Advances in Application of Models in Soil Quality Evaluation

Soil quality is a comprehensive reflection of soil properties.Since the soil quality concept was put forward in the 1970s,the quality of different type soils in different regions have been evaluated through a variety of evaluation methods,but it still lacks universal soil quantity evaluation models and methods.In this paper,the applications and prospects of grey relevancy comprehensive evaluation model,attribute hierarchical model,fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model,matter-element model,RAGA-based PPC /PPE model and GIS model in soil quality evaluation are reviewed.

Application of Projection Pursuit Evaluation Model Based on Real-Coded Accelerating Genetic Algorithm in Evaluating Wetland Soil Quality Variations in the Sanjiang Plain, China

A new technique of dimension reduction named projection pursuit is applied to model and evaluatewetland soil quality variations in the Sanjiang Plain, Helongjiang Province, China. By adopting the im-proved real-coded accelerating genetic algorithm (RAGA), the projection direction is optimized and multi-dimensional indexes are converted into low-dimensional space. Classification of wetland soils and evaluationof wetland soil quality variations are realized by pursuing optimum projection direction and projection func-tion value. Therefore, by adopting this new method, any possible human interference can be avoided andsound results can be achieved in researching quality changes and classification of wetland soils.

Evaluation on Ecological Risks of Soil Heavy Metals in a Certain Area of Sichuan by Improved Fuzzy Mathematics Method

Taking a certain area in Sichuan Province as the object of this study, this paper adopts fuzzy mathematics method to make an evaluation on ecological risks of heavy metal in soil of this area. On calculation of factors’ weights, the traditional method of giving weight according to pollutants’ concentrations fails to consider the toxicity of heavy metals, and can’t reflect their actual ecological effect. With reference to the toxicity coefficient in potential ecological risk index evaluation, this article revises the traditional fuzzy mathematics evaluation model and puts forward a new method to calculate factors’ weight by incorporating toxicity levels in weight setting. The results of this study indicate: surface soil of this area was good in general, with 91.2% samples belonging to the first level, 7.77% samples belonging to the second level, and only 1.03% belonging to the third level. Compared with the results of the evaluation method of the reality content of soil, soil quality is better than the results of the quantitative evaluation, and is closer to the actual local conditions.

Evaluation and Driving Force Analysis of Cultivated Land Quality in Black Soil Region of Northeast China

Cultivated land is an important natural resource to ensure food,ecological and economic security.The cultivated land quality evaluation(CQE)is greatly significant for protecting and managing cultivated land.In this study,320 counties in the black soil region of Northeast China(BSRNC)represent the research units used to construct the CQE system measuring the soil properties(SP),cultivated land productivity(CLP),ecological environment(EE)and social economy(SE).The total of 19 factors were selected to calculate the integrated fertility index(IFI)and divided into grades.Simultaneously,we used the coupling coordination degree model to comprehensively analyze the spatial pattern of the cultivated land quality(CLQ)in the BSRNC,and use the structural equation model(SEM)to analyze the driving mechanism.The results show the following:1)The CLQ of 262 counties in the BSRNC is in a state of coupling and coordination,and the coupling and coordination degree presents a spatial distribution pattern of‘high in the southwest and northeast,low in the northwest and southeast’.The coordinated development degree of 271 counties is between 0.4 and 0.6,which is in a transitional state between coordination and disorder.2)The CLQ in the BSRNC is generally good,with an average grade of 3.High-quality cultivated land accounts for 58.45%of all counties,middle-and upper-quality cultivated land accounts for 27.05%,and poor-quality cultivated land accounts for 14.49%.3)The SEM analysis shows that the SP,CLP,EE,and SE all influence the CLQ.Among them,the SP has the largest driving force on the CLQ,while the SE has the smallest driving force on it.The results confirm that the main factors affecting the evaluation results are crop productivity level,normalized difference vegetation index,ratio vegetation index,difference vegetation index,and organic carbon content.When implementing protection measures in counties with a low CLQ,considering a balanced coordination of multiple systems and reasonably controlling the quality degradation are important.This study provides the current situation and driving factors of the CLQ in the BSRNC and will play an important role in black soil governance and utilization.

Employment Quality EvaluationModel Based on Hybrid Intelligent Algorithm

In order to solve the defect of large error in current employment quality evaluation,an employment quality evaluation model based on grey correlation degree method and fuzzy C-means(FCM)is proposed.Firstly,it analyzes the related research work of employment quality evaluation,establishes the employment quality evaluation index system,collects the index data,and normalizes the index data;Then,the weight value of employment quality evaluation index is determined by Grey relational analysis method,and some unimportant indexes are removed;Finally,the employment quality evaluation model is established by using fuzzy cluster analysis algorithm,and compared with other employment quality evaluation models.The test results show that the employment quality evaluation accuracy of the design model exceeds 93%,the employment quality evaluation error can meet the requirements of practical application,and the employment quality evaluation effect is much better than the comparison model.The comparison test verifies the superiority of the model.

Water Resource Pricing Study Based on Water Quality Fuzzy Evaluation: A Case Study of Hefei City

Price plays an important role in water resources management. The price of water resources can also be considered as a “water resource tax” which reflects the value and opportunity cost of water, and people will pay for the right to use water. Currently, the water resource fees’ effect of regulating resource differential revenues is not manifest and it’s not enough to reflect the principle of paid use of resources as well as regulating resources differential revenues. Due to the ambiguity and complexity of water resources price, this paper uses methods relating to fuzzy mathematics for modeling and processing. The study had a comprehensive consideration of five factors including water quality, water resources per capita, household consumption level, per capita GNP, population or population density to evaluate the water resource price.

基于Fuzzy法的木垒县农业土壤肥力评价

科学评价农业土壤的肥力,可为种植业结构调整和作物科学施肥提供科学依据。根据木垒县耕层土壤酸碱度和养分情况,以pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾为土壤肥力指标,采用基于Fuzzy法得到的IFI值评价了木垒县农业土壤质量。结果表明,木垒县土壤含有机质14.85 g/kg、碱解氮72.10 mg/kg、有效磷14.94 mg/kg、速效钾275.07 mg/kg,pH为8.08。总体表现为土壤偏碱性,有机质和碱解氮缺乏,有效磷中等水平,速效钾极丰富。土壤肥力综合指数(IFI)平均值为0.541。木垒县农业土壤肥力英格堡乡、雀仁乡为2级,肥力较高、质量良好,其他乡镇为3级。综上,木垒县的农业土壤总体上属碱性,有机质、碱解氮、有效磷为农业土壤肥力的限制因子,pH和速效钾是主要影响因子,建议适量补充氮磷,增施有机肥。

A Comparative Analysis of Environmental Quality Assessment Methods for Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils

Four assessment methods （two pollution indexes and two fuzzy mathematical models） were employed to investigate the environmental quality of four soils around a ferroalloy plant in Nanjing City. Environmental quality was assessed as class Ⅳ （moderately polluted） for each soil with single-factor index method, and was identified to be classes Ⅳ, Ⅲ （slightly polluted）, Ⅲ, and Ⅲ for soils A, B, C, and D, respectively, with the comprehensive index model. In comparison with the single-factor index method, the comprehensive index model concerned both dominant parameter and average contribution of all factors to the integrated environmental quality. Using the two fuzzy mathematical methods （single-factor deciding and weighted average models）, the environmental risks were determined to be classes Ⅳ, Ⅲ, Ⅱ （clean）, and Ⅱ for soils A, B, C, and D, respectively. However, divergence of the membership degree to each pollution class still occurred between the two methods. In fuzzy mathematical methods, membership functions were used to describe the limits between different pollution degrees, and different weights were allocated for the factors according to pollution contribution. Introduction of membership degree and weight of each factor to fuzzy mathematical models made the methods more reasonable in the field of environmental risk assessment.

Water Quality Evaluation of Duyun-Kaili Section in the Upper Reaches of the Qingshui River Basin

The fuzzy mathematic model was used to evaluate the water quality of six sections in the upper reaches of the Qingshui River Basin. The results showed that tiie water of grade I accounted for a high proportion, with mild pollution and strong self-deaning ability; the pollutants （f.g. ammonium nitrogen, total phosphorus and fluoride） at each section mainly came from phosphate mines and phosphorus chemical companies; and the water quaEty among different sections was in the order Chayuan, Xingren Bridge, Xiasi, Locomotive Section, Yingpan, Panghai （from superiority to inferiority）. This study has important reference values fof improving the water envifonment, saf^uarding the safely of drinkiiig water supply and scientifically preventing and conttolling water pollution, in the basin.

基于Delphi-Fuzzy丘陵地区农机服务质量评价体系研究

科学客观地评价农机服务质量能促进农业机械化良性发展,采用五要素和五维度理论为基础,提出基于德尔菲法和模糊综合评价法相结合的数学模型(Delphi-Fuzzy)构建丘陵地区农机服务质量评价体系;遴选丘陵地区农机服务质量评价指标共计17项,配合层次分析法(AHP)修正Delphi模型,并利用SPSS和MATLAB软件求解模型,得到综合评价值为0.371 8;再根据最大隶属度原则,得到该企业的农机服务质量评定为“优秀”等级,同时“一般”和“差”评价等级的评价值为0.236 8,占比23.68%,说明具有一定的改进空间。根据赋值法对排名靠后的5项指标(ZB4、ZB7、ZB8、ZB12、ZB15)确定改进方向,后期需继续优化农机结构,降低零部件磨损程度,增强人员专业程度、提供个性化服务,增强优惠保障力度、提高售后服务质量,创新售后维修手段、优化流程等。

“育人效能”视域下职业院校数学教材内容评价模型构建研究

以《职业院校教材管理办法》等文件和教材评价相关研究为基础,以落实数学关键能力和立德树人以及技术技能型人才培养和着眼学生未来发展为关键。通过一轮德尔菲法构建职业院校数学教材评价指标和内容要素,二轮德尔菲法编制职业院校数学教材内容评价模型调研问卷,三轮德尔菲法对职业院校数学教材评价模型指标进行赋权;利用SPSS和AMOS进行项目分析和模型验证;基于AHP层次分析法,利用Matlab对模型的一、二级指标进行专家赋权。构建了以教材内容质量为核心的职业院校数学教材内容评价模型,评价模型包括内容基础质量、内容育人效能质量、内容呈现质量与内容支持学习质量4个一级指标、15个二级指标和68个三级指标。

“互联网+护理服务”质量评价体系的构建

目的:构建“互联网+护理服务”质量评价体系,为推进和完善我国“互联网+护理服务”提供科学依据。方法:通过德尔菲法和层次分析法确定“互联网+护理服务”质量评价体系的指标和权重,并在其基础上增加模糊综合评价法,实现模糊指标的量化,对“互联网+护理服务”质量进行有效评价。结果:经过2轮专家函询,最终确立的“互联网+护理服务”质量评价体系包括5个一级指标、13个二级指标和31个三级指标,确定了各项指标的权重系数,各对比矩阵一致性比率(CR)均<0.1。结论:构建的“互联网+护理服务”质量评价体系科学、合理,有效融合定性和定量评价指数,可为我国开展的“互联网+护理服务”质量评价提供参考。

响应面法优化高品质茶叶木炭烘焙参数

【目的】优化茶叶的木炭烘焙工艺,为高品质茶叶木炭烘焙提供理论参考依据,为茶叶烘焙智能化提供基础。【方法】利用模糊数学矩阵分析原理,以模糊感官综合评价分作为响应值,烘焙温度、摊平厚度、烘焙时间为自变量,设立三因素三水平试验组合,拟合线性回归模型,通过响应面法对茶叶木炭烘焙工艺进行优化,并通过实际烘焙试验进行验证;测量茶叶主要香气成分含量、主要生化成分含量,分析试验工艺对茶叶品质的影响,进一步验证二次回归模型的可靠性。【结果】结合实际修整后的最佳组合参数:烘焙温度为82℃、摊平厚度为3 cm、烘焙时间为126 min;茶叶主要香气成分有反-橙花叔醇、法尼烯、植物醇、吲哚,其含量多少与香气等级相符;主要生化成分有茶多酚、可溶性糖、氨基酸、咖啡碱,其含量多少与汤色、滋味等级相符,感官评价结果与评价体系相吻合。【结论】建立的高品质茶叶木炭烘焙工艺的感官评价标准合理,感官评价模型可靠性强,试验结果能够真实地反映木炭烘焙最佳工艺。

基于模糊建模解析不同产地沃柑果实感官品质差异

【目的】果实感官品质是决定果品市场竞争力最重要的因素,建立科学的柑橘果实综合感官品质评价方法,明确不同产地柑橘果实感官品质差异,探究消费者偏好性,筛选与柑橘感官属性密切相关的代谢产物,为柑橘育种、实际生产及市场销售提供理论支撑和数字化方法。【方法】以具有品质差异的9个产区沃柑果实为试验材料,首先组织评价员对样品各感官属性及权重进行评价,利用模糊数学得出不同感官属性的权重排名,并对不同产地样品的综合感官品质进行排序及分组;同时,检测常规理化指标,并通过气相色谱质谱联用仪(gas chromatography-massspectrometry,GC-MS)和高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)分析与果实风味相关的可溶性糖、有机酸、氨基酸、类黄酮等代谢产物;进而利用OPLS-DA分析不同组间样品的主要差异代谢物,并通过皮尔逊相关性分析将样品各感官属性与相关代谢物质数据进行关联;最终获得可反映沃柑风味品质的重要代谢标志物。【结果】沃柑感官属性权重排名为果肉甜度>果肉酸度>果肉化渣性>果实色泽>果实香气>果实外形;常规指标固酸比不适合用于沃柑果实样品内在品质优劣的精准分级。因此,基于综合感官品质差异,9个产地沃柑样品被划分为两组,高感官品质组沃柑样品综合得分均高于60分,低感官品质组综合得分均低于60分。OPLS-DA分析表明,3种主要差异代谢产物可在风味上显著区分高、低感官品质组沃柑样品,这些物质分别为L-谷氨酸、橙皮苷和L-缬氨酸。皮尔逊相关性分析表明,α-酮戊二酸、L-谷氨酸和橙皮苷含量与沃柑综合感官品质、甜度和酸度得分多呈显著负相关。【结论】模糊数学可用于沃柑果实综合品质评价,消费者对沃柑的果肉甜度和酸度更为关注,L-谷氨酸和橙皮苷对沃柑果实品质差异的形成具有重要作用。

Fuzzy-PID复合控制在温室节水灌溉中的应用

为解决温室节水灌溉的需求,综合考虑温室环境因子对灌溉量的影响,通过系统辨识的方法,建立被控对象土壤湿度的数学模型。针对湿度控制大滞后惯性环节的特点,设计了一种Fuzzy-PID复合控制的方法。该方法将模糊控制器和PID控制器并行结合,并采用梯形隶属函数的模糊切换算法进行两者的切换,实现两种控制方法的优势互补。实验仿真结果表明:Fuzzy-PID复合控制响应时间短、超调量小、稳态过程没有振荡,不仅具有较好的动态性能,而且具有比较理想的稳态品质,适用于温室节水灌溉控制。

自然发酵对小麦淀粉凉皮品质的影响

该文通过发酵液成分分析、GC-MS技术、动态流变测试、质构分析、模糊数学感官评价、微观结构等方法,研究了自然发酵对凉皮风味、流变学、质地以及微观结构的影响。结果表明,随着发酵时间的延长,发酵液中淀粉酶活性和糖含量均呈现先上升后下降的趋势。此外,发酵显著降低凉皮的pH值而增大总酸度,凉皮的明度(L*)明显提升,总色差(ΔE)显著降低。发酵后,具有令人愉悦风味的醛类物质相对含量明显增加,丰富了凉皮的风味。发酵降低了凉皮的G′和G″,损耗正切值(tanδ)增加。扫描电镜结果表明发酵凉皮具有更加致密的凝胶网络结构。与未发酵凉皮相比,发酵凉皮具有较低的硬度、咀嚼性和黏性,且在发酵18 h时具有最高感官评分95.96分。该文明确了不同自然发酵时间与凉皮品质之间的关系,为发酵小麦淀粉凉皮品质的研究提供了一定数据支撑。

高压水射流清洗机清洗质量的FUZZY评价

根据模糊集的基本理论，构造了一个评价高压水射流清洗机清洗质量的数学模型，并给出了模糊评价应用范例。

Fuzzy综合评价模型在京杭大运河扬州段水质评价中的应用

建立了一种新的水质综合评判模型——Fuzzy综合评价模型,并应用于京杭大运河扬州段的水质综合评价中。以模糊概率理论为基础,求出污染因子对于水质级别的隶属函数,将各个污染因子的隶属度与权重向量进行复合运算,所得隶属度最大的级别即为水质级别。在9项评价指标中,溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、5日生化需氧量和氨氮4项权重较大,说明水体中污染物主要为有机污染物。2001—2006年间,京杭大运河扬州段整体水质状况为:2004年Ⅱ级水质,其余为Ⅲ级或Ⅲ级以上,所得结论与实际相符。与其它评价方法相比,模糊综合评价模型具有系统性、综合性和评价结果的可比性,并克服了权重难以分配和分级界限的模糊性的不足,可应用于水质评价指标众多、评价等级较多的复杂系统。

基于模糊Borda组合模型的枸杞品质水氮调控效应评价

为筛选出合适的枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)水氮供应阈值,利用模糊Borda组合模型评价了不同水氮组合对枸杞品质的调控效应。以三年生‘宁杞5号’枸杞为对象,分析了4个水分调控水平(以土壤含水量占田间持水量θ_f的百分比控制土壤水分上、下限),即充分灌溉W0(75%~85%θ_f)、轻度水分亏缺W1(65%~75%θ_f)、中度水分亏缺W2(55%~65%θ_f)、重度水分亏缺W3(45%~55%θ_f),和4个施氮水平,即不施氮N0(0 kg·hm^(-2))、低施氮量N1(150 kg·hm^(-2))、中施氮量N2(300 kg·hm^(-2))、高施氮量N3(450 kg·hm^(-2)),对枸杞外观品质和营养品质的影响,并构建模型对枸杞品质进行综合评价。结果表明:(1)同一水分调控下中低量施氮可提高枸杞果实果径,较高施氮量提高3.39%~5.19%,随水分亏缺程度加剧枸杞果径呈先增后降变化趋势,其中W0、W1和W2较W3分别提高8.01%、9.44%和6.92%;枸杞果长随施氮量增加呈先增后降变化趋势,N2处理提高最大(4.39%),随水分亏缺程度加剧呈降低趋势,各处理较重度水分亏缺提高2.50%~9.57%;水分调控、施氮水平及二者交互作用均对枸杞果形指数影响不显著。W1N2处理的总糖、多糖、脂肪、维生素C和黄酮含量均最高,分别较其他处理提高了3.32%~16.93%、7.49%~54.72%、6.50%~45.89%、2.29%~47.41%和4.14%~28.34%;W2N3处理的氨基酸含量最高,较其余处理提高了11.12%~86.16%;W0N2处理的蛋白质含量最高,较其他处理提高了7.15%~71.67%;W2N1处理的总酚含量最高,较其他处理提高了8.54%~65.98%。即轻中度水分亏缺、低中施氮量水平时有利于枸杞外观品质和营养品质的形成。(2)各处理枸杞品质的评价值因模型不同存在明显不一致。剔除主成分分析后,隶属函数分析、灰色关联度分析和TOPSIS模型3种单一模型各自的评价结果与除该单一模型外其余2种模型评价结果的Kendall相关系数通过了Kendall-W协和系数事前检验,具有一定的相容性,可进行组合评价。(3)对均值法和模糊Borda评价法构建的组合评价模型进行事后检验发现,模糊Borda组合评价模型与各单一模型评价值的Spearman相关系数高于均值法。(4)对基于模糊Borda组合评价模型的枸杞品质评价值进行回归分析得出,水氮供应阈值分别为348.40~385.08 mm和270.46~298.92 kg·hm^(-2)时,枸杞的综合品质较优。

越西县植烟土壤肥力水平及综合评价

为明确凉山州越西县植烟土壤养分现况,在该县11个植烟乡镇,选取代表性区域采集127个土壤样品,采用模糊数学法和主成分分析法对越西主要植烟区的土壤pH值、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效硫、有效锌、交换性钙和交换性镁含量进行综合评价,并计算越西县土壤肥力适宜性指数(soil fertility suitability index,SFI)。结果表明:越西县各乡镇植烟土壤肥力等级均在Ⅲ级以上,SFI值为0.74,肥力适中。各乡镇SFI值比较为:板桥镇>新民镇>大花镇>中所镇>越城镇>大瑞镇>贡莫镇>普雄镇>南菁镇>保安乡>书古镇。指出了越西烟区部分地区pH值较低,施肥方案整体应根据当地实际情况调节,通过提高微量元素以及有机肥的用量,来提高土壤肥力,改善烟叶生产品质。