂病的发生机制,采用分离培养方法鉴定了发生鳞茎腐烂病卷丹的可培养真菌及主要病原菌类群,利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对比分析了发病土壤与健康土壤真菌群落结构的差异。结果表明,从卷丹病鳞上分离鉴定出273株可培养真菌,其中镰刀属为优势属,这些可培养真菌中共有8属14种具有致病性。发生鳞茎腐烂病卷丹种植土壤中链格孢属(Alternaria)、葡萄孢属(Botrytis)、镰刀属(Fusarium)、青霉属(Penicillium)、栓菌属(Trametes)5个病原菌属的相对丰度分别高出健康土壤0.025、0.006、0.132、0.078、0.002百分点。发病土壤真菌α-多样性高于健康土壤,β-多样性分析显示病土真菌群落结构与健康土壤存在差异。通过Lefse分析确定发病与健康土壤的特定标志物,结果显示,发病土壤的标志物包括头梗霉属(Cephaliophora)、念珠菌属(Candida)、瘤突毛壳菌(Chaetomium strumarium)等,健康土壤的标志物为油瓶霉属(Lecythophora)及其属下种。综上,卷丹种植土壤病原菌积累,真菌多样性与群落结构改变可能是鳞茎腐烂病发生的重要原因。

基于高通量测序分析天麻种植土壤的真菌变化

【目的】揭示天麻种植土壤真菌群落组成结构、天麻种植前后土壤真菌群落结构的变化及天麻种方竹[Chimonobambusa quadrangularis(Fenzi)Makino]种植结束后土壤真菌群落结构的变化,为研究天麻根际土壤微生态提供理论依据并为解决天麻连作障碍提供技术支持。【方法】基于高通量测序方法对采集的3组土样(原壤charlle001、一麻壤charlle002、方竹壤charlle006)进行基因组DNA提取,PCR扩增,产物检测、纯化和定量,建库测序,数据分析,物种组成多样性分析及差异分析。【结果】3组土样中真菌主要类群为Ascomycota、Basidiomycota和Mortierellomycota 3门真菌,其中Ascomycota真菌丰度普遍最大;3组样本特有真菌OTU:一麻壤>方竹壤>原壤;种水平下分析原壤charlle001中主要优势真菌为Clitocybe sp.、Solicoccozyma sp.和Spirosphaera sp.,一麻壤charlle002中主要优势真菌为Clavulinopsis sp.和Rosellinia sp.,方竹壤charlle006中主要优势真菌为Trichoderma sp.;Clavuli⁃nopsis和Rosellinia在一麻壤charllle002中丰度极大,在charllle001和charllle006中丰度极小;charlle001和charlle002组间真菌Mor⁃tierella相对丰度差异显著,charlle001和charlle006组间真菌Penicillium相对丰度差异显著;charlle002和charlle006组间真菌Peni⁃cillium相对丰度差异显著。种植收获一茬天麻后土壤中真菌种类数量递增,群落结构发生变化,一麻壤中真菌ASV、特有真菌数目明显增大;一麻壤种植方竹后木霉菌显著增多;Clavulinopsis和Rosellinia部分真菌易引起天麻病害,而方壤中Trichoderma多用于病原菌生物防治。【结论】天麻不同种植土壤的真菌群落结构不同,种植一年天麻后土壤中病原菌增多,再种植方竹呈现修复作用,但具体修复机制还有待后续深入研究。

Comparative study on production,purification of penicillin by Penicillium chrysogenum isolated from soil and citrus samples

Objective:To explore various unexplored locations where Penicillium spp.would be available and study the production of penicillin from the isolated Penicillium spp.in different media with altered carbohydrate source.Methods:The collected soil samples were screened for the isolation of Penicillium chrysogenum(P.chrysogenum) by soil dilution plate.The isolated Penicillium species were further grown in different production media with changes in the carbohydrate source.The extracted penicillin from various isolates was analyzed by HPLC for the efficacy of the product.Further the products were screened with various bacterial species including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA).And the work was extended to find the possible action on MRSA,along with characterization using other pathogens.Results:From the various soil and citrus samples used for analysis,only the soil sample from Government General Hospital of Bangalore,India,and Sanjay Gandhi Hospital,Bangalore,India,showed some potential growth of the desired fungi P.chrysogenum.Different production media showed varied range of growth of PenicilUum.Optimum production of penicillin was obtained in maltose which proved maximum zone of inhibition during assay.Characterization of penicillin on pathogens,like wild Escherichia coli strain,Klebsiella spp.,and MRSA,gave quite interesting results such as no activity on the later strain as it is resistant.HPLC data provided the analytical and confirmation details of the penicillin produced.Accordingly,the penicillin produced from the soil sample of Government General Hospital had the high milli absorbance unit of 441.5 mAu compared with that of the penicillin produced from Sanjay Gandhi Hospital sample,8S.S2 mAu.Therefore,there was a considerable change in quantity of the penicillin produced from both the samples.Conclusions: The Penicillium spp.could be possibly rich in hospital contaminants and its environments.This research focuses on various unexplored sources of medical ailments,and also shows that the growth of penicillin is high in maltose rich media that could possibly enhance the growth.

Identification of candidate soil microbes responsible for small-scale heterogeneity in strawberry plant vigour

Studies were conducted to identify candidate soil microbes responsible for observed differences in strawberry vigour at a small spatial scale, which was not associated with visual disease symptoms. Samples were obtained from the soils close to the rhizosphere of ‘big＇ and ‘small＇ plants from small plots which exhibited large local heterogeneity in plant vigour. A metabarcoding approach was used to profile bacterial and fungal compositions, using two primer pairs for 16 S ribosomal RNA genes（16S r DNA） and one for the fungal internal transcribed spacer（ITS） region. Of the two 16 S r DNA primer sets, the 341F/805 R resulted in sequences of better quality. A total 28 operational taxonomic units（OTUs） had differential relative abundance between samples from ‘big＇ and ‘small＇ plants. However, plausible biological explanation was only possible for three fungal OTUs. Two were possible phytopathogens： Verticillium spp. and Alternaria alternata although the latter has never been considered as a main pathogen of strawberry in the UK. For samples from ‘small＇ plants, the abundance of these OTUs was much greater than from ‘big＇ plants. The opposite was true for a mycorrhizal OTU. These results suggest that soil microbes related to crop production can be identified using metabarcoding technique. Further research is needed to assess whether A. alternata and Verticillium spp. could affect strawberry growth in the field.

Grafting,metham sodium,soil solarization and virtually impermeable films as alternative technologies to methyl bromide for Chinese protected tomatoes

In the frame of the Sino-ltalian Cooperation Program for Environmental Protection, jointly launched in the year 2000 by the Italian Ministry for Environment and Territory and Sea （IMETS） and the China State Environmental Protection Administration （SEPA）, experimental trials were carried out in Qingzhou city （Shandong Province, China） during 2001-2003 to test several methyl bromide alternative methods to control soilborne diseases in greenhouse tomatoes. Grafting tomatoes on resistant rootstock （Lyeopersicon lycopersicum × L. hirsutum）, metham sodium applied under traditional polyethylene plastic films; metham sodium applied at low rate under virtually impermeable films and soil sotarization combined with biocontrol agents were the alternatives tested and compared to methyl bromide applied under virtually impermeable plastic films too. Collected data show that resistant rootstock （Lycopersicon tycopersicum × L. hirsutum） introduced from Italy is a promising alternative to methyl bromide for local tomato cultivars. Metham sodium applied under traditional polyethylene plastic films is an effective alternative. Moreovez virtually impermeable films demonstrate the help to reduce methyl bromide and metham sodium rates. Finally soil solarization combined with biocontrol agents does not provide satisfactory results in terms of disease control.

作物土传病害防控的健康微生物群落构建原理与实践

植物-土壤反馈效应及农田生产特点决定了农田土壤生产力的不可持续性,因而必须采用适当的措施方可保持地力常新。施用化肥解决了农田土壤的养分贫化问题,极大地提高了作物产量,但激发了土传病原生物的活性,作物土传病频发成为制约集约化农业可持续发展的瓶颈问题。现有的研究成果表明,地上生物多样性与土壤微生物多样性紧密联系,植物提供的有机物质是连接二者的物质基础。单一作物种植的集约化农业提供给土壤微生物可利用的有机物质来源单一,导致土壤微生物多样性下降,削弱对土传病原生物致病性的抑制作用。本文提出,在作物生长过程中添加土壤有益微生物偏好利用的有机物质,激活土壤有益微生物,可能是维持集约化农业土壤生物健康,抑制作物土传病的有效途径。为此,有必要开展各种土壤微生物偏好利用的有机物质以及作物生长过程中如何施用有机物质的方法。

菌土接种法在香蕉枯萎病苗期抗性评价中的应用及效果

【目的】建立一套稳定可靠且更符合自然条件下发病的香蕉枯萎病苗期抗性鉴定方法,为香蕉枯萎病抗性种质的筛选评价提供参考。【方法】以尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型4号生理小种(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense 4,Foc4)为供试病原菌,分别采用伤根淋菌接种法、浸根接种法及菌土接种法接种感病香蕉品种巴西蕉,比较分析不同处理种植基质中病原菌孢子浓度的动态变化及植株发病情况,优选最佳的接种方法。采用Foc4不同孢子浓度菌土接种抗、感种质材料,统计发病情况,比较抗性评价效果;应用菌土接种法对31份香蕉种质进行枯萎病苗期抗性鉴定,考察其评价效果。【结果】采用不同接种方法,巴西蕉杯苗种植基质中Foc4孢子浓度变化、发病率和病情指数存在较大差异,其中,采用菌土接种法,种植基质中Foc4孢子浓度稳定保持在原始接种浓度1.0×10^(6)~1.1×10^(6)个/g土;采用浸根接种法,种植基质中Foc4孢子浓度呈先升后降的变化趋势,并于21 d达最大值(1.0×10^(6)个/g土),28 d降至0.5×10^(6)个/g土,35 d后稳定在0.4×10^(6)个/g土;采用淋菌接种法,种植基质中Foc4孢子浓度在0~14 d内由1.5×10^(6)个/g土迅速下降至0.5×10^(6)个/g土,35 d后稳定在0.6×10^(6)个/g土。接种42 d后菌土接种法的蕉苗发病率及病情指数均最高,分别为98.9%和67.3,浸根接种法次之,分别为86.7%和51.6,淋菌接种法发病率及病情指数均最低,分别为76.7%和44.1。在Foc4孢子浓度为1.1×10^(4)、1.1×10^(5)、1.1×10^(6)个/g土条件下,采用菌土接种法的高感品种巴西蕉发病率均在80.0%以上,高抗种质GCTCV-119的发病率分别为16.7%、35.6%和54.4%。在孢子浓度为1.1×10^(4)个/g土条件下,巴西蕉及GCTCV-119外观发病症状均不明显;综合高感和高抗品种(系)的发病情况,菌土接种法Foc4孢子浓度宜在1.0×10^(5)~1.0×10^(6)个/g土。采用菌土接种法对31份香蕉种质进行抗性评价,其中有中抗种质11份、感病种质14份、高感种质6份。【结论】菌土接种法具有稳定、准确、高效、简便、可操作性强的特点,可作为香蕉枯萎病苗期抗性评价及抗性种质筛选的优选方法。

Biological Protection against Fungal Diseases of Winter Wheat under Different Soil Tillage Technologies

The effect of biopreparations, homogenized with the seed （seed treatment before sowing as a dressing）, and used as a mixture with mineral fertilizer ANL （ammonium nitrate with limestone）, upon both grain production and the health state of the winter wheat were evaluated during 2006-2009. Besides conventional soil cultivation, reduced tillage with incorporated chopped straw, and direct drilling into untilled soil covered with mulch, were also used. The following biopreparations were applied： Supresivit （Trichoderma harzianum）, Polyversum （Pythium oligandrum）, and Trianum P （a different strain ofTrichoderma harzianum）. Attention was focused on the foliar fungi pathogens Drechslera tritici-repentis, Septoria tritici, and Alternaria triticina, as well as on the soil-borne pathogenic fungi of the genus Fusarium.