Characteristics of Soil Organic Carbon, Total Nitrogen, and C/N Ratio in Chinese Apple Orchards

Soil organic carbon and nitrogen are used as indexes of soil quality assessment and sustainable land use management. At the same time, soil C/N ratio is a sensitive indicator of soil quality and for assessing the carbon and nitrogen nutrition balance of soils. We studied the characteristics of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen by investigating a large number of apple orchards in major apple production areas in China. High apple orchard soil organic carbon content was observed in the provinces of Heilongjiang, Xinjiang, and Yunnan, whereas low content was found in the provinces of Shandong, Henan, Hebei, and Shaanxi, with the values ranging between 6.44 and 7.76 g·kg-1. Similar to soil organic carbon, soil total nitrogen content also exhibited obvious differences in the 12 major apple producing provinces. Shandong apple orchard soil had the highest total nitrogen content (1.26 g·kg-1), followed by Beijing (1.23 g·kg-1). No significant difference was noted between these two regions, but their total nitrogen content was significantly higher than the other nine provinces, excluding Yunnan. The soil total nitrogen content for Xinjiang, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Henan, and Gansu was between 0.87 and 1.03 g·kg-1, which was significantly lower than that in Shandong and Beijing, but significantly higher than that in Liaoning, Shanxi, and Shaanxi. Six provinces exhibited apple orchard soil C/N ratio higher than 10, including Heilongjiang (15.42), Xinjiang (13.38), Ningxia (14.45), Liaoning (12.24), Yunnan (11.03), and Gansu (10.63). The soil C/N ratio was below 10 in the remaining six provinces, in which the highest was found in Shaanxi (9.47), followed by Beijing (8.98), Henan (7.99), and Shanxi (7.62), and the lowest was found in Hebei (6.80) and Shandong (6.05). Therefore, the improvement of soil organic carbon should be given more attention to increase the steady growth of soil C/N ratio.

Effect of Reducing Chemical Fertilizer on Rice Yield,Output Value,Content of Soil Carbon and Nitrogen after Utilizing the Milk Vetch

A located field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different amount of chemical fertilizer usage on rice yield,economic benefits of rice,soil carbon（C） and total nitrogen（TN） under ploughing back of Chinese milk vetch for 5consecutive years.Six treatments were included in the experiment,they are CK（unfertilized）,CF（100% chemical fertilizer with the amount of N,P2O5,K2 O being150,75,120 kg/hm^2respectively）,A1（22 500 kg/hm^2 Chinese milk vetch and 100%chemical fertilizer）,A2（Chinese milk vetch and 80% nitrogen and potassium fertilizer and 100% phosphate fertilizer）,A3（Chinese milk vetch and 60% nitrogen and potassium fertilizer and 100% phosphate fertilizer）,A4（Chinese milk vetch and 40% nitrogen and potassium fertilizer and 100% phosphate fertilizer）.The results were as follows：application of fertilizer could increase the yield of rice,while Chinese milk vetch combined with fertilizer application had a much more increase effect in rice yield.Under the condition of milk vetch application with 22 500 kg/hm^2,the early rice yield of the treatment A1 was significantly increased by 7.7% compared with that of CF.And the yield of treatment A3 was basically identical to or slight increase in comparison with that of CF.Decreasing amount of fertilizers cloud improve output value of rice in the case of the utilization of Chinese milk vetch.The treatment A1 increased output value of rice by 5.92% in comparison of CF,and treatment A2 was by 4.08% in the next.Treatment A4 showed much better effect in increasing soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in the paddy soil than those of treatments applying mineral fertilizer only.There was a significant reduction on soil organic carbon and TN in treatment A2 in comparison with that of CF.In general,amount of application of milk vetch with 22 500 kg/hm^2 could replace chemical fertilizer partially,it also could improve rice yield,decrease the production cost,and raise the utilization efficiency of nutrients.

Seed Yield Potential of Five Wheat Species/Cultivars without and with Phosphorus Fertilizer Application on a P-Deficient Soil in Northeastern Saskatchewan

In the Canadian Prairies, many soils on organic farms are low in available phosphorus (P). Previous research has shown that wheat species/cultivars vary in their sensitivity to P deficiency, yield response to applied P fertilizer, P uptake and P use efficiency on P-deficient soils. A 3-year field experiment was conducted from 2012 to 2014 on a P-deficient soil at Kelvington, Saskatchewan, Canada, to determine the potential of five wheat species/cultivars (Spelt and Kamut representing “ancient”, Red Fife representing “old”, and Unity and Goodeve representing “modern” wheat species/cultivars) for seed yield, protein concentration (PC) in seed, partial factor of productivity (PFP, kg seed kg-1 of N applied), total N and P uptake, P use efficiency (PUE, kg seed kg-1 of P applied) and % recovery of applied P in seed under zero-P and with P fertilizer (triple superphosphate) applied at 20 kg P ha-1. Seed yield, PFP and PUE were determined in all 3 years, but PC, total N and P uptake, and % recovery of applied P in seed were determined only in 2012. There was a marked and significant response of seed yield and PFP of all wheat species/cultivars to P fertilizer in all 3 years, but the actual seed yield and PFP, without and with applied P fertilizer, as well as PUE, varied with species/cultivar in different years. On the average of 3 years, seed yield and PFP were greatest for Unity in both without and with applied P fertilizer treatments. Seed yield increases from applied P were 1111, 773, 890, 1810 and 2028 kg·ha-1, respectively, for Spelt, Kamut, Red Fife, Unity and Goodeve. Total N and P uptake were lowest for Kamut and greatest for Unity or Goodeve, in both without and with applied P fertilizer treatments. Percent recovery of applied P in seed was greatest for Goodeve or Unity and lowest for Spelt or Kamut. Protein concentration in seed usually decreased with P fertilizer, and wheat species/cultivars with higher PC in seed usually showed greater reduction in PC with P application. In conclusion, the findings suggest that the “modern” wheat species/cultivars Unity or Goodeve might be more suitable for high sustainable seed yield and total P or N uptake than the “ancient” wheat species Spelt and Kamut or the “old” wheat cultivar Red Fife, especially when adequate amount of P fertilizer is applied to optimize crop production on a P-deficient soil.

Independent and Combined Effect of Some Soil Tillage Systems on Nitrogen and Carbon Concentration in Soil Structural Units of Haplic Chernozems

This paper aimed at studying the effect of different types of soil tillage systems on the change of total carbon （C） and nitrogen （N） in the soil structural units of different size after dry structural analysis of soil. The research was carried out in a 6-field rotation system （grain maize-wheat-sunflower-wheat-bean-wheat） at the end of the 2nd rotation. Six out of 24 soil tillage systems were selected; they were applied independently and in combination in the crop rotation. After that, they were compared to the system with constant deep plowing. So a total of seven soil tillage systems were investigated. The selected systems for main soil tillage were the following： plowing （control variant）, disking, cutting, nil tillage （direct sowing）, plowing-disking, plowing-nil tillage, disking-nil tillage. Three depths of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm were studied, as well as soil structural units were of the following sizes： 〉 10 mm, 10-5, 5-3, 3-1, 1-0.25 mm and 〈 0.25 mm. As a result of systematic implementation of different soil tillage systems, higher N and C concentrations were established by the layers according to constant plowing. Constant disking and its alternation with nil tillage increased the total N concentration with 15.6% and 11.1%, respectively, in comparison with the constant plowing. The same was valid for C concentration in soil, but the highest increase was established in the variants with constant cutting and nil tillage. The exceeding was with 14.0% and 13.2%, in comparison to constant plowing. The redistribution of N and C depending on the structural soil units was most expressed in the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm layers. The highest amounts of C and N were found in the soil units with size less than 5 mm, mainly in the 〈 0.25 mm fraction. At depth of 20-30 cm, the role of the size of soil structural units for C and N redistribution decreased strongly. The values of C/N ratio were moderate only under the use of constant disking. This index was low under all other soil tillage systems. The correlation of total N with C in soil was high, positive and significant depending on the size of structural soil units and the tillage systems, as average for the investigated factors in this experiment. The minimal tillage and the tillage without turning of soil, used independently and in combination, had the highest contribution to preserving the organic matter in the haplic Chernozems of Dobrudzha region.

Analysis Methods for the Determination of Anthropogenic Additions of P to Agricultural Soils

Phosphorus loading and measurement is of concern on lands where biosolids have been applied. Traditional soil testing for plant-available P may be inadequate for the accurate assessment of P loadings in a regulatory environment as the reported levels may not correlate well with environmental risk. In order to accurately assess potential P runoff and leaching, as well as plant uptake, we must be able to measure organic P mineralized by the biotic community in the soil. Soils with varying rates of biosolid application were evaluated for mineralized organic P during a 112-day incubation using the difference between P measured using a rapid-flow analyzer (RFA) and an axial flow Varian ICP-OES. An increase in the P mineralized from the treated soils was observed from analysis with the Varian ICP-OES, but not with the RFA. These results confirm that even though organic P concentrations have increased due to increasing biosolid application, traditional soil testing using an RFA for detection, would not accurately portray P concentration and potential P loading from treated soils.

元素分析仪(Elementar Vario MACRO)测定石灰性土壤C、N时存在问题的探讨

壤全氮、土壤有机质的测定对农业生产和科学研究都有重要意义。因此在许多实验室里,土壤全氮、土壤有机质都被作为一项常规分析项目。土壤全氮量的测定百余年来沿用杜马氏法和凯氏定氮法。测定土壤有机质的方法主要有3种:干烧法、化学氧化法、灼烧法,1989年农业部颁布了国标GB9843-88《土壤有机质测定法》。近年来使用元素分析仪(Elementar Vario MACRO)测定土壤C、N也越来越广泛,元素分析仪是一台用于快速,定量测定元素C、H、N、S的全自动分析仪。用元素分析仪测定C、H、N的方法属于灼烧法,灼烧温度为960摄氏度,对酸性、中性土壤的测定无疑是省时准确的首选。石灰性土壤中由于碳酸盐的存在,在高温灼烧时碳酸盐分解,形成CO2,使土壤有机质的测定结果偏高。降低燃烧管温度测定(630摄氏度),由于样品用锡箔纸包裹,锡箔纸在燃烧管内燃烧生成氧化锡为放热反应,增加燃烧管内的温度高于设定温度,增加碳酸钙的分解测定值偏高,燃烧管温度设定在低于碳酸盐分解点时仪器密封不严实,使测定结果偏低。用盐酸处理土壤中碳酸盐,其后测定有机质时,因土壤中的富里酸溶于酸,使测定结果偏低。因此元素分析仪不适于石灰性土壤有机质的测定。

柑橘大豆间作对土壤团聚体结构及其有机碳、氮分布的影响

探讨柑橘大豆不同间作年限下土壤团聚体结构及有机碳、氮分布差异,旨在为果园土壤改良提供参考。通过田间定位试验设置清耕区(CK)、柑橘间作大豆1年(T1)、柑橘间作大豆2年(T2)和柑橘间作大豆3年(T3)4个处理,测定土壤团聚体组成、稳定性、有机碳和全氮等指标。结果表明:①与清耕柑橘园相比,柑橘间作大豆的土壤>0.25 mm大团聚体含量提高了19.58%~22.29%;②柑橘间作大豆的土壤团聚体稳定性特征表现为:T3>T2>T1>CK;③团聚体粒径中的有机碳和全氮含量表现为>5 mm粒径最高,<0.25 mm粒径含量最低,柑橘间作大豆的土壤C/N值较清耕区提高了1.16倍~1.19倍;④土壤团聚体组成与团聚体有机碳和全氮含量的相关性显著,RDA分别解释99.32%和94.99%的差异信息,其中>5、5~2和0.5~0.25 mm粒径土壤团聚体是影响土壤有机碳和全氮含量变化的主要环境因子。总体而言,柑橘园行间间作大豆可增加土壤肥力,改善土壤团聚体结构,是一种可持续农业发展模式。

亚热带不同植被恢复阶段生态系统N、P储量的垂直分配格局

氮(N)、磷(P)是影响生态系统生产力的主要养分因子,为科学评估植被恢复对生态系统N、P积累、分配及其耦合关系的影响,采用时空互代法,以湘中丘陵区地域相邻、环境条件基本一致,且处于不同恢复阶段的4个植物群落(4—5年灌草丛、10—12年灌木林、45—46年马尾松针阔混交林和>90年常绿阔叶林)作为一个恢复序列,设置固定样地,采用收获法和建立主要树种各器官生物量相对生长方程估算群落生物量,采集植被层(叶、枝、干、根)、凋落物层(未分解层、半分解层、已分解层)、土壤层(0—10、10—20、20—30、30—40 cm)样品,测定全N、全P含量,估算生态系统各组分(植被层、凋落物层、土壤层)全N、全P储量。结果表明:植被层全N、全P储量均随植被恢复增加,全N储量增长速率呈先慢后快的特征,而全P储量则呈慢—快—慢增长,地上(叶、枝、干)、地下(根)部分表现为异速增长;随植被恢复,凋落物层全N、全P储量先增加后下降,增长速率为先快后慢,4—5年灌草丛全N、全P储量最低;土壤层全N、全P储量随植被恢复显著增加(P<0.05),全N储量增长速率呈快-慢-快特征,而全P储量呈先慢后快特征;从4—5年灌草丛到>90年常绿阔叶林,生态系统全N、全P储量分别增加了6031.5、454.7 kg/hm^(2),增幅分别为231.5%、41.1%;不同恢复阶段生态系统全N、全P均主要存储于土壤中,分别占生态系统全N、全P储量的87.3%—99.0%、96.5%—99.9%;生态系统全N、全P储量的垂直分配格局随植被恢复而变化,植被层全N、全P储量贡献率增加,而土壤层全N、全P储量贡献率下降,凋落物层变化较小;植被层、凋落物层、土壤层全N、全P含量之间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),随植被恢复,植被层、凋落物层、土壤层N、P含量协同发展,P变化滞后于N。因此,可通过合理的经营管理措施促进植被恢复,提高植被层生物量以及N、P间的耦合协调性,以提高生态系统养分固持潜力和促进养分间的高效协调利用。

水稻秸秆炭施用对水稻土团聚体稳定性及其碳氮分布的影响

[目的]水稻长期种植过程中大量化肥施用导致土壤结构变差,研究不同用量水稻秸秆生物炭和化肥配施对水稻土结构和碳、氮分布的影响,探索稻田优化施肥管理方式。[方法]水稻田间试验在浙江衢州进行,试验设不施肥对照(CK)、常规施肥处理(NPK)以及常规施肥基础上添加22.5 t/hm^(2)(NPK+1%B)、45 t/hm(NPK+2%B)和90 t/hm^(2)(NPK+4%B)水稻秸秆炭处理,共5个处理。水稻收获后采集0-20 cm土层样品,测定土壤及不同粒级团聚体(>2、0.25~2、0.053~0.25和<0.053 mm)的有机碳和全氮含量,评价团聚体的稳定性。[结果]与NPK处理相比,施用水稻秸秆炭4年后,土壤>0.25 mm粒级团聚体含量提高了2.43%~7.99%,<0.25 mm粒级团聚体含量降低了2.93%~9.63%,土壤有机碳和全氮含量分别提高了16.40%~45.16%和14.67%~36.69%,各指标的变幅均以NPK+4%B处理最大。与NPK处理相比,秸秆炭处理土壤中>2 mm粒级团聚体中的有机碳和全氮含量分别提高了23.96%~70.87%和19.44%~47.56%,0.25~2 mm粒级团聚体中分别提高了21.87%~49.27%和17.18%~37.47%,增幅均以NPK+4%B处理最高,而0.053~0.25和<0.053 mm粒级团聚体中的有机碳和全氮含量无显著差异(P>0.05),说明施用水稻秸秆炭4年后,增加的土壤有机碳和全氮主要积累在>0.25 mm粒级团聚体中。与NPK处理相比,秸秆炭处理水稻土C/N值提高了2.40%~5.69%,但各处理间差异不显著,而4个粒级团聚体的土壤C/N值均显著提升,且均以NPK+4%B处理提高效果最好。此外,施用水稻秸秆炭提高了>2和0.25~2 mm粒级团聚体的碳、氮贡献率6.54%~17.43%、3.67%~7.28%和5.16%~11.55%、0.57%~1.83%,降低了0.053~0.25和<0.053 mm粒级团聚体的碳、氮贡献率7.25%~29.27%、15.93%~33.68%和10.26%~26.80%、12.61%~30.78%(P<0.05)。[结论]施用水稻秸秆炭能够迅速显著提高水稻土有机碳和全氮含量,增加>0.25 mm粒级团聚体质量占比,提高>2 mm粒级团聚体中有机碳的贡献率,降低<0.25 mm粒级团聚体中有机碳和全氮贡献率,且其影响幅度与水稻秸秆炭施用量呈正比。由此可见,施用水稻秸秆炭能在一定程度上改善水稻土结构,提高水稻土碳、氮固持潜力,对保证水稻土结构稳定性和维持水稻持续高产具有重要意义。

中国东北林区棕色针叶林土壤和暗棕壤的N养分差异性

对我国东北林区两类主要森林土壤 (棕色针叶林土和暗棕壤 )的N素养分的差异进行了比较研究。通过对全N含量、碱解N、氨态氮、硝态N和粘性矿物固定态铵的统计分析 ,认为暗棕壤较棕色针叶林土能够提供更多的速效N(硝态N和铵态N) ,并具有长期的供应能力 (全N ,碱解N ,粘性矿物固定态铵 )。同时 ,研究结果认为速效N更容易受外界环境因子和植物生长的影响 ,同一类型土壤不同的样本之间的差异较大。

增温施肥对农田土壤有机碳和全氮含量及δ^(13)C、δ^(15)N值的影响

农田土壤是重要的碳氮库,对气候变化极其敏感,但土壤碳氮循环对气候变化的响应目前还不清楚。在全球变暖背景下,为了实现我国碳达峰、碳中和目标,研究增温对土壤有机碳、全氮含量及其碳氮同位素的影响具有重要的现实意义。本研究采用红外辐射加热器模拟全球变暖,使5 cm土壤温度增加约2℃。通过测定灌溉前后土壤有机碳和全氮含量及δ^(13)C和δ^(15)N值的变化,研究增温、施氮和灌溉对华北平原小麦田土壤碳氮库的影响。试验共设4个处理:不施氮不增温(N0T0)、不施氮增温(N0T1)、施氮不增温(N1T0)和施氮增温(N1T1)。结果表明:灌溉前,增温降低了土壤有机碳含量,0~10 cm土层N1T1处理与不增温处理(N0T0和N1T0)之间差异显著(P<0.05),10~20 cm土层N1T1处理与其他处理差异均显著(P<0.05);灌溉后,增温虽有降低土壤有机碳含量的趋势,但差异不显著;施氮条件下,增温显著提升了δ^(13)C值(P<0.05)。增温降低了土壤全氮含量,并在灌溉前10~20 cm土层和灌溉后0~10 cm土层达显著水平(P<0.05);增温提升了土壤δ^(15)N值,灌溉前0~10 cm土层N0T0处理与增温处理(N0T1和N1T1)差异显著(P<0.05),灌溉后0~10 cm土层仅N0T1和N1T0处理间差异显著(P<0.05),而10~20 cm土层增温处理(N0T1和N1T1)均与N1T0处理差异显著(P<0.05)。同一处理同一时期,土壤有机碳和全氮的含量随土壤深度的增加而降低,δ^(13)C和δ^(15)N值随深度增加而升高,但土壤有机碳和δ^(13)C值的变化差异不显著,全氮含量和δ^(15)N值的变化差异显著(P<0.05)。土壤有机碳、全氮含量及δ^(13)C和δ^(15)N值在灌溉前后的差异均不显著。连续5年的增温施氮试验表明,未来气候变暖可能会加快土壤有机碳和全氮的分解,造成更多轻组有机碳损失。灌溉在短期内不会显著改变土壤碳氮含量及δ^(13)C和δ^(15)N值,但其长期影响还需进一步探究。此外,未来研究还应该重视多因素交互作用对土壤碳氮循环的影响。

不同秸秆处理方式下春玉米N、P、有机质动态变化规律研究

为确定不同秸秆还田方式对土壤N、P及有机质的影响,试验设置了长秸秆还田(处理一)、粉碎秸秆还田加土壤改良剂(处理二)及对照(处理三)的3种方式。试验结果表明:0~20cm土层的全氮、有效磷含量要比20~50cm土层的含量要高,说明全氮、有效磷的含量主要集中在作物的根系层;土壤有机质含量在不同土层,表现出相同的变化趋势,随着秸秆还田的逐渐腐化变质,其土壤养分在灌浆期达到峰值,而后,逐渐减少直至作物收获;不论是N、P含量还是有机质含量,在玉米全生育期均有处理二(FNT)>处理一(CN)>比处理三(CK);数据显示粉碎秸秆加土壤改良剂还田处理对土壤地力提升效果明显。

宿州市耕地土壤养分时空变化特征分析

分析土壤养分时空演变是实施精准农业与可持续土壤管理的前提。本研究利用反距离权重空间插值分析方法分别对宿州市2010年和2019年的耕地土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量进行时空变化特征分析。结果表明,相比于2010年,2019年宿州市耕地土壤养分总体略微提升。其中:耕地土壤有机质总体分布为砀山县、萧县和泗县较缺,埇桥区中部乡镇较丰,均值为17.95 g·kg^(-1),增幅6.15%,土壤有机质中等含量面积占总耕地面积的76.00%;土壤全氮含量基本持平,均值为1.06 g·kg^(-1),土壤全氮中等含量面积占总耕地面积的60.80%;耕地土壤有效磷总体分布为砀山县南部乡镇较丰,埇桥区北部、泗县北部及南部乡镇较缺,均值为16.44 mg·kg^(-1),增幅10.73%,土壤有效磷中等含量面积占总耕地面积的60.33%;耕地土壤速效钾总体分布为萧县、砀山县中等,埇桥区中部乡镇、灵璧县西部乡镇、泗县北部乡镇丰富,均值为149.37 mg·kg^(-1),增幅9.84%,土壤速效钾中等含量面积占总耕地面积的47.30%。砂姜黑土、水稻土和黄褐土有效磷含量明显提升,增幅分别为27.76%、23.08%和16.68%。砂姜黑土和水稻土速效钾含量略微提升,增幅为18.37%和14.62%。石灰岩土速效钾略微降低,降幅11.86%。研究表明,2010—2019年宿州市耕地土壤养分呈有机质总体上升、全氮稳定、有效磷明显上升、速效钾稳中有升的变化规律。宿州市北部应注意增施有机肥和氮肥,东部可考虑补充磷肥、钾肥。

不同土壤盐分胁迫对棉花氮素利用效率及生长的影响

为明确土壤盐分胁迫对棉花氮素高效利用及生长发育的影响,本研究应用~(15)N同位素技术开展田间试验,设计土壤弱(2.0 g/kg)、轻度(6.5 g/kg)、中度(13.0 g/kg)和重度(17.9 g/kg)4种盐渍化水平处理,分析土壤盐分胁迫对棉花干物质量、总氮含量、~(15)N利用效率、生长指标及产量的影响。结果表明,当胁迫从土壤弱盐渍化增加至轻度盐渍化水平时,棉花干物质量、总氮含量和~(15)N利用效率显著提高,并且棉花茎与果实对氮素的吸收征调能力总体增强,当土壤盐分进一步增加至中度盐渍化水平时棉花干物质量、总氮含量和~(15)N利用效率显著降低;相关性分析表明,棉花~(15)N利用效率与出苗率呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),土壤轻度盐分胁迫下籽棉产量最高,为6 456.9 kg/hm~2;中度土壤盐分胁迫导致幼苗生长以及40~60 cm土层棉花根系受阻,与轻度盐分胁迫相比棉花出苗率降幅33.1%,籽棉产量降幅37.7%。综合以上测定指标及产量,北疆地区合理的土壤盐氮调控措施应包括严格的控制田间地下水位、科学的进行机械整地和不间断的培肥土壤。

Comparison of the carbon isotope composition of total organic carbon and long-chain n-alkanes from surface soils in eastern China and their significance

Surface soil samples collected over a high spatial resolution in eastern China were analyzed for carbon isotope composition(δ 13C) of total organic carbon(TOC) and higher plant-derived long-chain n-alkanes,with the latter reported as weighted mean values.The two sets of δ 13C values are significantly correlated and show similar trends in spatial variation.The spatial distribution of δ 13C shows less negative values in the mid-latitudes between 31°N and 40°N and more negative ones at higher and lower latitudes.This is consistent with previously reported carbon isotope data from surface soil phytoliths in the same region and suggests that the mid-latitude area provides relatively favorable growing conditions for C4 plants.Furthermore,δ 13C values of both TOC and long-chain n-alkanes from 12 surface soil samples collected from a small grassland in north China displayed similar carbon isotope values and the difference between paired δ 13C of a soil samples remains relatively constant.Our data demonstrate that in eastern China,soil δ 13C composition of both TOC and long-chain n-alkanes is effective indicators of C3/C4 ratios of the prevailing vegetation.This work suggests that -22‰ and -32‰ are good estimated end members for the weighted mean δ 13C values of long-chain n-alkanes(C27,C29 and C31 n-alkanes) from soils under dominant C4 or C3 vegetation,allowing us to reconstruct paleovegetation trends.

近红外光谱技术实时测定土壤中总氮及磷含量的初步研究

及时、准确探测土壤中的氮、磷含量,有利于精准施肥决策,提高肥料利用率。研究表明近红外技术能够探测土壤的物理和养分状况。针对不同土地利用类型,在北京大兴地区采集85份土壤样品,测定土壤氮、磷养分及其近红外漫反射光谱,并利用傅里叶变换光谱技术和偏最小二乘回归法建立了土壤总氮(N)和总磷(P)的近红外光谱校正模型。所建模型的交叉检验决定系数(R2CV)分别为0.8626(N),0.6685(P)。用未参与建模的10个样品对模型进行外部检验,总N、总P的预测相关系数(r)分别为0.9698,0.8307,预测标准误差(RMSEP)分别为0.0095%(N),0.0086%(P),RPD值(检验集样品化学测定值标准差/预测标准误差)分别为3.78(N),1.69(P)。结果表明,采用适当的光谱分析方法可以实现用近红外技术对土壤总N的精确探测及对土壤总P的粗略估测。

新疆草地植被的地上生物量

2004年对新疆地区的草地地上生物量进行了大范围的调查,据此估算了新疆6种主要草地类型的地上生物量密度和总量,并探讨了草地地上生物量与环境因子的关系。结果表明,草原类型中,荒漠草原的地上生物量密度最小(34.9gC·m-2),草甸草原最大(87.3gC·m-2),而典型草原(53.2gC·m-2)和高寒草原(47.7gC·m-2)介于两者之间;草甸类型中,山地草甸(117.4gC·m-2)的地上生物量密度显著高于高寒草甸(58.1gC·m-2)。6种草地的地上生物量总量为14.65TgC,约占全国的10%。地上生物量主要集中于高寒草原和高寒草甸,两者占总量的41.7%;其次是典型草原、山地草甸和荒漠草原,分别占19.0%、18.3%和14.6%;草甸草原因分布面积小而使得其地上生物量最小,仅占总量的6.4%。草原和草甸地上生物量的控制因子存在差异:草原地上生物量主要受降水控制,而草甸地上生物量则与温度相关。除受气候影响外,草原地上生物量还与土壤含水率、土壤总氮含量正相关,而草甸地上生物量与土壤含水率、土壤总氮含量均不相关。

黄土高原沟壑区不同年限苹果园土壤碳、氮、磷变化特征

管理措施是影响土壤质量演变的重要因素。分析和讨论了5、101、5年苹果园耕层(0—20 cm)和0—200 cm土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效磷和硝态氮含量及其影响因素。结果表明,5年、10年和15年的塬面苹果园表层土壤有机碳依次为7.5、6.7和6.7 g/kg;全氮依次为0.940、.85和0.83 g/kg;但土壤全磷和速效磷含量随着种植年限而增加,与5年苹果园相比,塬面10年苹果园土壤全磷、速效磷含量分别提高了11%、60%,并且磷素的变异性随年限而增加。坡地10年、15年和20年苹果园土壤有机碳依次为6.36、.2和6.5 g/kg,全氮依次为0.76、0.76和0.81 g/kg;与10年苹果园相比,15年苹果园土壤全磷、速效磷含量分别提高了20%、28%。土壤剖面0—80 cm内不同土地利用方式土壤碳、氮、磷含量随土层加深而降低,80 cm以下不同利用条件苹果园土壤碳、磷含量差异不大,氮素含量在100 cm土层下随苹果园种植年限增加而增加。

近30年江西省耕地土壤全氮含量时空变化特征

以第二次土壤普查和测土配方施肥项目采集的大量土壤样品为基础,以GIS为技术工具,对江西省耕地土壤全氮的时空变化特征进行分析。研究结果表明:1985年和2012年江西省耕地土壤全氮含量在各设区市以及不同土壤类型之间均存在有较大的空间差异。1985年耕地土壤全氮含量最高的为萍乡市,最低的为九江市,空间变异最大为赣州市;2012年耕地土壤全氮含量较1985年整体提高了1个等级,全氮含量最高的为新余市,最低的为九江市,空间变异最大的为九江市。2012年水稻土全氮平均含量较1985年提高了7.24%;无论是在1985年还是2012年,水稻土全氮含量最高的为萍乡市,1985年水稻土全氮含量较低的三个设区市分别为吉安、赣州和九江,2012年则分别为九江、鹰潭和赣州。2012年旱地土壤全氮平均含量较1985年增加了43.88%,其中丰富级水平的土壤面积比例由1985年的7.38%提高至2012年的88.16%。

芦苇湿地土壤有机碳和全氮含量的垂直分布特征

利用元素分析仪,测定了芦苇湿地不同层次土壤有机碳和全N的变化.结果表明,土壤有机碳、全N及C/N随土壤深度的增加呈下降趋势.对不同月份(7、8、9和10月)而言,有机碳、全N及C/N比累积峰位于不同的土层中.土壤温度、水分及芦苇生长状况是引起分异的重要因子.7、8和10月份芦苇湿地不同层次土壤有机碳与全N呈显著相关(R2=0.73、0.73、0.71),而9月份芦苇湿地不同层次土壤有机碳与全N之间的相关性相对较差(R2=0.41).土壤C/N与土壤有机碳、全N均呈负相关,但C/N与全N的相关性强于土壤有机碳,说明C/N的大小主要决定于全N含量.