Case Analyses and Numerical Simulation of Soil ThermalImpacts on Land Surface Energy Budget Based on anOff-Line Land Surface Model

The statistical relationship between soil thermal anomaly and short-term climate change is presented based on a typical case study. Furthermore, possible physical mechanisms behind the relationship are re-vealed through using an off-line land surface model with a reasonable soil thermal forcing at the bottom of the soil layer. In the first experiment, the given heat flux is 5 W m2 at the bottom of the soil layer (in depth of 6.3 m) for 3 months, while only a positive ground temperature anomaly of 0.06°C can be found compared to the control run. The anomaly, however, could reach 0.65°C if the soil thermal conductivity was one order of magnitude larger. It could be even as large as 0.81°C assuming the heat flux at bottom is 10 W m-2. Mean-while, an increase of about 10 W m−2 was detected both for heat flux in soil and sensible heat on land sur-face, which is not neglectable to the short-term climate change. The results show that considerable response in land surface energy budget could be expected when the soil thermal forcing reaches a certain spatial-tem-poral scale. Therefore, land surface models should not ignore the upward heat flux from the bottom of the soil layer. Moreover, integration for a longer period of time and coupled land-atmosphere model are also necessary for the better understanding of this issue.

A DUAL-SURFACE DAMAGE MODEL AND EVALUATION FOR NATURAL SOILS WITHIN THE THERMOMECHANICAL FRAMEWORK

Naturally deposited or residual soils exhibit more complicated behavior than remolded clays. A dual-surface damage model for structured soils is developed based on the thermodynamics framework established in our first paper. The shift stresses and the transformation between the generalized dissipative stress space and actual stress space are established following a systematic procedure. The corresponding constitutive behavior of the proposed model is determined, which reflects the internal structural configuration and damage behavior for geomaterials. Four evolution variables κj^i（i=D, R;j=V, S） and the basic parameters λ, s, v and e0 are introduced to account for the progressive loss of internal structure for natural clays. A series of fully triaxial tests and isotropic compression tests are performed for structured and reconstituted samples of Beijing and Zhengzhou natural clays. The validation of the proposed model is examined by comparing the numerical results with the experimental data.

Applications of a Surface Runoff Model with Horton and Dunne Runoff for VIC

Surface runoff is mainly generated by two mechanisms, infiltration excess (Horton) runoff and saturation excess (Dunne) runoff; and the spatial variability of soil properties, antecedent soil moisture, topography, and rainfall will result in different surface runoff generation mechanisms. For a large area (e.g., a model grid size of a regional climate model or a general circulation model), these runoff generation mechanisms are commonly present at different portions of a grid cell simultaneously. Missing one of the two major runoff generation mechanisms and failing to consider spatial soil variability can result in significant under/over estimation of surface runoff which can directly introduce large errors in soil moisture states over each model grid cell. Therefore, proper modeling of surface runoff is essential to a reasonable representation of feedbacks in a land-atmosphere system. This paper presents a new surface runoff parameterization with the Philip infiltration formulation that dynamically represents both the Horton and Dunne runoff generation mechanisms within a model grid cell. The parameterization takes into account the effects of soil heterogeneity on Horton and Dunne runoff. The new parameterization is implemented into the current version of the hydrologically based Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) land surface model and tested over one watershed in Pennsylvania, USA and over the Shiguanhe Basin in the Huaihe Watershed in China. Results show that the new parameterization plays a very important role in partitioning the water budget between surface runoff and soil moisture in the atmosphere-land coupling system, and has potential applications on large hydrological simulations and land-atmospheric interactions. It is further found that the Horton runoff mechanism should be considered within the context of subgrid-scale spatial variability of soil properties and precipitation.

Improving the Vegetation Dynamic Simulation in a Land Surface Model by Using a Statistical-dynamic Canopy Interception Scheme

Canopy interception of incident precipitation, as a critical component of a forest＇s water budget, can affect the amount of water available to the soil, and ultimately vegetation distribution and function. In this paper, a statistical-dynamic approach based on leaf area index and statistical canopy interception is used to parameterize the canopy interception process. The statistical-dynamic canopy interception scheme is implemented into the Community Land Model with dynamic global vegetation model （CLM-DGVM） to improve its dynamic vegetation simulation. The simulation for continental China by the land surface model with the new canopy interception scheme shows that the new one reasonably represents the precipitation intercepted by the canopy. Moreover, the new scheme enhances the water availability in the root zone for vegetation growth, especially in the densely vegetated and semi-arid areas, and improves the model＇s performance of potential vegetation simulation.

Numerical Study of Initial Soil Moisture Impacts on Regional Surface Climate

In this paper, the impacts of initial soil moisture (SM) over the Huaihe River Basin of China on the summertime climate have been investigated with a regional climate model. Three fourth-month-long simulations are made for two summers, the abnormal flooding in 2003 and normal climate in 2004. Besides control simulations (noted as CTL), sensitivity experiments have been conducted by assigning the initial soil moisture equals to 50% and 150% of the simulated soil moisture while keeping the others unchanged, which are noted as SM50 and SM150, respectively.The results show that effects of initial SM anomalies at late spring can last for the whole summer, and the increase of initial soil moisture (SM150) has more significant effects than the decreased one (SM50). The differences between sensitivity experiments and CTL mainly appear at surface and near-surface atmosphere. When increasing the initial SM, the latent heat flux and surface soil moisture are increased, correspondingly the sensible heat flux, temperature and radiation are all decreased. The changes of rainfall are not distinct between SM50 and SM150, which might be related to the processes within atmosphere, especially the humidity pattern.

A Multimodel Ensemble-based Kalman Filter for the Retrieval of Soil Moisture Profiles

With the combination of three land surface models （LSMs） and the ensemble Kalman filter （EnKF）, a multimodel EnKF is proposed in which the multimodel background superensemble error covariance matrix is estimated by two different algorithms： the Simple Model Average （SMA） and the Weighted Average Method （WAM）. The two algorithms are tested and compared in terms of their abilities to retrieve the true soil moisture profile by respectively assimilating both synthetically-generated and actual near-surface soil moisture measurements. The results from the synthetic experiment show that the performances of the SMA and WAM algorithms were quite different. The SMA algorithm did not help to improve the estimates of soil moisture at the deep layers, although its performance was not the worst when compared with the results from the single-model EnKF. On the contrary, the results from the WAM algorithm were better than those from any single-model EnKF. The tested results from assimilating the field measurements show that the performance of the two multimodel EnKF algorithms was very stable compared with the single-model EnKF. Although comparisons could only be made at three shallow layers, on average, the performance of the WAM algorithm was still slightly better than that of the SMA algorithm. As a result, the WAM algorithm should be adopted to approximate the multimodel background superensemble error covariance and hence used to estimate soil moisture states at the relatively deep layers.

Development and Validation of a Simple Frozen SoilParameterization Scheme Used for Climate Model

A simple frozen soil parameterization scheme is developed based on NCAR LSM and the effects of re-vised scheme are investigated using Former Soviet Union (FSU) 6 stations measurement data. In the revised model, soil ice content and the energy change in phase change process is considered; the original soil thermal conductivity scheme is replaced by Johanson scheme and the soil thermal and hydraulic properties is modi-fied depending on soil ice content. The comparison of original model with revised model results indicates that the frozen soil scheme can reasonably simulate the energy budget in soil column and the variation of thermal and hydraulic properties as the soil ice content changes. Soil moisture in spring is decreased because of the reduction of infiltration and increment of runoff. Consequently, the partition of heat flux and surface temperature changes correspondingly.

Subdaily to Seasonal Change of Surface Energy and Water Flux of the Haihe River Basin in China: Noah and Noah-MP Assessment

The land surface processes of the Noah-MP and Noah models are evaluated over four typical landscapes in the Haihe River Basin(HRB) using in-situ observations. The simulated soil temperature and moisture in the two land surface models(LSMs) is consistent with the observation, especially in the rainy season. The models reproduce the mean values and seasonality of the energy fluxes of the croplands, despite the obvious underestimated total evaporation. Noah shows the lower deep soil temperature. The net radiation is well simulated for the diurnal time scale. The daytime latent heat fluxes are always underestimated, while the sensible heat fluxes are overestimated to some degree. Compared with Noah, Noah-MP has improved daily average soil heat flux with diurnal variations. Generally, Noah-MP performs fairly well for different landscapes of the HRB. The simulated cold bias in soil temperature is possibly linked with the parameterized partition of the energy into surface fluxes. Thus, further improvement of these LSMs remains a major challenge.

Influence of Vegetation Cover on the Oh Soil Moisture Retrieval Model: A Case Study of the Malinda Wetland, Tanzania

Soil moisture is an important parameter that drives agriculture, climate and hydrological systems. In addition, retrieval of soil moisture is important in the analysis as well as its influence on these systems. Radar imagery is best suited for this retrieval due to its all-weather capability and independence from solar irradiation. Soil moisture retrieval was done for the Malinda Wetland, Tanzania, during two time periods, March and September 2013. The aim of this paper was to analyze soil moisture retrieval performance when vegetation contribution is taken into account. Backscatter values were obtained from TerraSAR-X Spotlight mode imagery taken in March and September 2013. The backscatter values recorded by SAR imagery are influenced by vegetation, soil roughness and soil moisture. Thus, in order to obtain the backscatter due to soil moisture, the roughness and vegetation contribution are determined and decoupled from total backscatter. The roughness parameters were obtained from a Digital Surface Model (DSM) from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photographs whereas the vegetation parameter was obtained by inverting the Water Cloud Model (WCM). Lastly, soil moisture was retrieved using the Oh Model. The coefficient of correlation between the observed and retrieved was 0.39 for the month of March and 0.65 in the month of August. When the vegetation contribution was considered, the r2 for March was 0.64 and that in August was 0.74. The results revealed that accounting for vegetation improved soil moisture retrieval.

Mechanical properties of material in a mine dump at the Shengli#1 Surface Coal Mine,China

ln-situ experiments were conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of the soil-rock mixture in the internal dump of the Shengli #1 Surface Coal Mine, China. Based on the experimental results, this study used comparative analysis and found that the shear strength of the soil-rock mixture in the dump was greater than the residual shear strength of the original rock. The results showed that the material presented in the dump as large blocks was the main factor affecting the strength of the soil-rock mixture, Numerical simulation was carried out for the analyses of three factors： different combinations of shear failure, rolling failure along with different large-block radius ratios, and mixture densities. The results illustrated that the cohesion and angle of internal friction of the soil-rock mixture are 12 kPa and 32.26°. However, in some cases the bench angle in the dump was controlled by a coupling relationship of rocks in the material. Finally, the stability of a soil slope showed a linear relationship with the large-block radius ratio and the bulk density.

Use of the Cam-Clay Model in Finite Element Calculations after Identification of Soils from Simple Mechanical Tests

In order to make the use of complex elasto-plastic behavior models more accessible, we attempted to identify the Cam-Clay model in two samples of tropical and lateritic soils (from Senegal/West Africa) from casagrande box shear and oedometric tests. This methodology was used as a substitute for triaxial trials. In this article, we first verify the test results by the finite element method with the Optum software. We use a simulation of the tests with the modified Cam Clay model as the behavior model. Then, we simulate the oedometric test on tropical soils with the Castem software and also use the modified Cam Clay model. These calculations make it possible to write the criterion of plasticity of the material starting from the expression of the surface of load while passing by the calculation of the volumetric and deviatoric stresses.

考虑拱效应的复合地层盾构隧道开挖失稳分析

根据盾构隧道开挖面的特点,考虑不同地层、不同隧道埋深条件下土体成拱效应,基于Paik圆弧拱理论建立失稳土体三维极限平衡理论分析模型。将经典三维楔形体模型改进为垂直面水平面均考虑拱效应的失稳土体三维模型,模拟盾构隧道开挖时前方土体的影响范围和影响大小,将上覆土压力计算方法扩展为三维形式,并采用土体条分法给出失稳土体极限平衡公式。最后利用MATLAB编程将模型计算结果与离心试验及其他理论模型进行了对比验证。结果表明:本文力学模型结果与离心试验结论更接近,可更准确地应用于开挖面最小支护压力参数的确定。

贵州晴隆锑矿区土壤中锑的形态分布和地球化学模型

以贵州晴隆锑矿区某冶炼厂及周边地区土壤为对象研究了锑的形态分布特征.结果发现,冶炼厂土壤中锑污染严重,含量最高达31265 mg·kg^(-1),但在下游土壤中随距离增加,锑浓度迅速下降到100mg·kg^(-1)以内.XRD和XPS结果显示土壤中主要含锑化合物为锑酸钙(Ca_(2)Sb_(2)O_(7))、锑酸钾(K_(3)Sb_(5)O_(14))以及氧化锑(Sb_(2)O_(5)),锑以五价形态存在.连续提取形态分析表明除残渣态外,厂区附近污染土壤中碳酸盐和金属氧化物的共沉淀态是锑的主要宿主相,而下游土壤中吸附态比例显著升高,说明在迁移过程中土壤中锑的活性增加.构建了以水合铁氧化物和针铁矿作为锑主要活性表面的土壤中锑地球化学多表面形态模型(MSM),当采用1 mol·L^(-1)Na_(2)HPO_(4)提取的锑作为总有效态锑输入值时,该模型可很好地预测不同性质和污染程度的土壤中锑的溶出效应(RMSE=0.29),说明该模型可为准确评估锑冶炼厂周边污染土壤中锑生态毒性和迁移淋溶风险提供有潜力的工具和方法.

遥感蒸散发驱动HYDRUS-RS模型模拟剖面土壤含水率

【目的】提出一种物理机制明确、具有区域尺度模拟潜力且模拟精度较高的剖面土壤体积含水率(土壤含水率)模拟模型,评估北京大兴区夏玉米生育期不同土层土壤含水率模拟精度。【方法】利用MODIS数据和地表能量平衡系统(SEBS)模型反演大兴区蒸散发(ET),将其拆分为土壤蒸发(E)和植株蒸腾(T),驱动HYDRUS-1D模型中的源汇项,基于地理信息系统(GIS)平台构建HYDRUS-RS模型模拟剖面土壤含水率,并在2018年夏玉米生育期得到验证。【结果】SEBS模型中的R_n模拟效果最好,决定系数(R2)、偏差(Bias)、均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.81、11W/m2、54.8W/m2;2018年大兴区夏玉米生育期逐日ET主要介于3~6mm/d,土壤含水率监测样点的ET不尽相同,但变化规律相似;在夏玉米生育期,HYDRUS-RS模型模拟的40~60cm土壤含水率精度最高,Bias为0.2%,RMSE为2.1%,R2为0.80。【结论】HYDRUS-RS模型物理机制明确、具有区域尺度模拟潜力,40~60cm土层土壤含水率模拟精度最高。

贵州泥质灰岩中性自然与耕作黄壤镉的表面络合模型

贵州省黄壤Cd污染形势严峻,而地域性及母质分异会引起土壤表面酸碱性质及其对重金属Cd吸附行为的差异.本研究以贵州省黔西林泉镇泥质灰岩发育的不同深度4层中性自然黄壤和耕作黄壤为研究对象,基于土壤理化性质、连续电位滴定实验、不同pH下两土壤对Cd的吸附实验,利用1-site/2-pKa表面络合模型(SCM)探究两土壤表面酸碱性质,模拟两土壤对Cd的吸附行为及其形态分布,同时探究耕作对土壤表面酸碱性质及其对Cd吸附行为的影响,并通过相关性分析解析两土壤组成与表面酸碱性质的关系.结果表明,基于电位滴定实验和SCM计算所得的两土壤表面位点浓度(Hs)和表面位点密度(D_(s))随土层深度基本呈下降趋势,自然黄壤Hs大于耕作黄壤,D_(s)反之.电荷零点的模型计算值(pHpzc,SCM)与实验值(pHpzc,M)十分接近且变化趋势一致,表明该模型对于泥质灰岩中性黄壤的表面酸碱性质具有较好的适用性.结合不同pH下两土壤对Cd的吸附实验,利用SCM拟合获得的吸附态、溶解态曲线与实验数据吻合好(r≥0.98),模型拟合≡SOH_(2)^(+)、≡SOH、≡SO−的3种表面位点的形态分布揭示Cd在不同pH下的吸附特征,说明1-site/2-pKa SCM可预测不同酸碱条件下Cd的存在形态及其在泥质灰岩中性土壤上的吸附行为.通过土壤酸碱性质参数和组分的相关性分析表明两土壤的表面酸碱活性位点主要受有机质影响,而土壤pHpzc基本由铁铝氧化铁决定.因耕作施肥造成自然黄壤与耕作黄壤之间有机质含量的差异,使耕作黄壤表现出较弱的缓冲能力和较大的缓冲范围;两土壤pHpzc较为接近,导致Cd的吸附行为无明显差异.研究显示,1-site/2-pKa SCM可用于准确描述泥质灰岩中性黄壤表面酸碱性质及Cd的吸附特征.

北京大学陆面过程模式PKULM(Peking University Land Model)介绍及检验

陆面过程模式是气候模式和天气模式的核心组成部分之一.在土壤—植被—大气耦合模式(Soil-PlantAtmosphere Model,SPAM)的基础上,发展了新一代北京大学陆面过程模式PKULM(Peking University Land Model).本文首先介绍了PKULM的辐射传输、湍流输送、光合作用、土壤水热输送等过程的参数化方案;采用隐式迭代计算框架,发展并应用了一个快速的线性方程组求解算法,提高了模式计算稳定性;提出并使用了二分搜索算法计算气孔阻抗,避免了CLM(Community Land Model)等使用的迭代方法在干旱区不稳定的情况,提高了模式的适用性;采用水势为基础的土壤水分扩散方程,使模式能够模拟土壤饱和区的水分输送过程,为进一步与水文过程模式耦合奠定了基础;还发展了一个地表积水与径流过程的机理模型,提高了模式对地表水分平衡过程的模拟能力;最后,使用"中国西北干旱区陆—气相互作用观测试验"平凉站的资料对模式进行了检验并与NOAH(National Center for Environmental Prediction,Oregon State University,Air Force,and Hydrology Lab model)陆面过程模式的模拟结果进行了比较,结果表明PKULM能够较好地模拟西北半干旱区农田下垫面地气交换过程.

BCC_AVIM陆面模式不同土壤垂直离散化方案对土壤水热输送的数值模拟

陆面模式中的土壤如何分层至关重要,一般情况下认为在受大气—地面界面影响较大的土壤表层应该细分,土壤越往深层,土壤层厚度的分层可以相应加大。已有研究表明:在不同天气和气候积分条件下,土壤厚度在根带以下,其对模拟结果有不同的影响。这表示根据不同的研究要求,应当改变土壤的分层方式。然而什么是陆面模式中的最优土壤分层方式仍不确定。因此本文主要利用BCC_AVIM陆面模式探究不同土壤垂直离散化方案对于土壤水热属性,表面辐射通量与感热、潜热通量模拟的敏感性,从而达到提升模式模拟效果的目的。BCC_AVIM陆面模式中原土壤分层方案为10层,将土壤各层的节点深度,土壤层厚度以及土壤各层的界面深度进行插值,由原来的10层土壤层插值到20层,在本文中称为方案一;参考模式CLM5.0中的土壤垂直离散化方案并改进到BCC_AVIM陆面模式中,原土壤层次也由10层增加到20层,为本文的方案二。将改进后的方案一和方案二与原方案结果对比分析发现:(1)方案一和方案二对土壤温度的模拟与实测数据更吻合,对于各层土壤温度的数值大小与变化趋势的模拟效果有所提升,其中方案一对浅层土壤温度的模拟效果更好。(2)在土壤湿度的模拟上,三种方案对浅层土壤湿度的模拟效果较好,对深层土壤湿度的模拟效果相对较差,其中方案一对土壤各层湿度曲线变化趋势与数值大小的模拟更加贴近实测数据。(3)方案一对土壤各层是否发生冻结或消融的时间判定更合理,更加接近实测数据。整体上,方案一的模拟效果最佳。由此,得出结论:方案一相较于原方案对土壤温、湿度的模拟效果有所改善,这表明在同样的土壤深度下,更密集更细致的土壤分层有利于提升模式对土壤水热输送的模拟能力。同时,方案一的模拟效果总体优于方案二,这也表明,在相同的土壤层次下,浅中层拥有更密集的土壤分层,对于提升模式对土壤水热输送的模拟能力有一定的积极影响。

基于隆起变形分析的基坑坑底抗隆起稳定可靠度分析

采用土体硬化(Hardening Soil)模型,在PLAXIS 2D中建立基坑开挖数值模型,在获取坑底特征点隆起变形数据的基础上构建坑底隆起变形超限失效模式对应的极限状态函数,为提高计算效率,应用响应面法代替有限元计算快速获取坑底特征点隆起变形值,结合蒙特卡罗模拟方法进行坑底抗隆起稳定性可靠度分析,分析结果表明:第三层土的卸载再加载模量E_(3)^(ur)以及有效内摩擦角φ’_(3)的变异性对坑底抗隆起稳定性影响显著;第一层土的有效黏聚力c’_(1)、有效内摩擦角φ’_(1)、割线模量E_(1)^(50)、切线模量E_(1)^(oed)以及第二层土的有效黏聚力c’_(2)的变异性对坑底抗隆起稳定性影响较小,但相对而言,第二层土的有效黏聚力c’_(2)对坑底抗隆起稳定性的影响较大;对于坑底土体为粉砂的深基坑来说,对坑内土体进行加固可以有效约束坑底隆起变形。

CLM5.0陆面模式不同土壤分层方案对黄河源区玛多站土壤温湿的数值模拟

选取2015年6月—2018年8月玛多站观测资料作为驱动CLM5.0(Community Land Model)模式的强迫场数据,应用CLM5.0模式中不同土壤分层方案,对这一时段玛多站土壤温湿变化特征进行模拟,并检验了模拟效果。结果表明:(1)对于土壤温度,CLM5.0模式的4种土壤分层方案均能很好地模拟出一年中玛多站不同深度土壤温度的季节变化趋势,浅层土壤温度模拟值与观测值相关性更高,深层土壤温度模拟值的变化幅度相对较小且曲线较光滑。4种分层方案中,20层方案对土壤温度的模拟效果最好,平均相关系数为0.942。(2)对于土壤湿度,4种土壤分层方案均能较好地模拟出各层土壤湿度的季节变化和日变化趋势,但较观测值都有不同程度的偏差。20层方案对土壤湿度的模拟效果更好,平均相关系数为0.730。